The entire world is in crisis with adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and other lifetime trauma at an all-time high. This book is a valuable resource to promote optimal brain function for everyone, but especially for survivors of trauma who are particularly at risk throughout the life course. It is critical for healthcare providers, schoolteachers and administration, public safety professionals, foster and adoptive parents, employers and loved ones to understand the potential life-long consequences that ACEs can have in the lives of survivors. This book describes the complexities behind why behaviors occur if hurt people hurt themselves and others.
The first half of this book addresses what can go wrong in the brain and body after trauma that potentially leads to life-long poor bio-behavioral health outcomes. The second half of this book addresses how the life-long poor bio-behavioral health outcomes can be prevented, mitigated or potentially reversed. This book is necessary for everyone who is interested in optimizing brain function, especially survivors of ACEs and other trauma throughout the life course who are at greater risk. The major focus of the book is on how to prevent long-term negative consequences of trauma and how to restore the brain, body, behavior and emotions.
Author(s): Kathleen Brewer-Smyth
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 461
City: Cham
Foreword by Ann Wolbert Burgess
Foreword by Christina D. Spink
Foreword by Harold G. Koenig
Preface
Contents
About the Book
About the Author
Part I: Overview of Adverse Traumatic Experiences
1: Introduction, Epidemiology, Measurement, and the Cycle of Trauma
Epidemiology of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
The Cost of ACEs
Measurement of Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs)
Healthy Stress Versus Toxic Stress
Intergenerational and Other Cycles of Trauma: Hurt People May Hurt Themselves and Others
Epigenetics
Conclusion
Resources
Suicide Resources
References
Part II: The Potential Serious Nature of Adverse Childhood Experiences
2: Adverse Childhood Experiences and Neurodevelopment
Mental Health Conditions
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Bipolar Affective Disorder (BP) and Schizophrenia (SZ)
Intrauterine Environment
Exposure to Alcohol and Other Substances
Maternal Health and the Developing Child
Summary and Conclusion
Resources
References
3: Potential Lifelong Neurobiological, Bio-behavioral, and Other Outcomes of Trauma
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Complex Trauma
High-Risk Behaviors: Lack of Regard for Self and Others
Lifestyle, Mental and Physical Outcomes
Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Related Health Conditions
Risky Sexual Behavior and Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Substance Use
Other Eating Disorders
The Impact of COVID-19 Trauma on Diet and Weight
Relationships
Criminal Behavior
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Homelessness
Summary and Conclusion
Resources
Suicide Resources
Eating Disorder Resources
References
Part III: The Potential Impact of Trauma on the Brain, Body, Behavior and Society
4: Childhood Physical Abuse (CPA), Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA), Abusive Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Childhood Emotional Abuse (CEA), Neglect, and Other Trauma
Individual Risk Factors
Family Risk Factors
Community Risk Factors
Childhood Physical Abuse
Abusive Traumatic Brain Injuries (TBI)
Long-Term Outcomes
Childhood Sexual Abuse (CSA) and Other Sexual Trauma
Neurobiology of the Normal Stress Response
Potential Lifelong Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Stress System Changes After ACEs
Implications of Stress Systems Changes on Bio-behavioral Health Outcomes
Childhood Emotional Abuse (CEA), Neglect, and Poverty
Human Trafficking
Secondary Vicarious Trauma
Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations
Resources
Suicide Resources
Vicarious Trauma Resources
References
5: Absence of a Healthy Parent: Mental and Physical Illness, Substance Misuse, and Trauma in the Life of Parents, Caregivers, and Significant Others
Mental Health Conditions
Substance Use During Pregnancy and Parenting
Complex Links Between Genetics, Epigenetics, and Nurture
Incarceration or Loss of a Parent, Caregiver, or Significant Others
Bonding and Attachment
Resources
References
6: Racial, Ethnic, Gender, and Economic Disparities and Trauma
Overview of Racial and Ethnic Disparities and Trauma
Disparities
COVID Disparities
Economic Trauma and Disparities
Sexual Orientation and Gender Disparities
Suicide
Addressing Disparities
Resources
Resources for Parents
Suicide Resources
References
7: COVID-19 Trauma: The New Complex Adverse Childhood Experience
Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance to Other Mitigation
Consequences of COVID-19 Mitigation Efforts and COVID-19 Trauma
Youth Mental Health Since the Pandemic
Screen Time and Mental Health Since the Pandemic
Parental Stress
Children Hospitalized with COVID-19
Loss of a Parent from COVID-19 Infection
Additional COVID Disparities
Brain Complications with COVID-19 Infections
On the Brighter Side
Summary and Conclusions
Resources
Suicide Resources
