Advances in the Domain of Environmental Biotechnology: Microbiological Developments in Industries, Wastewater Treatment and Agriculture

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
Part I: Industrial Biotechnology
Chapter 1: Lactic Acid Bacteria for Production of Platform Chemicals: A Dark Horse in the Field of Industrial Biotechnology
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)
1.2 Substrates for Lactic Acid Production by Fermentation
1.2.1 Starchy Biomass as a Substrate for Lactic Acid Production
1.2.2 Lignocellulosic Wastes Can Serve as Ideal Feedstocks for Lactic Acid
1.3 Saccharification and Fermentation for Lactic Acid Production
1.4 Constraints in Biobased Production of Lactic Acid
1.4.1 Difficult Multistep Processing of Recalcitrant Lignocellulosic Biomass
1.4.2 Mixed Sugar Utilization and Carbon Catabolite Repression
1.4.3 Formation of Nondesirable By-products Due to Heterofermentation
1.4.4 Optical Purity and Stereospecificity of Lactic Acid
1.4.5 Selection of Extremophilic Strains for Lactic Acid Production
1.5 Metabolic Engineering of LAB
1.5.1 Metabolic Engineering of LAB for Improved Cellular Traits Against Different Stress
1.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Solid-State Fermentation: Use of Agroindustrial Residues
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Microorganisms
2.3 Fermentation Conditions
2.4 Bioreactors for Solid-State Fermentation
2.4.1 Main Types of Bioreactors
2.4.1.1 Tray Bioreactor
2.4.1.2 Column Bioreactor
2.4.1.3 Rotary Drum Bioreactor
2.5 Applications
2.5.1 Production of Cellulases
2.5.2 Production of Amylases
2.5.3 Production of Pectinases
2.5.4 Nutritional Enrichment
References
Chapter 3: Microemulsified Systems and Their Environmental Advantages for the Oil Industry
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microemulsions
3.2.1 From Phase Diagrams to Microemulsion
3.3 Petroleum Industry Applications
3.3.1 Preflush Fluid
3.3.2 Characterization of Preflush Fluids
3.3.2.1 Removal Test
3.3.2.2 Wettability Inversion Test
3.3.2.3 Compatibility Test
3.3.2.4 Compressive Strength
3.3.3 Drilling Fluid
3.3.4 Characterization of Drilling Fluids
3.3.4.1 Rheological Parameters.
3.3.4.2 Filtration Test
3.3.4.3 Dynamic-Aging Test
3.3.4.4 Solids Content
3.3.4.5 Lubricity
3.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Microbial Exopolysaccharides as Biosurfactants in Environmental and Industrial Applications
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Types of Biosurfactants
4.2.1 Glycolipids
4.2.2 Fatty Acids, Phospholipids, and Neutral Lipids
4.2.3 Polymeric Biosurfactants
4.2.4 Particulate Biosurfactants
4.3 Biosurfactant Producing Major Microorganisms
4.4 Biosurfactant Properties and Its Advantages
4.4.1 Surface and Interfacial Activity
4.4.2 Tolerance to Temperature, pH, and Ionic Strength
4.4.3 Biodegradability
4.4.4 Low Toxicity
4.4.5 Specificity
4.4.6 Biocompatibility and Digestibility
4.4.7 Emulsion Forming
4.4.8 Antibiofilm Properties
4.5 Factors Affecting Biosurfactants Production
4.5.1 Carbon and Nitrogen Sources
4.5.2 Environmental Factors
4.5.3 Aeration and Agitation
4.5.4 Salt Concentration
4.6 Growth Conditions and Metabolic Pathways
4.6.1 Microbial Biosurfactant Physiological Role
4.6.2 Fermentation Process for Biosurfactant Production
