Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications, Volume 2: Syngas Purification and Separation

Advances in Synthesis Gas: Methods, Technologies and Applications
Contributors
Copyright
Preface
Reviewer Acknowledgments
About the Editors
Characteristics of syngas impurities; Physical and chemical properties
Introduction
Syngas impurities
Properties of syngas impurities
Purification technologies
Acid gas removal (AGR) processes
H2S and CO2 removal
Physical absorption processes
Chemical absorption processes
Adsorption processes
COS removal
Trace contaminants removal
Nitrogen containing compounds removal
HCN removal
N2 removal
NH3 removal
HCl removal
Hg removal
Alkalis and heavy metals
Tar removal
Conclusion
Abbreviations and symbols
References
Syngas purification by common solvents
Introduction
Basic concepts of syngas purification by common solvents
Commercially available solvents for syngas purification
Amines
Hot potassium carbonate
Chilled ammonia
Physical solvents
Ionic liquids
Process integration approaches for enhanced performance
Effect of the technology selection on the overall efficiency of an ammonia production plant
Conclusion and future outlook
Selected stream properties in the chemical and physical absorption-based syngas purification units
Syngas purification by ionic liquids and DESs
Introduction
Overview of impurities
Properties of IL and DES useful for syngas cleanup
Properties of ionic liquids involved in carbon capture
Properties of deep eutectic solvents involved in carbon capture
Usage of predictive models for choosing IL
Poly ionic liquid membrane structures for purifying syngas
Dehydration of syngas using ILS
The development of des structures from IL for syngas purification
Common DES structures
Carbon dioxide solubility and separation efficiency by DES
DES for removal of SO2 from syngas
Influence of parameters on DES performance for syngas purification
Influence of hydrogen bond donor on gas solubility
Influence of hydrogen bond acceptor on gas solubility
DES-based supported liquid membranes
Overall membrane performance and effect of operating temperature
Effect of CO2 concentration in feed stream
Conclusion and future outlook
Syngas purification by modified solvents with nanoparticles
Introduction
Syngas production and purification
The process of gas purification: An overview
Solvent-based gas purification
Mixtures of amines in various types (I, II, III)
Activation of amine using piperazine
A brief on nanofluid in absorbing solvent
Methods of nanofluid production
Direct
Indirect
Nanotechnology and syngas purification
Nano-enhanced solvents
Advanced nano-solvents in gas purification
Conceptual design of syngas purification
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Chapter 5: Swing technologies for syngas purification
1. Introduction
2. Syngas purification
2.1. Adsorption technologies
2.1.1. Swing adsorption technologies
2.1.2. Adsorbents for syngas purification
2.2. Temperature-swing and pressure-swing absorption technologies
2.2.1. Temperature-swing chemical absorption technologies
2.2.2. Pressure-swing and temperature-swing physical absorption technologies
3. Case study of syngas purification via temperature-swing absorption: Gas-to-wire with pre-combustion carbon capture
3.1. Technical background
3.2. ATR-GTW-CCS with aqueous-MEA temperature-swing absorption
3.2.1. Natural gas reforming plant
3.2.2. Pre-combustion capture and CO2 compression
3.2.3. Hydrogen combined cycle
3.2.4. Cooling-water system
3.3. ATR-GTW-CCS with temperature-swing ionic-liquid absorption
3.3.1. Thermodynamic modeling of ionic-liquid [Bmim][NTf2] systems
3.3.2. IL case: Design and simulation
3.4. Technical performance of ATR-GTW-CCS: MEA case and IL case
3.5. Economic performance
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Metal oxide adsorbents for efficient CO2 removal from syngas
Introduction
CO2 capture from syngas
Metal oxides adsorbents for CO2 capture from syngas
CaO-based adsorbents
CaO-based chemical looping gasification (CaO-based CLG)
Pyrolysis coupled with sorption-enhanced catalytic steam reforming
Calcium looping integrated reforming of methane
MgO-based adsorbents
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Zeolites and molecular frameworks for adsorption-based syngas purification
Introduction
The syngas impurities and their purification
A brief overview of syngas production and impurities
Primary impurities and their purifications
Secondary impurities and their purification
CO2 separation from syngas
H2 as a targeted end product
PSA and related methods
Adsorption-based syngas purification/separation
Basics of adsorption technology
Design and selection of molecular sieving adsorbents
Zeolitic materials: Description and properties
Molecular frameworks: Description and properties
Syngas cleanup with molecular sieving adsorbents
Zeolite-based adsorbents in syngas-related purifications
Molecular framework adsorbents in syngas-related purifications