Vaccine Resources
References
Part IV: Physiological and Psychological Healing, Trauma-Informed Rehabilitation, Breaking the Cycle of Trauma, and Resilience Throughout the Life Course
8: Protective, Compensatory, and Benevolent Experiences for Building Resilience
My Protective Experiences and Research
Protective Factors
Support Systems: Family, Community, and Government Support
Building Resilience and Healing
Resiliency Training
Summary and Conclusion
References
9: Understanding and Responding to Survivors of Trauma: Emotional Intelligence to Build Healthy Relationships
Healing of Those Who Need Love the Most but Deserve It the Least Because Hurt People May Hurt Themselves and Others
De-escalating and Preventing Volatile Situations
Alcohol and Violent Behavior
Practical Steps for De-escalation and Violence Prevention
Control
Fear and Anxiety
Building Healthy Relationships
Loneliness
Pragmatics for Building Healthy Relationships
Resources
References
10: Trauma-Informed Self-care: Emotional and Spiritual Resilience and Healing
Neurobiology of Forgiveness of Self, Others, and Situations
What Forgiveness Is and What It Is Not
Physiology Associated with Forgiveness
Support Systems: Places of Worship and Faith-Based Schools and Groups
Self-Care, Prayer, Meditation, Reading, Music, and Journaling
Music
Journaling
Mindfulness and Meditation
Mindfulness and Meditation Pragmatics
Posttraumatic Growth and Altruism
Resources
References
11: Overview of Psychological and Psychiatric Interventions After Trauma: Counseling, Psychotherapy, and Medications
Psychotherapy
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT)
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
Computer-Assisted Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CCBT)
Religiously Integrated Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (RCBT)
Spiritually Integrated Cognitive Processing Therapy (SICPT)
Support Groups
Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) for Suicide Prevention
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and Other Anxiety Disorders
Substance Use, PTSD, and Maternal Integrated Care
Emotional Regulation
Mood Disorders
Medication in Combination with Other Integrated Care
Pragmatics
Directions for Future Research and Practice
Resources
Suicide Resources
References
12: Brain Food: The Impact of Diet, Nutrition, and Nutraceuticals on the Brain and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
Dietary Impact on Brain Function
Mediterranean Diet
Prebiotics, Probiotics, the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Neuro-Immunity
Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis and Neuropsychiatric Conditions
Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
Dietary Fiber and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
Vitamins and the Brain
Herbs, Spices, Nutraceuticals, and Complementary Alternative Approaches
Essential Fatty Acids
Body Weight
Pragmatics for a Brain Health Diet
Food that Could Optimize Brain Function
Foods that Could Be Detrimental to Healthy Brain Function
Timing of Food Choices Throughout the Day
Dietary Caloric Restriction
Summary and Future Directions for Research and Policy
Resources
References
13: Physical Exercise, Sleep, and the Brain
Physical Activity, Cognitive Function, and Aging
Physical Activity and Mental Health
Social Aspects of Exercise
Physical Activity for Children
Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Exercise Pragmatics
Summary and Implications for Future Research and Public Policy on Physical Exercise
Physical Activity and Sleep
Sleep and the Brain
Ideal Nightly Sleep Duration
Sleep in Youths and Their Parents
Genetics, Epigenetics, and Sleep
Religion, Spirituality, Forgiveness, and Sleep
Sleep Hygiene Pragmatics
Directions for Practice and Research
Resources
Suicide Resources
References
14: Self-Help for Lifelong Resilience: Cognitive Engagement, Education, Creativity, Sense of Purpose in Life, and Humor
The Benefits of Cognitive Engagement, Education, Volunteering, and Creativity
Brain Training and Cognitive Decline
Cognitive Training During Brain Development and Recovery After Injury
Art Therapy
Knitting, Crocheting, and Quilting
Staying Engaged, Volunteering, Sense of Purpose, and Building Social Support
Pet Ownership and Pet Therapy
Horticulture
Humor and Laughter
Pragmatics
Resources
References
15: The Healing Power of Nature on the Brain: Healing in Green Spaces and Blue Spaces
The Impact of Nature on the Brain
Neuroprotection and Mental Health
Physical Activity
Violence and Crime
Pollution and Climate
Negative Impact
Solar Exposure
Indoor Interventions
Implications for Practice, Research, and Policy
Summary and Conclusions
References
16: Primary and Secondary Prevention, Health Equity, and Trauma-Informed Institutional and Public Policies to Promote Healing and Resilience
ACEs Screening Policies
Maternal Health Policies
Trauma-Informed School Age Policies
Prevention and Resilience Interventions
Trauma-Informed Interventions and Policies
Dietary Policies
Summary and Conclusions: Directions for Future Practice and Research on ACEs, the Neuroscience of Trauma, Resilience, and Healing Throughout the Lifespan
Resources
Suicide Resources
Vicarious Trauma Resources
References