4.6.3 Effect of Various Initial Concentrations
4.6.4 Raw Material for Biosurfactant Production and Its Recovery
4.7 Promising and Emerging Application of Biosurfactants
4.7.1 Environmental Bioremediation and Bioleaching Applications
4.7.2 Petroleum Industry and Agriculture Applications
4.7.3 Pharmaceutical Industries, Cosmetics, and Food Industrial Applications
4.8 Advantages of Biosurfactants
4.8.1 Biodegradability
4.8.2 Low Toxicity
4.8.3 Surface and Interface Activity
4.8.4 Physical Factors
4.8.5 Availability of Raw Materials
4.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5: Biodegradable Polymers for Food Packaging and Active Food Packaging
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Genesis of Packaging Material
5.3 Biocomposites in Food Packaging
5.4 Active Food Packaging
5.4.1 Antimicrobial Peptides in Food Packaging
5.4.2 Bacteriophages in Food Packaging
5.5 Biodegradation of Biodegradable Packaging Films
5.6 Limitations of Biodegradable Films Used in Packaging
5.7 Conclusions
References
Part II: Environmental Biotechnology
Chapter 6: 3D Printing Technology in the Environment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 3D Printing as a Recent Trend
6.3 3D Printing Application in Environmental Biotechnology
6.3.1 3D Technologies for Bioremediation
6.3.2 3D Technologies for (Bio)monitoring
6.3.2.1 Operating and Supporting Components
6.3.2.2 Fluidic Platforms
6.3.2.3 Electroactive and Catalytic Surfaces
6.4 Future Trends
References
Chapter 7: Biofuel: Marine Biotechnology Securing Alternative Sources of Renewable Energy
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biofuels and Its Types
7.2.1 Qualities of Sustainable Biofuels
7.2.2 Benefits of Third-Generation Biofuel over First- and Second-Generation Biofuels
7.3 Marine Sources for Biofuel Production
7.4 Algae Harvesting Technology
7.5 Algal Oil Extraction for Biofuels Production
7.6 Biofuels Production
7.6.1 Biodiesels Production
7.6.1.1 Methods of Biodiesel Production
Transesterification
Esterification
Enzymatic Conversion
Non-Catalytic Conversion
7.6.1.2 Biodiesel Separation and Purification
7.6.1.3 Some Issues Considered During Biodiesel Production
7.6.2 Bioethanol Production
7.6.2.1 Marine Algae-Based Bioethanol Production Process
Liquefaction
Saccharification
Ethanol Fermentation
7.6.2.2 Other Issues Related to Bioethanol Production
7.6.3 Biobutanol
7.6.3.1 Biobutanol Production
Algae Pretreatment for Biobutanol Production
ABE Fermentation
7.6.4 Marine Biogas
7.6.4.1 Anaerobic Digestion and Production Process
7.6.5 Biomethane Production from Marine Microalgae
7.6.6 Biohydrogen Production
7.6.7 Bio-Oil and Syngas Production
7.7 New Opportunities for Biofuels and Advantages of Producing Biofuel from Marine Algae
7.8 Challenges and Disadvantages of Using Algae and Algal Biofuel
7.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Modified or Functionalized Natural Bioadsorbents: New Perspectives as Regards the Elimination of Environmental Poll...
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Naturally Occurring Adsorbent Materials
8.3 Modified Bioadsorbent Materials
8.3.1 Bioadsorbent Materials Modified by Chemical Activation
8.3.2 Activated Carbon
8.3.3 Biochar
8.3.4 Immobilized Bioadsorbent Materials
8.4 Functionalized Bioadsorbent Materials
8.4.1 Natural
