Advances in Remediation Techniques for Polluted Soils and Groundwater

Front Cover
Advances in Remediation Techniques for Polluted Soils and Groundwater
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
About the editors
1 Flow and movement of gaseous pollutants in the subsurface: CO2 dynamics at a carbon capture and storage site
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Worldwide CO2 storage projects
1.3 Gaseous CO2 in the subsurface
1.4 Factors affecting CO2 migration in the subsurface
1.4.1 Wettability
1.4.2 Saturation history
1.4.3 Existence of third-phase saturation
1.4.4 Absolute and relative permeability
1.4.5 Dissolution and precipitation of minerals
1.4.6 Change in stress pattern
1.4.7 Change in fluid properties
1.5 CO2–brine–rock interaction in the subsurface
1.6 Potential risk associated with CO2 leakage
1.7 Numerical modeling for investigating CO2 dynamics
1.8 Modeling of CO2 in subsurface: a case study
1.9 Conclusions and future prospective
Acknowledgments
References
2 Column adsorption studies for the removal of chemical oxygen demand from fish pond wastewater using waste alum sludge
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Fish pond wastewater
2.1.2 Methods of removing chemical oxygen demand
2.1.3 Waste alum sludge
2.2 Materials and methods
2.2.1 Preparation of the adsorbent
2.2.1.1 Procedure for the preparation of adsorbent from sludge
2.2.1.2 Characterization of sludge-derived adsorbent
Fourier-transform infrared analysis
Braunuer–Emmett–Telller surface area analysis
2.2.2 Fixed-bed column studies
2.2.2.1 Column data analysis
2.2.2.2 Error analysis
2.2.2.3 Chemical oxygen demand analysis
2.3 Results and discussion
2.3.1 Dynamic adsorption studies
2.3.2 Influence of operational variables
2.3.2.1 Effect of influent flow rate
2.3.2.2 Effect of bed depth
2.3.3 Kinetics studies on the adsorption of chemical oxygen demand on the sludge adsorbent
2.3.3.1 Thomas kinetics model
2.3.3.2 Yoon–Nelson kinetics model
2.3.3.3 Adams–Bohart kinetics model
2.3.3.4 Bed-depth service time model
2.3.3.5 Clark kinetics model
2.4 Conclusion
References
3 Farm management practices for water quality improvement: economic risk analysis of winter wheat production in the Souther...
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Data
3.3 Methods
3.3.1 Monte Carlo simulation
3.3.2 Cost and profit estimation
3.3.3 Stochastic efficiency approach
3.4 Results and discussion
3.4.1 Validation results
3.4.2 Profit distributions
3.4.3 Comparison of alternative tillage practices
3.4.4 Evaluation of water quality improvement
3.5 Conclusion
Appendix A
References
4 Bioremediation of contaminated soils by bacterial biosurfactants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Bacterial biosurfactants and their classification
4.2.1 High molecular weight biosurfactants
4.2.2 Low molecular weight biosurfactants
4.3 Role of bacterial biosurfactants in the bioremediation of contaminated soils
4.3.1 Biosurfactants in the bioremediation of pesticides
4.3.1.1 Mechanism
4.3.2 Biosurfactants in bioremediation of hydrocarbons
4.3.2.1 Mechanism
4.3.3 Biosurfactants in bioremediation of heavy metals
4.3.3.1 Mechanism
4.4 Conclusion and future prospectus
References
5 Evaluation of machine learning-based modeling approaches in groundwater quantity and quality prediction
5.1 Overview
5.1.1 ML techniques—introduction
5.1.1.1 Supervised learning algorithm
5.1.1.2 Unsupervised learning algorithm
5.1.1.3 Reinforcement learning algorithm
5.1.2 Generic steps involved in using an ML technique
5.2 Popular Ml techniques used in groundwater modeling
5.2.1 Supervised ML techniques
5.2.2 Unsupervised ML techniques
5.3 Efficacy of ML-based modeling
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Microbial consortium for bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons polluted sites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 PAHs pollutants: source, toxicity, and metabolic pathways
6.3 Bioremediation of PAHs
6.4 Plant–microbes interactions
6.5 Microbes and their consortium to degrade PAHs
6.5.1 Sulfate-reducing bacteria
6.5.2 Methanogens
6.5.3 Iron-, nitrate-, and manganese-reducing bacteria
6.6 Microbial degradation kinetics models
6.7 Conclusion and future recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
7 Fate, transport, and bioremediation of PAHs in experimental domain: an overview of current status and future prospects
7.1 Introduction
7.2 PAHs fate and transport mechanisms
7.3 Studies investigated PAHs behaviors in laboratory domain
7.4 Polishing PAH-polluted site using subsurface-constructed wetlands
