Agri-Waste and Microbes for Production of Sustainable Nanomaterials

Front Cover
Agri-Waste and Microbes for Production of Sustainable Nanomaterials
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Preface
Series preface
Chapter 1 Sustainable strategies for producing large-scale nanomaterials: A note from the editors
1 Introduction
2 Green synthesis nanomaterials
2.1 Agri-waste mediated nanoparticles
2.2 Microbes
3 Enzymes mediated nano synthesis
4 Protein-mediated nano synthesis
5 Polysaccharide mediated nano synthesis
6 Large-scale production of nanoparticles
7 Advantages
8 Future perspectives
9 Conclusion
References
Part I: Agri-waste for production of nanomaterials
Chapter 2 Synthesis of metal nanoparticles by microbes and biocompatible green reagents
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis by microorganisms
2.1 Fungi
2.2 Yeast
2.3 Algae
2.4 Bacteria
2.5 Actinomycetes
3 Synthesis by biocompatible green reagents
3.1 Ascorbic acid
3.2 Biopolymers
3.3 Amino acids and proteins
3.4 Sugars
4 Factors affecting biogenic synthesis of MNPs
4.1 Effect of pH
4.2 Effect of temperature
4.3 Effect of reactants concentration
4.4 Effect of time
5 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Chapter 3 Plant and agri-waste- mediated synthesis of metal nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis from plant materials
2.1 Leaf extract
2.2 Fruit extract
2.3 Seed extract
2.4 Bark extract
2.5 Root extract
2.6 Flower extract
3 Synthesis from agri-waste
4 Factors influencing the biosynthesis of nanoparticles
4.1 pH of solution
4.2 Extract from plants/biomass dosage
4.3 Effect of precursor salt solution
4.4 Reaction temperature
4.5 Period of reaction time
4.6 Capping agents
4.7 Pressure
4.8 Environment
5 Conclusion and future prospective
References
Chapter 4 Plant-mediated copper nanoparticles for agri-ecosystem applications
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of copper nanoparticles
2.1 Synthesis from plants
2.2 Synthesis from agriculture waste and other wastes
2.3 Mechanism of copper nanoparticle formation
3 Implementation of Cu-NPs in agriculture
4 Phytotoxicity and interaction with soil community
5 Application of copper nanoparticles
5.1 Biotic stress
5.1.1 Fungicidal effect
5.1.2 Bactericidal effect
5.1.3 Insecticidal effect
5.1.4 Nematicidal effect
5.1.5 Mechanism of antimicrobial activity of CuNPs
5.2 Abiotic stress
5.2.1 Salinity
5.2.2 Drought
5.2.3 Mineral toxicity
6 Conclusion and prospects
References
Chapter 5 Synthesis of silica nanoparticles from agricultural waste
1 Introduction
2 Agricultural waste
3 Effects of agricultural wastes
4 Silica nanoparticles
4.1 Synthesis of nanosilica
4.2 Characterization of synthesized nanosilica
4.3 Benefits of silica nanoparticles
4.4 Nanosilica applications in agriculture and the environment
5 Conclusion
References
Further reading
Chapter 6 Biomolecule-assisted biogenic synthesis of metallic nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Categories of biomolecules used in biosynthesis of nanoparticles
2.1 Synthesis of nanoparticles using carbohydrates
2.2 Synthesis of nanoparticles using proteins
2.2.1 Silk fibroin
2.2.2 Keratin
2.2.3 Gelatin
2.2.4 Elastin
2.2.5 Zein
2.2.6 Soy protein
2.2.7 Milk protein
2.2.8 Gliadin and legumin
2.2.9 Albumin
2.3 Synthesis of nanoparticles using enzymes
2.3.1 Protease
2.3.2 Keratinases
2.3.3 Amylase
2.3.4 Xylanase
2.3.5 Laccase
2.3.6 Cellulase
2.4 Synthesis of nanoparticles using vitamins
3 Conclusion and future prospects
References
Chapter 7 Bacterial and fungal mediated synthesis, characterization and applications of AgNPs
1 Introduction
2 Green synthesis of AgNPs
2.1 Plant mediated synthesis
2.2 Algae mediated synthesis
2.3 Bacteria mediated synthesis of AgNPs
2.3.1 Applications of bacteria mediated synthesis of AgNPs
2.4 Fungal mediated synthesis of AgNPs
3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Agro-waste materials: Sustainable substrates in nanotechnology
1 Introduction
2 Horticultural wastes
2.1 Aquacultural wastes