8.4.2 Activated Carbons
8.4.3 Biofunctionalized Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)
8.5 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References
Chapter 9: Electrochemical Biosensing of Algal Toxins
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Anthropogenic Contribution to Eutrophication
9.3 Algal Toxins and the Importance of Analytical Control
9.4 Electrochemical Biosensors for Algal Toxins
9.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Bioinspired Superoleophobic Materials for Oil-Water Separation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Superoleophobic and Superhydrophobic Surfaces
10.2.1 Surface Science
10.2.2 Wetting Theory
10.2.3 Designing/Fabrication of the Surface
10.2.4 Superamphiphobic Surface
10.2.5 Importance of Oil/Water Separation
10.3 Bioinspired Superoleophobic Material
10.3.1 Superoleophobic Materials Derived from Plants
10.3.1.1 Lotus Leaf
10.3.1.2 Rose Petals
10.3.1.3 Rice Leaf
10.3.1.4 Seaweed
10.3.1.5 Pitcher Plant
10.3.2 Superoleophobic Materials Derived from Animals
10.3.2.1 Skin of Springtail
10.3.2.2 Filefish Skin
10.3.2.3 Clam´s Shell
10.3.2.4 Fish Skin/Scales
10.3.2.5 Sharkskin
10.3.2.6 Leafhoppers
10.4 Novel Fabrication Techniques for Superoleophobic Materials
10.4.1 Electrospinning
10.4.2 Layer-by-Layer Technology
10.4.3 Spray Coating
10.4.4 Lithography
10.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Biotechnology Applied to Treatments of Agro-industrial Wastes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Final Disposal of Agro-Industrial Waste
11.3 Traditional Approach to Treatment Technologies
11.3.1 Waste Management of Food Agro-Industries
11.3.1.1 Agricultural Waste Treatments
11.3.1.2 Waste from Meat, Poultry, and Fish Processing
11.3.2 Waste Management of Non-Food Agro-Industries
11.3.2.1 Tobacco
11.3.2.2 Leather
11.3.2.3 Rubber
11.3.2.4 Paper
11.4 Enzymes for the Degradation of Pollutants
11.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Biocoagulants as an Alternative for Water Treatment
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Coagulation
12.2.1 Coagulation Mechanisms
12.3 Biocoagulants
12.3.1 Operating Conditions
12.3.2 Prospects for the Use of Biocoagulants
12.3.3 Moringa oleifera for Water Treatment
12.3.4 Surface and Wastewater Treatment Experiences in the Use of Biocoagulants
12.4 Technical, Economic, and Environmental Challenges in the Use of Moringa oleifera as Biocoagulant
12.5 Final Considerations
References
Chapter 13: Multicriteria Analysis in the Selection of Agro-Industrial Waste for the Production of Biopolymers
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The Plastics Industry and Its Evolution
13.3 Environmental, Ethical, and Economic Challenges in the Production of Synthetic Polymers
13.4 Biopolymers, Bioplastics, and Biocomposites
13.5 Trend of Biotechnological Processes in the Production of Biopolymers
13.6 Potential Agro-Industrial Waste in the Production of Polymerizable Raw Material
13.7 Multicriteria Analysis Tools Applicable in the Selection of Lignocellulosic Residues for the Formulation of Biopolymers
References
Chapter 14: Mathematical Modeling Challenges Associated with Waste Anaerobic Biodegradability
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Overview of Waste Biodegradation Under Anaerobic Conditions