7.5 Conclusive remark and future prospects
References
8 Mathematical modeling of contaminant transport in the subsurface environment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Contaminant transport models for saturated porous media
8.2.1 Conventional advection–dispersion model
8.2.2 Mobile–immobile model
8.2.3 Multiprocess nonequilibrium model
8.2.4 Continuous-time random walk method
8.3 Categorization of mathematical modeling studies related to Indian groundwater and soil systems
8.3.1 Analytical contaminant transport modeling
8.3.2 Numerical flow and contaminant transport modeling
8.3.3 Integrated analytical–numerical or simulation–optimization approach
8.4 Contaminant transport modeling in the subsurface environment using mobile–immobile model
8.5 Conclusion and future directions
Acknowledgment
References
9 Impacts of climatic variability on subsurface water resources
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Impacts on atmospheric boundary
9.3 Impacts on water storage and flow pattern
9.4 Impacts on ground–surface water interactions
9.5 Impacts on subsurface water quality
9.6 Methodological framework for evaluating climate change impacts on subsurface
9.7 Conclusion and recommendations
Acknowledgment
References
10 Microplastic in the subsurface system: Extraction and characterization from sediments of River Ganga near Patna, Bihar
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Background
10.1.2 Occurrence, fate, types, and source of microplastic in the freshwater environment
10.1.3 A potential concern for pollution and damage to aquatic biota caused by microplastics
10.1.4 Microplastic and human health
10.1.5 Sample collection practices and the estimation of microplastics
10.1.6 Objectives of the study
10.2 Materials and method
10.2.1 Study area
10.2.2 Sampling of soil sediments
10.2.3 Sediments treatment and extraction of microplastics
10.2.4 Statistical analysis
10.3 Results and discussion
10.3.1 Method developed for the extraction of microplastic
10.3.2 Mass of microplastics
10.3.3 Number of microplastics
10.3.4 Different types of microplastics in different streams
10.3.5 Color of microplastics at different locations
10.3.6 Size of microplastics
10.3.7 Possible source of microplastics
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 Assessment of long-term groundwater variation in India using GLDAS reanalysis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Data used and methodology
11.3 Results and discussion
11.3.1 Rainfall variations
11.3.1.1 Groundwater variations
11.3.2 Seasonal variations in rainfall and groundwater
11.3.3 Trend analysis of precipitation and groundwater
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 Emerging contaminants in subsurface: sources, remediation, and challenges
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sources of emerging contaminants in groundwater
12.3 Detection and analysis
12.4 Types of emerging contaminants
12.4.1 Pesticides
12.4.2 Pharmaceutical products
12.4.3 Personal care products
12.4.4 Industrial chemicals
12.4.5 Lifestyle products
12.4.6 Surfactants
12.5 Fate of emerging contaminants in groundwater
12.6 Potential risks associated with emerging contaminants
12.7 Remediation of emerging contaminants
12.8 Challenges and scope
12.9 Discussion and conclusion
References
13 Selenium and naturally occurring radioactive contaminants in soil–water systems
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Selenium: distribution in Indian soil–water systems
13.3 Naturally occurring radioactive material: distribution in Indian soil–water systems
13.4 Remedial measures
13.5 Field scale implications and future research
References
14 Understanding and modeling the process of seawater intrusion: a review
14.1 Background
14.2 Seawater intrusion process
14.2.1 Heterogeneity in seawater intrusion process
14.2.2 Sea level fluctuations and seawater intrusion
14.2.3 Hydrochemical processes involved in seawater intrusion process
14.2.4 Upconing
14.3 Measurement and monitoring of seawater intrusion
14.3.1 Head measurement
14.3.2 Geophysical methods
14.3.3 Tracer techniques for seawater intrusion studies
14.4 Seawater intrusion modeling and prediction
14.4.1 Analytical solutions for seawater intrusion problems
14.4.2 Numerical modeling of seawater intrusion
14.5 Management of seawater intrusion
14.6 Seawater intrusion, climate change, and sea level rise
14.7 Conclusion
References
15 Prioritization of erosion prone areas based on a sediment yield index for conservation treatments: A case study of the u...
