This second volume on the topic will be extremely useful for the researchers and postgraduate students working on vegetable crops with a special focus on climate change.
Today, the entire world is suffering from global warming and its consequent, climate change. This has emerged as the most prominent global environmental issue and there is an urgent need to mitigate its impact on agriculture. Over the past 20 years South Asia has had a robust economic growth, yet it is home to more than one fourth of the world’s hunger and 40% of the world’s malnourished children and women. Persistent climatic variability, which results in frequent drought and flood, is among the major reasons for this phenomenon. Vegetables are in general more succulent (have 90% water) and more sensitive to climatic vagaries and sudden changes in temperature, as well as irregular precipitation at any phase of crop growing, can affect the normal growth, flowering, pollination, fruit setting, fruit development and fruit ripening which eventually decreases the yield. The irregular precipitation also causes the soil salinity and is a major challenge in many vegetable growing areas. To mitigate the harmful impact of climatic change there is an urgent need to develop adequate adaptation strategies for adverse effect of climate change and preference should be given to the development of heat, cold, drought, flood and salinity stress tolerant genotypes along with climate proofing through conventional and non-conventional breeding techniques, as well as exploiting the beneficial effects of CO2 enhancement on crop growth and yield. Available evidence shows that there is high probability of increase in the frequency and intensity of climate related natural hazards due to climate change and hence increase the potential threat due to climate change related natural disasters in the world. At present protected cultivation and grafted seedlings are also popularizing among vegetable growers because of the huge scope as well as, molecular breeding, emerging insect-pests & diseases and postharvest quality of vegetables under this climate change scenario. Moreover, underexploited vegetables, perennial vegetable and tuber crops have a more tolerant ability to climate vagaries compare to major vegetables which are also discussed in this book.
Author(s): Shashank Shekhar Solankey, Meenakshi Kumari
Series: Advances in Olericulture
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 380
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Contributors
Abbreviations
Chapter 1: Advances in Research Trends in Vegetables Under a Changing Climate: A Way Forward
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Effect of Climate Change on Vegetable Production and Its Management Techniques
1.2.1 Temperature
1.2.1.1 Plant Response to Heat Stress
1.2.1.2 Plant Heat Stress Defence Mechanisms
1.2.1.3 Heat Responsive Genes
1.2.2 Drought
1.2.2.1 Plant Response to Drought
1.2.2.2 Defence Mechanisms Against Drought Stress
1.2.2.3 Drought Responsive Genes
1.2.3 Salinity
1.2.3.1 Plant Response to Salinity Stress
1.2.3.2 Plant Salinity Defence Mechanisms
1.2.3.3 Salinity Responsive Genes
1.2.4 Flood
1.2.5 Responses of Insects and Diseases to Climate Change
1.2.6 Adaptive Management Strategies for Climate Change
1.2.7 Plant Biotechnology
1.2.8 Climate Change in the Future and Its Effects on Vegetable Production
1.2.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Emerging Obstacles of Vegetable Production Due to Climate Change and Mitigation Strategies
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Obstacles of Changing Climate in Vegetable Production
2.2.1 Heat Stress
2.2.2 Cold/Chilling Stress