2.2 Extraction of agro-waste for nanoparticle synthesis
2.3 Composition and use of agro-waste for synthesis
3 Synthesis of various nanoparticles using agricultural wastes
3.1 Hydrothermal synthesis
4 Carbon dots, a major nanomaterial from agricultural wastes
4.1 Nanocellulose, another important product of agricultural waste
5 Nanocomposites from wastes and their applications
6 Shortcomings and future perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 9 Synthesis of eco-friendly graphene from agricultural wastes
1 Introduction
2 Modified Hummer’s method
3 Graphene synthesis from agricultural wastes
3.1 Sugarcane bagasse
3.2 Durian rind and sugarcane bagasse
3.3 Rice husk
3.4 Coconut shell and carbonized wood
3.5 Coconut husks, coconut shell, rice husk and sugarcane bagasse
3.6 Mango peel
3.7 Banana peel
3.8 Rice husk, sugarcane bagasse and waste newspaper
3.9 Papaya seeds
3.10 Rice straw
3.11 Chocolate, grass, plastics, cockroaches, cookies and dog feces
3.12 Rice bran, sugarcane bagasse, orange peel
3.13 Jujube seeds
3.14 Wood of the black mulberry tree, leaf of plane trees, sugarcane bagasse, fruit rind of oranges, newspapers, chicken ...
3.15 Tea waste
3.16 Seaweed fibers
3.17 Palm oil waste
4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Fruit peel waste-to-wealth: Bionanomaterials production and their applications in agroecosystems
1 Introduction
2 Fruit peel physicochemical and biochemical characters
3 Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles from fruit peel
3.1 Gold nanoparticles
3.2 Silver nanoparticles
3.3 Carbon nanomaterials
3.4 Copper nanoparticles
3.5 Silica nanoparticles
3.6 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
3.7 Zinc nanoparticles
4 Bioactive compounds in fruit peels hybrid with nanomaterials
5 Synthesis mechanisms
6 Further prospective and challenges
7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Eggshell and fish/shrimp wastes for synthesis of bio-nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Chemical composition of eggshells and fish/shrimp waste
2.1 Eggshells
2.2 Fish scales
2.3 Shrimp shells
3 Synthesis of nanoparticles from eggshells and fish/shrimp waste
3.1 Mechano-milling
3.2 Coprecipitation
3.3 Solvothermal/hydrothermal
3.4 Sonochemical method
3.5 Irradiation method
3.6 Sol-gel method
4 Properties of fish/shrimp waste and eggshell derived nanoparticles
4.1 Antimicrobial activity
4.2 Catalytic properties
4.3 Absorbing properties
4.4 Biocompatibility
4.5 Other properties
5 Applications
5.1 Catalytic application
5.2 Food industry
5.3 Environmental remediation
5.4 Biomedical application
5.5 Fuel additives
6 Application of modeling and optimization techniques for nanoparticles
7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12 Vegetables waste for biosynthesis of various nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Green synthesis process for nanomaterials
2.1 Physical and chemical process
2.1.1 Ball-milling process
2.1.2 Microwave irradiation process
2.1.3 Photocatalysis
2.1.4 Hydrothermal process
2.1.5 Ultrasound-assisted synthesis
2.1.6 Magnetic field-assisted synthesis
3 Vegetable wastes as nanofactories
4 Synthesis of carbon-based nanomaterials from vegetable waste
5 Biosynthesis of NPs from vegetable wastes
5.1 Antimicrobial activity of biosynthesis of NPs from vegetable wastes
5.2 Dye degradation using biosynthesis of NPs from vegetable wastes
5.3 Another application of biosynthesis of NPs from vegetable wastes
6 Mechanism of nanoparticle formation
7 Morphology control of plant extract nanoparticles
8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Part II: Microorganisms for nanomaterials synthesis
Chapter 13 Microbes and agricultural waste: A safe resource for the production of bionanomaterials
1 Introduction
2 Microbial nanostructures
2.1 Metallic nanostructures
2.2 Compound-based nanoparticles
2.3 Organic and inorganic composites
3 Agro-based nanostructures
3.1 Metal nanoparticles
3.2 Nanocomposites
3.3 Aerogels
3.4 Magnetic and biochar-based nanoparticles