14.2.1 Steps of Anaerobic Digestion Process
14.2.2 Effect of Waste Composition on the Anaerobic Process
14.3 Modeling the Anaerobic Biodegradation of Residues
14.3.1 Stoichiometric Models
14.3.2 Kinetic Models
14.3.2.1 Microbial Growth Models
14.3.2.2 Production, Yield, and Cumulative Reduction Kinetics of the Organic Fraction
14.3.3 Dynamic Models
14.4 Co-digestion
14.5 To Model or Not to Model: Where Is Really the Opportunity?
14.5.1 Trends in Anaerobic Digestion Modeling
14.5.2 Feasibility of Applying the Models
14.6 Remarks
References
Chapter 15: ANAMMOX in Wastewater Treatment
15.1 Introduction
15.2 ANAMMOX Bacteria (Species Diversity)
15.2.1 The Aerobic Ammonium Oxidizer
15.2.2 The Aerobic Nitrite Oxidizers
15.2.3 Anaerobic Ammonia Oxidizers
15.3 ANAMMOX-Involved Processes
15.3.1 Partial Nitritation-ANAMMOX
15.3.1.1 Temperature and Sludge Residence Time (SRT)
15.3.1.2 Influent Alkalinity/Ammonium and pH
15.3.1.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
15.3.2 Completely Autotrophic Nitrogen Removal Over Nitrite (CANON)
15.4 ANAMMOX Application to Different Wastewaters
15.4.1 The Test Device and Method
15.4.2 Application of ANAMMOX and Partial Denitrification Coupling Process
15.4.2.1 Separated Process
15.4.2.2 Combined Process
15.4.3 Reactor Management
15.4.4 Engineering Application
15.4.5 Other Applications
15.4.5.1 Advantages
15.4.5.2 Disadvantages
15.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Microbial Bioremediation: A Cutting-Edge Technology for Xenobiotic Removal
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Classification and Sources of Xenobiotics
16.3 Xenobiotic Bioremediation Utilizing Microbes
16.3.1 Role of Bacteria for Xenobiotic Removal
16.3.2 Role of Fungi in Xenobiotic Removal
16.4 Bioremediation with Microbial Enzymes
16.5 Factors Influencing the Biodegradation Ability of Microbes
16.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 17: Conventional Wastewater Treatment Processes
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Types of Wastewater
17.3 Process of Wastewater Treatment
17.3.1 Preliminary Treatment
17.3.2 Primary Treatment
17.3.3 Secondary Treatment
17.3.3.1 Aerobic Process
17.3.3.2 Anaerobic Process
17.3.3.3 Pond Treatment Processes
17.3.4 Tertiary Treatment
17.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Analytical Techniques/Technologies for Studying Ecological Microbial Samples
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Overview of the Traditional Culture-Based Techniques
18.2.1 Liquid Culture Medium
18.2.2 Solid Culture Medium
18.3 Classical Culture-Independent Molecular Techniques
18.3.1 Nucleic Acid Reassociation and Hybridization
18.3.2 Genetic Fingerprinting Methods
18.3.3 Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis (ARDRA)
18.3.4 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP)
18.3.5 Single-Stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)
18.3.6 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE)
18.3.7 Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (RISA)
18.4 Modern Molecular Methods of Studying Microbial Communities
18.4.1 Stable-Isotope Probing Techniques
18.4.2 Quantitative PCR
18.5 ``Omics´´ Approaches to Studying Microbial Sample
18.5.1 Genomics
18.5.1.1 Functional DNA Array
18.5.1.2 Phylogenetic Oligonucleotide Arrays
18.5.1.3 Next-Generation Sequencing
18.5.2 Transcriptomics
18.5.3 Proteomic Approaches
18.5.3.1 Mass-Spectrometry-Based Proteomic Technologies
18.5.3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
18.5.3.3 Protein Array
18.6 Metabolomics
18.7 Multi-Omics Approach
18.7.1 Keys to Designing an Experiment for Better Integration of Multiple Omics Approach
18.7.2 Approaches for Analysis and Interpretation of Multi-Omics Data/Data Integration
18.7.2.1 Pitfalls in Multi-Omics Integration and Future Perspectives
References
Part III: Agricultural Biotechnology
Chapter 19: Rhizobium Diversity Is the Key to Efficient Interplay with Phaseolus vulgaris. Case of Study of Southern Ecuador
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Understanding Rhizobium Diversity and Distribution to Improve Interplay with Phaseolus vulgaris
19.2.1 Rhizobia Strains Identification Linked to P. vulgaris in the American Continent
19.2.2 Microsymbionts Beyond America
19.3 The Efficiency of Rhizobium-Bean Interaction Mediated by Biotic and Abiotic Factors
19.3.1 Promiscuity as a Biotic Constraint for Achieving a High Rate of N Fixation in Common Bean
19.4 Seeking Efficiency of Rhizobium Species Based on Its Biodiversity
19.4.1 Genotypic Variability Among Local Bean Genotypes and Native Rhizobium Strains. Case of Study of Southern Ecuador
19.4.1.1 Rhizobium Biodiversity at Southern Ecuador
19.4.1.2 Authentication of Rhizobium Isolates and N Fixation under Greenhouse Assay
19.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
References
Chapter 20: Algae as Environmental Biotechnological Tool for Monitoring Health of Aquatic Ecosystem
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Biomonitoring
20.2.1 Diatoms
20.2.2 Desmids
20.2.3 Chlorococcales
20.2.4 Euglenophyceae
20.2.5 Cyanophyceae
20.2.6 Algal Assemblage
20.2.7 Phytoplankton Functional Group
20.2.8 Morpho-Functional Groups
20.2.9 Morphologically Based Functional Groups
20.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21: Contribution of the Environmental Biotechnology to the Sustainability of the Coffee Processing Industry in Develop...