2.2.3 Drought Stress
2.2.4 Waterlogging/Flooding
2.2.5 Salinity
2.2.6 Air Pollution and UV Radiation
2.3 Change in Response of Pests and Diseases Due to Climatic Change
2.4 Mitigation Strategies
2.4.1 Development of Climate Resilient Genotypes Through Conventional Breeding Approaches
2.4.1.1 Identification of Suitable Selection Criteria
2.4.1.2 Development of Improved Varieties
2.4.2 Modern Approaches for Development of Climate Stress Resilience
2.4.2.1 Identification of QTLs for Abiotic Stress Resistance
2.4.2.2 Development of Transgenics
2.4.2.3 Gene Silencing
2.4.2.3.1 Salinity
2.4.2.3.2 Heat Stress
2.4.2.3.3 Cold Stress
2.4.2.3.4 Drought Stress
2.4.2.3.5 Heavy Metal Stress
2.4.2.3.6 Nutritional Deprivation
2.4.3 Grafting for Stress Tolerance
2.4.4 Cultural Practices
2.4.5 Plant Growth Regulators and Osmoprotectants Influencing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
2.4.6 Crop Modelling or Simulation
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Impact of Climate Change on Nutraceutical Properties of Vegetables
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Improvement of Nutrition in Vegetables
3.3 Quality of Vegetables/Fruits and Elevated CO2
3.4 Vitamin C, Sugars and Acidity
3.5 Total Phenols, Anthocyanins and Flavonoids
3.6 Volatile Aroma Compounds
3.7 Mineral Nutrients
3.8 Effect of High Temperature on Quality
3.9 Vitamin C, Sugars and Acidity
3.10 Phenols, Flavonoids and Anthocyanins
3.11 Lycopene and Carotenoids Content
3.12 Terpenoids
3.13 Stress from Water’s Impact
3.14 Sugars, Ascorbic Acid and Acidity
3.15 Phenols, Flavonoids and Anthocyanins
3.16 Lycopene and Carotenoids
3.17 Salinity Stress
3.18 Phenols, Flavonoids and Anthocyanins
3.19 Lycopene and Carotenoids
3.20 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Nutritional Stress Management in Vegetable Crops Under Changing Climate Scenario
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Effect of Nutrient Deficiency Stress in Vegetable Crops
4.3 The Essential Nutrient Elements
4.4 Movement in Soil
4.5 Nitrogen (N)
4.6 Visual Deficiency Symptoms of N
4.7 Phosphorus (P)
4.8 Visual Deficiency Symptoms of P
4.9 Potassium (K)
4.10 Visual Deficiency Symptoms of K
4.11 Calcium (Ca)
4.12 Magnesium (Mg)
4.13 Visual Deficiency Symptoms of Mg
4.14 Sulphur (S)
4.15 Visual Deficiency Symptoms of S
4.16 Iron (Fe)
4.17 Visual Deficiency Symptoms of Fe
4.18 Visual Deficiency Symptoms of Mn
4.19 Zinc (Zn)
4.20 Visual Deficiency Symptoms of Zn
4.21 Copper (Cu)
4.22 Visual Deficiency Symptoms of Cu
4.23 Boron (B)
4.24 Visual Deficiency Symptoms of B
4.25 Fertilizer Nutrient Management for Enhancing Productivity and Nutrient Use Efficiency
4.26 Components Used for Enhancing Fertilizer Use Efficiency
4.26.1 Chemical Fertilizers
4.27 Inclusion of Legumes in the Cropping System
4.28 Legumes as Green Manures
4.29 Crop Residues
4.30 Bio-fertilizers
4.31 Industrial By-Products and Municipal Wastes
4.32 Enhancing Crop Nutrient Use Efficiency
4.33 Crop Characteristics
4.34 Soil Characteristics
4.35 Fertilizer Characteristics and Fertilizer Manipulations
4.36 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Impact of Climate Change on Leafy and Salad Vegetables Production
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Importance of Leafy Vegetables and Salad Crops
5.3 Factors Responsible for Climate Change on Leafy and Salad Vegetable Production
5.3.1 Temperature
5.3.1.1 Effects of Temperature on Seed Germination
5.3.1.2 Effect of Temperature on Growth and Development
5.3.1.3 On Nutritional Properties of Leaves
5.3.1.4 Effect of Temperature on Quality of Produce
5.3.1.5 On Disease Development
5.3.1.6 Effect of Temperature on Physiological Disorders