3.5 Silica nanoparticles
4 Mechanisms of nanostructures
4.1 Enzymes
4.1.1 Intracellular
4.1.2 Extracellular
4.2 E-shuttle quinone
4.3 Exopolysaccharides
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Microbial synthesis of magnetic nanomaterials
1 Introduction
2 General synthesis of nanoparticles
2.1 Top-down approaches
2.2 Bottom-up approaches
2.2.1 Physical methods
2.2.2 Chemical methods
2.2.2.1 Sol-gel method
2.2.2.2 Microemulsion method
2.2.2.3 Hydrothermal method
2.2.2.4 Polyol method
3 Chemical synthesis of magnetic nanoparticles
3.1 Co-precipitation method
3.2 Reduction method
3.3 Thermal decomposition
3.4 The biogenic approach
3.4.1 Plant extract
3.4.2 Microbial route of synthesis: General procedure and different approaches
3.4.2.1 Bacteria
3.4.2.2 Algae
3.4.2.3 Fungi
4 Magnetic nanoparticles: Synthesis and applications
4.1 Ferromagnetic metals
4.1.1 Iron
4.1.2 Nickel
4.1.3 Cobalt
4.2 Paramagnetic metals
4.2.1 Aluminum oxide
4.2.2 Magnesium
4.2.3 Lithium
4.2.4 Platinum
4.2.5 Palladium
4.2.6 Strontium
4.2.7 Selenium
4.2.8 Titanium
4.2.9 Zirconium
5 Conclusion and further outlook
References
Chapter 15 Mycogenic nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterizations and applications
1 Introduction
2 Myconanotechnoloy: Fungi as a potential source for mycogenic nanoparticles
3 Intracellular and extracellular synthesis of mycogenic nanoparticle with types
4 Mechanism of mycogenic nanoparticle biosynthesis
5 Characterization of mycogenic nanoparticles
5.1 UV-visible spectrophotometer
5.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
5.3 Atomic surface microscopy
5.4 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
5.5 X-ray diffraction technique
5.6 Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
5.7 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
6 Applications of mycogenic nanoparticles
6.1 Agriculture
6.2 Medicine
7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 Actinomycetes-assisted nanoparticles: Synthesis and applications
1 Introduction
2 Isolation of actinomycetes
3 Actinomycete assisted synthesis of nanoparticles
3.1 Extracellular vs intracellular synthesis
3.1.1 Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
3.1.2 Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)
3.1.3 Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs)
3.1.4 Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs)
3.1.5 Other metals
3.2 Characterization of nanoparticles
3.2.1 UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-vis)
3.2.2 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
3.2.3 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
3.2.4 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
3.2.5 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
3.2.6 Energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDX/EDAX/EDS)
3.2.7 Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
3.2.8 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
3.2.9 Other techniques
4 Applications of actinomycete synthesized nanoparticles
4.1 Agriculture
4.2 Catalytic activity (nanocatalyst)
4.3 Antimicrobial activity
4.4 Anti-oxidant properties
4.5 Anti-malarial and anti-parasitic activity
4.6 Dye degradation
4.7 Anti-biofouling activity
4.8 Larvicidal activity
4.9 Cytotoxicity and anticancer activity
4.10 Other applications
5 Toxicity of nanoparticles
6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17 Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Synthesis, mechanism, and characterization
1 Introduction
2 Methods of preparation of silver nanoparticle
2.1 Physical methods
2.2 Chemical methods
2.3 Photochemical method
2.4 Biosynthesis silver nanoparticles
3 Mechanism of biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles
4 Characterization techniques of silver nanoparticles
4.1 UV–visible spectroscopy
4.2 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR)
4.3 X-ray diffractometry (XRD)
4.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
4.5 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