Conclusion and future outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
Activated carbon for syngas purification
Introduction
Description of syngas contaminants
Particulate matter
Tars
Sulfur
Nitrogen compounds (NH3 and HCN)
Alkali compounds
Chlorine
Cleaning techniques
Activated carbons
Application of activated carbon for syngas purification
Conclusion
Abbreviations and symbols
References
Ionic liquid membranes for syngas purification
Introduction
Syngas impurities
Membrane technology for syngas purification
Ionic liquid membrane technology for syngas purification
Supported IL membranes
IL composite polymer membranes
Poly(ionic liquid)s membranes
IL gel membranes
IL composite mixed matrix membranes
Conclusion
Abbreviations and symbols
References
Polymeric membranes for syngas purification
Introduction
Membranes for syngas purification
Inorganic membranes
Polymeric membranes (organic membranes)
Hybrid membranes
Polymeric membranes for syngas purification
Gas transport in polymeric membranes
Solution-diffusion transport mechanism
Facilitated transport mechanism
Solution-diffusion polymeric membranes for syngas purification
PEO-based membranes
Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs)
Perfluoropolymers
Iptycene-containing polymers
Thermally rearranged (TR) polymers
Facilitated transport polymeric membranes for syngas purification
Amine-containing membranes
Synthesis of cross-linked PVA-based facilitated transport membranes
Separation performance of cross-Linked PVA-based membranes
Feed pressure effects on syngas purification with cross-linked PVA-based membranes
Temperature effects on syngas purification with cross-linked PVA-based membranes
Membrane thickness effects on syngas purification with cross-linked PVA-based membranes
Membrane composition effects on syngas purification with cross-linked PVA-based membranes
Other carriers for facilitated transport membranes
Polymeric membrane flow schemes for syngas purification
Hydrogen sulfide removal from syngas
Conclusion and future outlook
Abbreviations and symbols
References
MOF mixed matrix membranes for syngas purification
Introduction
Membrane technology
Isotropic microporous membranes
Nonporous dense membranes
Electrically charged membranes
Asymmetric membranes
Ceramic, metal, and liquid membranes
Mixed matrix membranes
Metal-organic framework
Membrane applications
Applications of MOF MMMs for syngas purification
Conclusion
Abbreviations and symbols
References
Dense metal membranes for syngas purification
Introduction
Syngas production and purification
Membrane technology
Dense metal membranes
Problems associated with palladium membranes
WGS reaction for the syngas upgrading in dense membrane reactors
Conclusion
Abbreviations and symbols
References
Molecular sieving membrane development for syngas purification
Introduction
The fundamentals of molecular sieving membranes
Gas transport mechanisms of porous membranes
Fabrication of molecular sieving membranes
Zeolitic and reticular membranes
Nanosheet-based laminate membranes
Syngas purification by molecular sieving membranes
Performance of zeolitic and reticular membranes
Performance of laminate membranes
Conclusion and future outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Particulates separation technologies for syngas purification
Introduction
Particulate: Definition, classification, formation, and composition
Quantity and limits
Particulate separation technologies classification and performance indicators
Low-temperature methods
Scrubbers
Mid-high temperature methods
Bag and sand filters
Electrostatic precipitators
High-temperature methods
Cyclones
Hot gas filtration
Metallic filters
Ceramic filters
Back-pulsing system
Catalytic ceramic candles
Conclusion
References
Plasma technology for syngas cleaning
Introduction
Tar formation
Current technologies for the removal of tars from syngas
Tar reforming through nonthermal plasma technology
Different types of plasma
Dielectric barrier discharge
Gliding arc discharge
Microwave plasma discharges
Corona discharge
Influence of process parameters on the plasma performance
Influence of input power
Influence of gas flow rate
Influence of steam addition
Influence of tar concentration
Influence of CO2 addition
Plasma-catalytic reforming of tars
Principles of plasma catalysis
Catalysts for tars reforming
Integration of biomass gasification and plasma syngas cleaning (excluding technoeconomic analysis)
Conclusion and future outlook
References
Thermal and oxidation processes for tar removal from syngas
Introduction
Thermal cracking
Char-based catalysts
Metal-based catalysts
Ni-based alloy catalysts
Non-Ni metal-based catalysts
Preparation methods
Operation parameters
Oxidation and chemical looping
Single-metal oxides
Bimetallic oxides
Metal ferrites
Operation parameters
Catalytic reforming
Architecture design
Oxygen effect
Metal segregation from S species
Surface engineering
Metal-support interaction (MSI)
Conclusion
References
Index