5.3.2 Light
5.3.3 Effect of CO2
5.3.4 Rainfall
5.3.5 Humidity
5.3.6 Frost
5.3.7 Hail
5.3.8 Soil Factors
5.3.8.1 Soil Salinity
5.3.8.2 Heavy Metals
5.4 Mitigation of Negative Impacts of Climate Change
5.4.1 Strengthening of Crop Management Systems
5.4.2 Efficient Irrigation Management
5.4.3 Water Conserving Agronomical Practices
5.4.4 Promotion of Climate-Resilient Leafy Vegetables
5.4.5 High Temperatures Tolerance
5.4.6 Salinity Tolerance
5.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6: Impact of Climate Change on Perennial Vegetables Production and Mitigation Strategies
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Impact of Climate Change on Perennial Vegetable Crops
6.2.1 Elevated CO2 Changes Yield and Quality of Produce
6.2.2 High Temperatures Accelerate Plant Development
6.2.3 Extreme Weather Events Reduce Yield and Quality of Produce
6.2.4 Effect of Temperature on Physiology of Perennial Vegetables
6.2.5 Influence of Drought
6.2.6 Increase in Soil Salinity
6.2.7 Flooding Interferes to Crop Growth and Production
6.2.8 Insect Responses to Climatic Change
6.2.9 Crop Adaptation to Extreme Overall Climate Stresses
6.2.9.1 Positive Impact
6.2.9.2 Negative Impact
6.3 Mitigation Strategies
6.3.1 Implications of Moringa Tree to Climate Change Mitigation
6.3.2 Good Agronomic Practices
6.3.3 Breeding Techniques
6.3.4 Genetic Engineering for Stress Resistance in Plants
6.3.5 Grafting Improves Stress Tolerance
6.3.6 Developing Climate Resilient Vegetables
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Impact of Climate Change on Underexploited Vegetable Crops Production and Mitigation Strategies
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Vegetable Production and Management Practices in the Face of Climate Change
7.2.1 Impact of Climatic Changes on Underexploited Vegetable Production
7.2.1.1 Temperature
7.2.1.2 Impact of Low Temperature on Vegetables
7.2.1.3 Impact of Flood
7.2.1.4 Impact of Drought
7.2.1.5 Impact of Salinity
7.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Impact of Climate Change on Tuber Crops Production and Mitigation Strategies
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Effect of Temperature on Tuber Crops
8.3 Effect of Elevated CO2 on Tuber Crops
8.4 Increased CO2 and Temperature’s Impact on Tuber Crops Productivity
8.5 Impact Quality of Tuber Crops
8.6 Cassava Production in the World
8.6.1 Biotic and Abiotic Stresses
8.6.2 Physiological Adaptation of Plant
8.6.3 Cassava Farmers’ Knowledge About Climate Change
8.6.4 Adaptation Strategies to Climate Change
8.6.4.1 Relativity in the Use of Climate Change
8.6.4.2 Mitigation
8.6.4.3 Awareness and Promotion for Tuber Crops Production
8.6.5 Market Expansion and Product Variety
8.7 Drought
8.8 India’s Regional Vulnerability to Climate Change
8.9 Extreme Weather Event Observations
8.10 Measures of Adaptation to Climate Change and Global Warming
8.10.1 Future Research Approaches
8.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Impact of Climate Change on Vegetable Seed Production and Mitigation Strategies
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Climate Change, Plants, and Food Production
9.3 Vegetable Seed Production: A Climatic Perspective
9.4 Climate Change Versus Vegetable Seed Production
9.4.1 Effect of Temperature Fluctuations AND eCO2
9.4.2 Effect of Irregular Precipitation
9.4.3 Effect of Wind and Light
9.5 Approaches to Mitigate Climate Change Vis-À-Vis Vegetable Seed Production
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Kitchen Gardening for Nutritional Security Under Changing Climate
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nutritional Security Under Changing Climatic Scenario
