Advances in Plant Tissue Culture: Current Developments and Future Trends

Front matter
Copyright
Contributors
A general introduction to and background of plant tissue culture: Past, current, and future aspects
Introduction
Milestones
Direct and indirect organogenesis
Somatic embryogenesis
Plant tissue culture for trait improvement
Plant tissue culture for plant production
Conclusion and future trends
References
Micropropagation for multiplication of disease-free and genetically uniform sugarcane plantlets
Introduction
History of plant tissue culture
Micropropagation
Stem/node culture
The general technique
The laboratory setup
Media preparation area
Aseptic transfer area
Culture room
Acclimatization area
Sterilization
Nutrient medium
Stages in micropropagation
Stage I: Establishment of aseptic cultures
Stage II: Growth and differentiation of shoots
Stage III: Root induction in the shoots
Stage IV: Preparation for growth in natural environment (hardening)
Micropropagation studies in sugarcane
Quality assurance for disease-free and genetically uniform seed cane
Advantages of tissue culture-raised sugarcane
Constraints of in vitro propagation
Conclusions
References
Role of plant tissue culture medium components
Introduction
Basic composition of culture medium
Minerals
Vitamins
Amino acids
Sugars
Plant growth regulators (PGRs)
Auxins
Cytokinins
Gibberellins (GAs)
Abscisic acid
Ethylene
Solidifying agents
Acidity (pH)
Medium formulations
Additional supplements to culture medium
Activated charcoal
Purpose
Source
Concentration
Antioxidants
Purpose
Chemical compounds
Concentration
Ethylene inhibitors
Purpose
Chemical compounds
Concentration
Complex organic additives
Coconut water
Casein hydrolysate
Yeast extract
Other organic additives
Polyamines
Addition of antibiotics and fungicides
Liquid culture medium
Uses
Cell suspension culture
Rooting
Secondary metabolites
Somatic embryogenesis
Advantages and disadvantages
Temporary submersion culture
Bioreactors
Sterilization of culture medium
Filtration
Autoclave
Microwave
Photoautotrophic culture medium
Definition and technique
Advantages and disadvantages
Ventilation
Automation of culture medium preparation
Operating efficiency
Instruments
Cost-effectiveness
Utilization of nanoparticles in culture medium
Conclusion and prospects
Acknowledgments
References
The journey and new breakthroughs of plant growth regulators in tissue culture
Introduction
Auxin
Cytokinin
Gibberellic acid
Abscisic acid
Brassinosteroid
Jasmonic acid
Salicylic acid
Strigolactones
Phloroglucinol
Other PGRs and tissue culture of recalcitrant plants
Conclusion and future prospective
References
Plant tissue culture: Somatic embryogenesis and organogenesis
Introduction
Somatic embryogenesis
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Explant
Genotype
Growth regulators
Auxin
Cytokinins
Gibberellins and abscisic acid
Culture medium and gelling agent
Other factors
Temperature
Photoperiod
Ethylene biosynthesis
Somatic embryogenesis developmental process—Embryo induction, development maturation, and germination
Advantages
Limitations
Organogenesis
Direct organogenesis
Indirect organogenesis
Factors affecting organogenesis
Explant
Genotype
Culture medium, plant growth regulators, and gelling agent
Other factors
Season of the year
Oxygen gradient
Light
Temperature
Ploidy level
Age of culture
Organogenesis developmental process—Dedifferentiation, induction, differentiation
Dedifferentiation
Induction
Differentiation
Advantages and limitations
References
Genetic transformation via plant tissue culture techniques: Current and future approaches
The importance of the genetic transformation technique for research and production of superior plants
History of plant genetic transformation technique development
Establishment of Agrobacterium -mediated gene transfer
Alternatives for Agrobacterium -mediated plant transformation
Genetic engineering techniques developed to introduce specific change in plants
Genetic transformation via plant tissue culture technique
Gene introduction
Tissue culture as a basic tool in molecular biotechnology research
Application of tissue culture and genetic transformation in plant biotechnology
Important genes are widely transferred to plants
Perspective on genetic transformation as an excellent tool in biotechnology
References
Anther culture for haploid plant production
Introduction
History of anther culture
A generalized method for haploid production through anther culture
Factors affecting anther culture
Plant genotype
Developmental stage of pollen
Physiological state and growth conditions of donor plant
Media composition
Culture conditions
Pretreatment of explant
Wall factor
Production of doubled haploid plant
Identification of haploid plants
Detection of ploidy
Detection of homozygosity
Application of anther culture in crop improvements
Production of homozygous regenerants
Triploid production
Mutation breeding
Gene mapping and genomics
Production of all-male populations
Analytical breeding
Production of the homozygous transgenic lines
Progress in the haploid production through anther culture
Conclusion and prospects
References
Morpho-anatomical characterization of in vitro regenerated plants
Introduction
Essential oil rose
Narrow-leaved lavender and lavandin
Garden Canna
Garden chrysanthemum
Clematis
Common fig
Persimmon
Peach
Conclusion and perspective
Acknowledgments
References
Plant tissue culture targeting germplasm conservation
Introduction
Potential application of in vitro technology for germplasm conservation
Explants used for germplasm conservation
Short- and medium-term conservation through slow growth storage