4.6 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
4.7 Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
4.8 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
4.9 Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR):
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Agri-food and environmental applications of bionanomaterials produced from agri-waste and microbes
1 Introduction
2 Agri-food applications
2.1 Nano-pesticides
2.2 Nano-fertilizers
2.3 Nano-sensors in plant system
2.4 Nano-additives
2.5 Food packaging
2.6 Nano-carriers for gene delivery into plants
3 Environmental applications
3.1 Nano-sensors
3.2 Wastewater treatment
3.3 Pollutant degradations
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19 Benign fabrication of metallic/metal oxide nanoparticles from algae
1 Introduction
2 Preference for plants
3 Algae
4 Nanoparticles from microalgae
4.1 Metal NPs
4.2 Metal oxide NPs
5 Nanoparticles synthesized by macroalgae
5.1 Metal NPs
5.2 Production of metal oxide NPs
6 Possible mechanism
7 Diatoms
8 Future outlook
9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20 Biogenic metal sulfide nanoparticles synthesis and applications for biomedical and environmental technology
1 Introduction
2 Metal nanoparticles
3 Metal sulfide nanoparticles
3.1 Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles
3.2 Copper sulfide nanoparticles
3.2.1 Zinc sulfide nanoparticles
3.3 Iron sulfide nanoparticles
3.4 Silver sulfide nanoparticles
3.5 Arsenic sulfide nanoparticles
3.6 Gold sulfide nanoparticles
3.7 Bismuth sulfide nanoparticles
3.8 Manganese sulfide nanoparticles
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 Microbial-mediated copper nanoparticles synthesis, characterization, and applications
1 Introduction
2 Copper nanoparticles
3 Techniques for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles
4 Need for microbial-mediated synthesis of copper nanoparticles
5 Microbial-mediated synthesis of copper nanoparticles
5.1 Bacteria
5.2 Actinomycetes
5.3 Fungi
5.4 Yeast
5.5 Algae
5.6 Viruses
6 Characterization of copper nanoparticles
6.1 Nanoparticle formation analysis
6.2 Extraction of nanoparticles
6.3 Tracking of nanoparticles
6.4 Morphology and size analysis
6.4.1 Transmission electron microscopy
6.4.2 Scanning electron microscopy
6.4.3 Atomic force microscopy
6.5 Surface charge analysis
6.5.1 Zeta potential analysis
6.6 Optical properties
6.6.1 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
6.7 Thermal properties
6.7.1 Differential scanning calorimetry
6.7.2 Thermal gravimetric analysis
6.8 Elemental composition analysis
6.8.1 Energy dispersive X-ray
6.8.2 X-ray absorption spectroscopy
6.9 Structure analysis
6.9.1 X-ray diffractometer
6.9.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
6.10 Magnetic properties analysis
6.10.1 Vibrating sample magnetometry
6.10.2 Superconducting quantum interference device
6.11 Surface hydrophobicity assessment
7 Applications of CuNPs
7.1 Antimicrobial activity
7.2 E-waste management
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22 Green nanomaterials produced by agro-waste and microbes: Mechanisms and risk assessment
1 Introduction
2 Green nanomaterials from agriculture waste
2.1 Green nanomaterials from grain straw
2.1.1 Metal nanoparticles from grain straw and their applications
2.1.2 Cellulosic nanomaterials from grain straw and their applications
2.2 Green nanomaterials from sugarcane bagasse
2.2.1 Metal nanoparticles from sugarcane bagasse and their applications
2.2.2 Cellulosic nanomaterials from sugarcane bagasse and their applications
2.3 Green nanomaterials from grain hulls
2.3.1 Application of silica nanoparticles obtained from rice hulls
2.3.2 Nobel metal nanoparticles from rice hulls and their applications
2.4 Green nanomaterials from cotton stalk
2.5 Green nanomaterials from corncob
3 Green nanomaterials from microbial biomass
4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23 Frontier and perspective outlook on agrowaste nanoparticles for healthcare and environment