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Solid Coffee Wastes: Problem or Opportunity?
21.3 The Environmental Biotechnology and the Solid Coffee Wastes
21.3.1 Animal Food and Biotechnological By-Products
21.3.2 Compost
21.3.3 Anaerobic Digestion
21.4 The Role of Environmental Biotechnology Creating New Values to the Coffee Processing Industry
21.4.1 How Far Is the Coffee Industry from Producing ``Sustainable Coffee´´?
21.4.2 Biophysical Indicators of Sustainability Within the Coffee Production and Processing Processes
21.4.2.1 Simple Biophysical Indicators Propose to Measure the Sustainability of the Coffee Industry
21.5 Remarks
References
Chapter 22: Interactions Between Edaphoclimatic Conditions and Plant-Microbial Inoculants and Their Impacts on Plant Growth, N...
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Fungi (AMF)
22.3 Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) for Sustainable Agriculture
22.3.1 PGPR as Biofertilizers
22.3.2 Phytohormone Production by PGPR
22.4 Biological Nitrogen Fixation and Its Importance for Grain Crops
22.4.1 Bacterial Inoculant Products and Efficiency
22.4.2 Crop Responses to Microbial Inoculation
22.5 Cyanobacteria Based in Inoculants for Plants in the Crop Production
22.5.1 Cultivation of Cyanobacteria
22.5.2 Biological Nitrogen Fixation in Cyanobacteria
22.5.3 Use of Cyanobacteria as an Inoculant in Several Cultures
22.6 Soil Fertility Attributes Related to Symbiosis Efficiency
22.6.1 Acidic pH and Excess of Al
22.6.2 Mineral N
22.6.3 Phosphorus
22.6.4 Sulfur
22.6.5 Molybdenum and Cobalt
22.7 Effect of Crop and Soil Management on Microbial Inoculant Efficiency
22.8 Biocontrol Activity
22.8.1 Biocontrol Mechanisms
22.8.1.1 Production of Antibiotics and Other Bioactive Compounds
22.8.1.2 Hyperparasitism (or Mycoparasitism)
22.8.1.3 Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR)
22.8.1.4 Antagonism by Competition
22.8.1.5 Siderophores
22.8.2 Current Perspectives in Biocontrol Activity
22.9 Crop Responses to Microbial Inoculation
22.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 23: Microalgae: Cultivation, Biotechnological, Environmental, and Agricultural Applications
23.1 Introduction
23.2 General Aspects of Microalgae
23.3 Microalgal Growth
23.3.1 Factors Affecting Microalgal Growth
23.3.2 Microalgal Bioreactor Systems and Biomass Harvest
23.4 Microalgal Biomass and By-Products: Pharmaceuticals and Food Applications
23.4.1 Enzymes, Polysaccharides, and Proteins
23.4.2 Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, Lutein, and Phycobiliproteins
23.5 Feedstock for Bioenergy Production
23.5.1 Biogas, Biodiesel, Biohydrogen, and Bioethanol
23.6 Environmental and Agricultural Applications
23.6.1 Environmental Bioremediation Using Microalgae
23.6.2 Agro-Industrial Wastewater Treatments
23.6.3 Agricultural Applications
23.6.3.1 Soil Restoration
23.6.3.2 Biocontrol
23.6.3.3 Biofertilizers and Inoculants
23.7 Microalgae Supply Chain: Business Opportunity and Challenges
23.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 24: Marine Resources with Potential in Controlling Plant Diseases
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Potential of Marine Algae for Plant Disease Management
24.3 Algal Extracts
24.4 Algal Polysaccharides
24.5 Extraction Techniques
24.5.1 Extraction Using Water
24.5.2 Acid Hydrolysis
24.5.3 Alkaline Hydrolysis
24.5.4 Extraction Using Enzymes
24.5.5 Pressurized Liquid Extraction
24.5.6 Eco-Friendly Methods
24.6 Application Methods
24.7 Concluding Remarks and Perspectives
References