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Study area
15.3 Data used
15.3.1 Digital elevation model data
15.3.2 Land use land cover data
15.3.3 Soil data
15.3.4 Slope data
15.4 Methodology
15.4.1 Assigning delivery ratio
15.4.2 Mapping erosion intensity units
15.4.3 Assigning weights to basin units
15.4.4 Computation of sediment yield index
15.5 Results and discussion
15.5.1 Composite erosion intensity map
15.5.2 Subbasin wise treatment prioritization
15.5.3 Conservation treatments
15.6 Summary and conclusions
References
16 Advances in hydrocarbon bioremediation products: natural solutions
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Engineered constructed wetlands
16.2.1 Duplex wetland systems
16.2.2 Integrated polluted columns and treatment wetlands
16.3 Native and specialized microbial communities
16.4 Biodiesels as biostimulators
16.5 Phycoremediation
References
17 Nitrate-N movement revealed by a controlled in situ solute injection experiment in the middle Gangetic plains of India
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Study site
17.3 Methodology
17.3.1 Hydrological monitoring
17.3.2 Solute injection test
17.4 Results and discussion
17.4.1 Hydrological characteristics of the experimental site
17.4.2 Nitrate (NO3−) transport at solute injection experiment site
17.5 Conclusion
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgment
Data availability
References
18 Integrated water resources management in Sikta irrigation system, Nepal
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Study area
18.3 Methodology/philosophy
18.3.1 Conceptual model of the study area
18.3.2 Abstraction of groundwater
18.3.3 Discretization of study area
18.3.4 Assigning boundary conditions
18.3.5 Initial conditions
18.3.6 Hydrogeological parameters
18.3.7 Groundwater recharge
18.3.8 Evapotranspiration
18.3.9 Computation of irrigation water requirement
18.3.10 Special-purpose water requirements
18.4 Groundwater modeling
18.4.1 Calibration
18.4.2 Validation
18.5 Result and discussion
18.5.1 Gross irrigation requirement
18.5.2 Irrigation water supply and demand
18.5.3 Calibration and validation output
18.5.4 Groundwater availability
18.5.5 Sensitivity of model parameters
18.5.6 Scenario analysis
18.6 Conclusion and recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
19 Hydrocarbon pollution assessment and analysis using GC–MS
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Previous works
19.3 GC–MS system: specification
19.3.1 GC column
19.3.2 MS detector
19.3.3 Carrier gases
19.3.4 ALS system
19.3.5 Gas filter
19.3.6 Vacuum pump
19.4 Method of toluene analysis
19.4.1 Method creation
19.4.2 MSD method
19.4.3 Tune MSD
19.4.4 Tune report assessment
19.4.5 Method for running a sample sequence
19.5 Calibration
19.6 Mass spectrum of toluene (Fig. 19.2)
References
Index
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