10.3 What Is a Kitchen Garden?
10.3.1 Why Make a Kitchen Garden
10.4 Role of Kitchen Garden
10.4.1 Role in Ensuring Food and Nutritional Security
10.4.2 Role in Generation of Income and Savings
10.4.3 Role as Shock Absorber in Food System and Alternative Source of Livelihood
10.4.4 Role in Curing Diseases
10.4.5 Role in Improvement of Nutrient Cycle, Ecological Balance and Biodiversity
10.4.6 Socio-Cultural and Aesthetic Role
10.4.7 Role in Empowerment of Women
10.5 Environmental Perspective of Kitchen Garden
10.5.1 Developing Eco-Literacy
10.5.2 Environmental Behaviour
10.5.3 Enhancing Resilience Against Direct and Indirect Effects of Shocks
10.6 Factors Affecting Kitchen Gardening (Table 10.2)
10.7 Case Study on Kitchen Gardening
10.7.1 Designing and Establishment of 200m2 Nutri-Garden Model
10.7.2 Kitchen Gardening in Uttarakhand, India
10.8 Constraints Faced During Kitchen Gardening Practices
10.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Protected Cultivation of High-Value Vegetable Crops Under Changing Climate
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Protected Cultivation
11.1.2 Scenario of Protected Cultivation in India and World
11.1.3 Need to Go for Protected Cultivation
11.2 Major Advantages of Protected Cultivation System
11.3 Components of the Protected Cultivation System
11.3.1 Agriculture Engineering
11.3.2 Crop Production Technology
11.4 Protected Structures for Vegetable Cultivation
11.4.1 Plastic Mulching
11.4.2 Plastic Low Tunnel
11.4.3 Walk–In-Tunnel
11.4.4 Insect Proof Nethouse
11.4.5 Shade Nethouse
11.4.6 Naturally Ventilated Green/Polyhouse
11.4.7 Polyhouse with Pad and Fan System
11.4.8 Hi-Tech or Climate Controlled Greenhouse
11.4.9 Retractable Roof Greenhouse
11.4.10 Rain Shelter
11.5 Classification of Green/Polyhouse Based on Cost
11.5.1 Low-Cost Green/Polyhouse
11.5.2 Medium Cost Green/Polyhouse
11.5.3 High-Cost Green/ Polyhouse
11.6 Protected Cultivation Technologies
11.6.1 Low Tunnel Technology
11.6.1.1 Off-Season Cucurbits Production with Low Tunnel Technology
11.6.1.2 Seedlings Raising of Cucurbits Under Low Tunnels for Off-Season
11.6.1.3 Seedling Transplanting of Cucurbits Under Low Tunnel
11.6.1.4 Seedlings Raising of Tomato, Chilli and Brinjal under Low Tunnel
11.6.1.5 Fertigation in Low Tunnels
11.6.1.6 Pollination under Low Tunnels
11.6.1.7 Harvesting and Crop Advancement under Low Tunnel
11.6.2 Hydroponics Technology
11.6.3 Aeroponics Technology
11.6.4 Microgreens: A Smart Food
11.6.5 Plug Tray Seedlings Raising Technology
11.6.6 Soilless Cultivation Technology
11.7 Vegetable Crops and their Varieties/Hybrids
11.7.1 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
11.7.2 Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme)
11.7.3 Capsicum (Capsicum annuum var. grossum L.)
11.7.3.1 Yellow Fruited
11.7.3.2 Red Fruited
11.7.3.3 Green Fruited
11.7.4 Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
11.8 Crop Management and Operations
11.8.1 Nursery Raising
11.8.2 Preparation and Solarization of Bed
11.8.3 Fertilizer Application and Fertigation
11.8.4 Mulching
11.8.5 Spacing
11.8.6 Plant Canopy Architecture Management
11.8.6.1 Capsicum
11.8.6.2 Tomato
11.8.6.3 Cucumber
11.8.7 Harvesting and Yield
11.8.8 Diseases Management
11.8.8.1 Downy Mildew
11.8.8.2 Powdery Mildew (Erysiphe polygoni D.C.)
11.8.8.3 Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum)
11.8.8.4 Mosaic Virus
11.8.8.5 Some Approaches for IDM Practices
11.8.8.5.1 Soil Solarization
11.8.8.5.2 Resistant or Tolerant Cultivars
11.8.9 Pest Management
11.8.9.1 Fruit Fly
11.8.9.2 White Fly
11.8.9.3 Nematode
11.8.9.4 Cutworms
11.8.9.5 Some Approaches for IPM Practices
11.8.9.5.1 Sticky Traps
11.8.9.5.2 Pheromones
11.8.9.5.3 Bio-Pesticides
11.8.9.5.4 Biological Control
11.8.9.5.5 Trap Cropping
11.8.10 CO2 Enrichment
11.8.11 Fruit Setting
11.9 Constraints in Protected Cultivation Systems
11.10 Opportunities in Protected Cultivation Technology
11.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Improvement of Vegetables Through Grafting in Changing Climate Scenario
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Environmental Stress
12.2.1 Flooding
12.2.2 Drought
12.2.3 Thermal Stress
12.2.4 Salinity Stress