Low-temperature storage
Use of minimal growth medium/osmotic regulators
Use of growth retardants
Storage under low oxygen environment
Combination of more than one treatment
Encapsulation technology and short- to medium-term conservation
Long-term conservation by cryopreservation
Concluding remarks
References
Somatic embryogenesis in medicinal plants
Introduction
Somatic embryogenesis
Modes of somatic embryogenesis
Direct somatic embryogenesis (DSE)
Indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE)
Somatic embryogenesis (SE) and plant recovery
Advantages of somatic embryogenesis
Disadvantages of somatic embryogenesis
Factors affecting somatic embryogenesis
Role of plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the development of somatic embryos
Auxin
Cytokinin
Ethylene
Gibberellic acid
Effect of nature of explant, culture conditions, and genotype on somatic embryogenesis
Explant
Medium
pH
Carbon source
Nitrogen source
Additives
Effects of light
Molecular aspects of somatic embryogenesis
Auxin responsive genes
LAFL genes
Serk gene
LEC gene
BBM gene
WUSCHEL ( WUS)
GhCKI
LEA
WIND
Uses of somatic embryogenesis in plant improvement
Cell selection
Regeneration of genetically transformed plants
Synthetic seed production
Metabolite production
Virus-free plant development
Germplasm conservation
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Embryo rescue: A potential tool for improvement of economically important crops
Introduction
History of embryo rescue
Culture medium for embryo rescue
Culture medium types
Culture medium composition
Phytohormones in culture media
Manipulation of embryo for culture
Embryo culture technique
Immature embryo culture
Mature embryo culture
Applications of embryo culture
Prevention of abortion in wide crosses
Production of haploids
Overcoming or breaking seed-dormancy
Shortening the breeding cycle
Prevention of embryo abortion with early-ripening stone fruits
Embryos for propagation/conservation/germplasm exchange
Germination of seeds of obligatory parasites
Future prospects and conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Strategies to overcome explant recalcitrance under in vitro conditions
Introduction
Factors contributing to recalcitrance
Molecular basis of recalcitrance
Case studies
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Improving crops through transgenic breeding—Technological advances and prospects
Introduction
Plant tissue culture techniques of relevance to GT
Genetic transformation methods and the need for new developments
Biological methods
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation
Virus-mediated transformation
Physical methods
Particle bombardment
Electroporation
Microinjection
Macroinjection
Silica/carbon fibers-mediated gene transfer
Sonication
Chemical methods
PEG-mediated transformation
Calcium-phosphate method
Liposome-mediated gene delivery
Assessment of different methods of genetic transformation
Factors affecting transformation efficiency
New methods of genetic transformation
Nanoparticles-based gene delivery
Genome editing in plants
Agrobacterium -mediated method
PEG-mediated and Particle bombardment methods
Other transformation methods
Conclusions and prospects
References
Meristem culture: A potential technique for in vitro virus-free plants production in vegetatively propagated crops
Introduction
Transmission of plant viruses
Need for meristem culture
Meristem isolation from infected plants
Culture media for meristem culture
Carbon and energy sources
Vitamins and myo-inositol
Amino acids and plant growth regulators
Eradication of plant viruses through meristem culture
Future prospects
Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Plant tissue culture in tree species
Introduction
Tissue culture on tree species
Regeneration through organogenesis
Regeneration through somatic embryogenesis
Study of genetic fidelity to improve plants’ quality
Conclusion
References
The role of plant tissue culture in pharmaceuticals and secondary metabolites production
Introduction
Secondary metabolites
Production of secondary metabolites in organ cultures
Hairy root culture
Genetic manipulation in hairy root culture for secondary metabolite
Shoot culture
Production of secondary metabolites in callus cultures
Production of secondary metabolites in cell suspension cultures
Role of metabolic engineering in secondary metabolite production
Techniques to enhance the synthesis of secondary metabolites
Increasing flux through pathway
Decrease catabolism
Increase of percentage of producing cells
Genetic manipulations
Redirecting common precursors
Elicitors
Classification of elicitors
Role of nanoparticles
Transgenic plants
Genome editing
Conclusion and future perspective
References
Tissue culture: A perpetual source for the conservation of medicinally important endangered plant species
Introduction
The importance of tissue culture of medicinally important plants
Established tissue cultures of some medicinal plants
Centella asiatica
Callus induction
Shoot induction
Adventitious shoot proliferation
In vitro rooting
Curculigo orchioides
Shoot induction
Root induction
Rauvolfia serpentina
Coscinium fenestratum
Vanasushava pedata
The role of tissue culture in genetic engineering of medicinally endangered plants
Genetic transformation
Production of secondary metabolites from medicinal plants
References
Phytochemical studies in the field of plant tissue culture
Introduction
The history of phytochemicals in medicinal plant research
Phytochemical and tissue culture
Secondary metabolites
Conclusion
References
Further reading
Index
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