1 Introduction
2 Nanoparticle synthesis using agricultural waste
3 Applications
3.1 Biomedical applications of nanoparticle synthesized using agricultural waste
3.2 Nanoparticles in healthcare
3.3 Nanoparticles for environmental applications
4 Limitations of nanotechnology in healthcare
5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 24 Mechanistic approach on the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles from microbes
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of nanoparticles
2.1 Biological synthesis
2.2 Mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis
2.2.1 Bacteria
2.2.2 Fungi
2.2.3 Actinomycetes
2.2.4 Yeast
3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 25 Microbially synthesized nanoparticles: A promising future for insecticidal efficacy studies
1 Introduction
2 Types of nanoparticles
3 Synthesis of nanoparticles
3.1 Green synthesis of nanoparticles
3.2 Plant-mediated nanoparticles
4 Microbial synthesis of nanoparticles
4.1 Bacteria-mediated nanoparticles
4.2 Actinomycetes-mediated nanoparticles
4.3 Fungi-mediated nanoparticles
4.4 Algae-mediated nanoparticles
5 Mechanism of nanoparticle formation
6 Insecticidal efficacy of microbial-mediated nanoparticles
7 Future perspectives
8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 26 Biomedical applications of ginsenosides nanoparticles synthesized using microbes
1 Introduction
2 Probiotics
2.1 Versatile clinical applications of the probiotics
2.2 Probiotic mediated nanoparticle synthesis
3 Mechanisms of the microbial synthesis of nanoparticles
3.1 Intracellular method
3.2 Extracellular method
3.3 Optimization of the microbial nanoparticle synthesis
4 Biomedical applications of nanoparticles
5 Bacteria based nanoparticles
6 Ginseng
6.1 Ginsenosides and its types
6.2 Multifaceted roles of the ginsenosides
6.3 Need of the ginsenoside nanosystems
6.4 Ginsenosides-based micro/nanocarriers
6.4.1 Emulsion systems
6.4.1.1 Microemulsions
6.4.1.2 Nanoemulsions
6.4.2 Polymer microparticles
6.4.3 Polymer nanoparticles
6.4.4 Liposomes
6.4.5 Ethosomes and transfersomes
6.4.6 Niosomes
7 Microbial synthesis of the ginsenoside nanoparticles and applications
8 Futuristic views
9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 27 Synthesis of selenium nanoparticles by using microorganisms and agri-based products
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis of SeNPs
2.1 Physical methods
2.2 Chemical methods
2.3 Biological synthesis of SeNPs
2.3.1 Synthesis of SeNPs by bacteria
2.3.2 Synthesis of SeNPs by fungus, yeast and actinomycetes
2.3.3 Mushroom mediated synthesis of SeNPs
2.4 Mechanism of microbial synthesis of SeNPs
2.4.1 Selenate reductase
2.4.2 Selenite reductases
2.5 Agro-based synthesis of SeNPs
2.5.1 Synthesis of SeNPs by plant leaves
2.5.2 Fruit-based synthesis of SeNPs
2.5.3 Flower based synthesis of SeNPs
2.5.4 Other agro materials based synthesis of SeNPs
2.6 Mechanism of agro-based materials synthesis of SeNPs
3 Characterizations of SeNPs
4 Applications of SeNPs
5 Conclusions
References
Further reading
Chapter 28 Plant-meditated methods for synthesis of silver nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Types of green approaches for Ag-nanomaterials
2.1 Biological method
2.2 Photochemical method
3 Green synthesis
4 Applications of silver nanoparticles
5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 29 Rice wastes for green production and sustainable nanomaterials: An overview
1 Introduction
2 Types of rice wastes
2.1 Rice straw
2.2 Rice husk
2.3 Rice bran
3 Amount of rice wastes
4 Utilization of rice-waste
5 Agric-waste as green sources of nanoparticles
6 Nanomaterials extracted from rice wastes
6.1 Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs)
6.2 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
6.3 Cellulose nanofibers (CNF)
6.4 Other nanoparticles
7 Applications of rice bio nanomaterials
8 Conclusion future perspectives
References
Index
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