12.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Improvement of Vegetables Through Molecular Breeding in Changing Climate Scenario
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Signal Transduction Mechanism Against Abiotic Stresses in Vegetable Crops
13.2.1 ROS and Calcium
13.2.2 Phospholipids, CDPKs and MAPKs
13.3 Salinity Tolerance in Vegetable Crops
13.4 Cold Tolerance in Vegetable Crops
13.5 Drought Tolerance in Vegetable Crops
13.6 Genomics of Major Vegetable Crops and Identification of Genes for Abiotic Stresses
13.7 Genome-Wide Association Analysis in Major Vegetable Crops for Abiotic Stresses
13.8 Genome Based Molecular Marker Discovery in Vegetable Breeding
13.9 Application of Transgenic and Gene-Editing Technology in Vegetable Breeding
13.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Emerging Insect-Pests of Vegetables Due to Changing Climate
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Vegetables in Climate Change Scenario
14.3 Insect-Pests and Climate Change
14.3.1 Crop Production Influenced by Climate Change in Three Ways
14.3.2 Directs Effects of Climate Change on Insect-Pests
14.3.2.1 Effect on Population Growth Rate
14.3.2.2 Effect on Migrating Behavior and Habitat Ranges
14.3.2.3 Effect on Overwintering or Resting Periods
14.3.2.4 Effect on Abundance and Biodiversity
14.4 Indirect Effects of Climate Change on Insects through Host Plants
14.4.1 Effect on Host Plant and Insect Pest Synchrony
14.4.2 Effect of Increased CO2 on Host Plants
14.4.3 Increased Temperature and Insect-Pests
14.4.4 Precipitation Pattern and Insect-Pests
14.4.5 Combined Effect of Elevated CO2 and Temperature on Insect-Pests
14.4.6 Effect on Host Plant Distribution
14.5 The Impacts of Climate Change on Insect-Pests May Include
14.6 Impact of Climate Change and Insect-Pests
14.6.1 Rising Temperature
14.6.1.1 Changes in Insect-Pests Diversity
14.6.1.2 Extension of Geographical Areas
14.6.1.3 Changes in Insect Phenology
14.6.1.4 Increased Hibernating Existence
14.6.1.5 Increase in Number of Generations
14.6.1.6 Introduction of Invasive Alien Species
14.6.1.7 Outbreaks and Population Dynamics of Insect Pests
14.6.1.8 Crop-Pest Exchanges
14.6.1.9 Augmented Occurrence of Hexapod Vectored Diseases of Plant
14.7 Tactics to Alleviate the Bad Effects of Climate Change
14.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Emerging Diseases of Vegetables Due to Changing Climate
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Effect of Changing Climate on Soil Flora and Fauna
15.3 Effect of Climate Change on Geographical Distribution of Vegetable Diseases
15.4 Implications of Changing Climate on Diseases of Vegetable Crops
15.4.1 Impact of Climate Change on Fungal diseases of Vegetable Crops
15.4.2 Impact of Climate Change on Bacterial Diseases of Vegetable Crops
15.4.3 Impact Climate Change on Viral Diseases of Vegetable Crops
15.4.4 Impact of Climate Change on Nematode Diseases of Vegetable Crops
15.4.5 Impact on Climate Change on Phytoplasma Diseases of Vegetable Crops
15.4.6 Impact of Changing Climate on Abiotic Diseases and Disease Complexes in Vegetables
15.4.7 Impact of Changing Climate on Historical Emerging Diseases of Vegetables
15.5 Mitigation of Effects of Climate Change on Diseases of Vegetables
15.6 Crop Protection Strategies Under Changing Climatic Scenario
15.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Impact of Climate Change on Postharvest Quality of Vegetables
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Components of Climate Change Triggering the Postharvest Quality of Vegetables
16.2.1 Elevated Temperature
16.2.2 Changes in Rainfall Patterns
16.2.3 Elevation of Carbon Dioxide Concentration
16.2.4 Extreme Weather Events
16.3 The Impact of Climate Change Factors on Postharvest Quality of Vegetables
16.3.1 Effect of Changing or Elevated Temperature
16.3.2 Effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Concentration
16.3.3 Effect of Ozone (O3) Concentration
16.3.4 Effect of Salinity
16.3.5 Drought and Waterlogging
16.3.6 Ultraviolet Radiations
16.3.7 Biotic Stresses on Vegetable Crops
16.3.8 Postharvest Losses of Vegetables
16.4 The Possible Mitigation Strategies
16.5 Conclusion
References
Index
