Advances in Oil-Water Separation: A Complete Guide for Physical, Chemical, and Biochemical Processes

Front Cover
Advances in Oil-Water Separation
Copyright Page
Contents
List of contributors
A. Overview on oil pollution and its effect on environment
1 An overview of oil pollution and oil-spilling incidents
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Oil spill incidents
1.3 Case studies
1.4 Recovery and clean up
1.5 Future predictions
1.6 Summary
References
2 Spatiotemporal distribution of oil spill effect in the estuarine terrain of Bhagirathi-Hooghly River, West Bengal, India
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Materials and methods
2.2.1 Study area
2.2.2 Data used
2.3 Methodology
2.3.1 Spatiotemporal analysis in water quality and heavy metal concentration
2.3.2 Heavy metal indices analysis
2.3.2.1 Enrichment factor
2.3.2.2 Contamination factor
2.3.2.3 Pollution load index
2.3.2.4 Degree of contamination
2.3.2.5 Geo accumulation index
2.3.3 Ecological impact through BOPA index
2.4 Result and discussions
2.4.1 Spatiotemporal analysis of water quality parameter
2.4.2 Spatiotemporal analysis of dissolved heavy metal parameter
2.4.3 Changes in the parameter effecting oil spill
2.5 Dissolved heavy metal indices
2.5.1 Enrichment factor
2.5.2 Contamination factor
2.5.3 Pollution load index and degree of contamination
2.5.4 Geo accumulation index
2.5.5 Changes in heavy metal indices
2.5.6 Quantitative variation with increased oil spill
2.5.7 Ecological impacts through BOPA index
2.6 Conclusion and recommendation
Acknowledgment
References
3 Oil pollution and municipal wastewater treatment: issues and impact
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology
3.2.1 Oil and petroleum sources in wastewater streams
3.3 Treatment methods of wastewater containing oil
3.3.1 Some conventional treatment methods are as follows
3.3.1.1 Floatation
3.3.1.2 Coagulation
3.3.2 Some new methods for the wastewater treatment
3.3.2.1 Membrane separation
3.3.2.2 Biological treatment
3.4 Results
3.4.1 Future perspectives
3.4.1.1 Environmental impact of wastewater containing oil
3.4.1.2 Challenges and issues faced due to oil and municipal solid waste pollutants
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Conflict of interest
References
4 An overview of worldwide regulations on oil pollution control
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Maritime effects of oil spillage
4.1.2 Significance of oil pollution control management
4.2 International laws on maritime pollution
4.3 1954–62 Convention and its amendments
4.3.1 Origin and establishment of 1954 convention
4.3.2 1969 and 1971 Amendments
4.4 International conference on marine pollution, 1973
4.4.1 Annex I of the convention consists of the regulations for oil pollution control and prevention which are primarily fo...
4.4.2 Other conventions and instruments on the Regional Basis
4.5 MARPOL Convention—73/78
4.5.1 Annex I
4.5.1.1 Measures to control operational discharge of oils according to annex I
4.5.1.2 Shipboard oil pollution emergency plan
4.5.2 Annex II
4.5.2.1 Main features of annex II of MARPOL
4.5.2.2 Shipboard marine pollution emergency plan for noxious liquid substances
4.5.3 Annex III
4.5.3.1 Main features of annex III of MARPOL
4.5.4 Annex IV
4.5.4.1 Main features of annex IV of MARPOL
4.5.4.2 The revised annex IV
4.5.5 Annex V
4.5.5.1 Legal requirements for the Annex V
4.5.5.2 Restrictions and garbage management
4.5.6 Annex VI
4.5.6.1 Application
4.6 Oil Pollution Act, 1990
4.6.1 Origin of Oil Pollution Act, 1990
4.6.2 Progress of Oil Pollution Act, 1990 in oil pollution control
4.7 Conclusions
References
5 Technological aspects of different oil and water separation advanced techniques
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Advanced filtration materials
5.2.1 Metal-based membranes
5.2.2 Polymer-based membranes
5.2.3 Ceramic based membranes
5.3 Advanced absorption based materials
5.4 Sol-gel based materials
5.4.1 Template based materials
5.4.2 Micro nanomaterials
5.4.3 Nanobased materials
5.4.4 Nanocellulose based material
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Impact analysis of oil pollution on environment, marine, and soil communities
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Composition of petroleum hydrocarbon
6.3 Sources and fate of oil spill
6.3.1 Weathering
6.3.2 Evaporation
6.3.3 Oxidation
6.3.4 Biodegradation
6.3.5 Emulsification
6.4 Oil pollution and its impact analysis
6.4.1 Impact on aquatic and terrestrial microbial communities
6.4.2 Impact of oil pollution on fish
6.4.3 Impact on seabird population
6.4.3.1 Toxic effect of oil
6.4.4 Impact on marine mammals and invertebrates
6.4.5 Impact on vegetation
6.4.6 Impact on environment
6.5 Future prospects and conclusion
References
7 Impact of oil exploration and spillage on marine environments
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of pollution
7.3 Types of oils
7.3.1 Group 1: nonpersistent light oils (gasoline, condensate)
7.3.2 Group 2: persistent light oils (diesel, no. 2 fuel oil, light crudes)
7.3.3 Group 3: medium oils (mostly crude oils, IFO 180)
7.3.4 Group 4: heavy oils (heavy crude oils, No. 6 fuel oil, bunker C)
7.3.5 Group 5: sinking oils (slurry oils, residual oils)
7.4 Causes of oil pollution
7.4.1 Natural cause
7.4.2 Anthropogenic activities
7.4.2.1 Accidental spills
7.4.2.1.1 Storage
7.4.2.1.2 Handling
7.4.2.1.3 Transportation
7.4.2.1.4 Offshore drilling
7.4.2.1.5 Routine maintenance activities
7.4.2.1.6 Road runoff
7.4.2.2 Intentional oil discharges
7.5 Harmful effects of oil pollution
7.5.1 Effects of oil pollution on aquatic ecosystem
7.5.2 Effects on marine flora
7.5.3 Effects on marine fauna
7.5.3.1 Impacts of oil spills on vertebrates
7.5.3.1.1 Fishes
7.5.3.1.2 Birds
7.5.3.1.3 Mammals
7.5.3.2 Impacts of oil spills on invertebrates
7.5.3.2.1 Crustaceans
7.5.3.2.2 Molluscs
7.5.3.2.3 Zooplanktons
7.5.3.3 Effects of oil pollution on wildlife
7.5.3.3.1 Birds
7.5.3.3.2 Marine mammals
7.5.3.3.2.1 Sea turtles
7.5.3.3.2.2 Seals
7.5.3.3.2.3 Polar bear
7.5.3.4 Impact of oil pollution on human health
7.5.3.5 Effect of oil pollution on economy
7.5.3.5.1 Tourism
7.5.3.5.2 Fisheries and mariculture
7.5.3.5.3 Other industries/businesses affected by marine oil spills
7.6 Bioaccumulation and biomagnification: marine chemistry
7.6.1 Toxins in the marine food chain
7.6.2 Bioaccumulation and biomagnification of hydrophobic organic compounds in fish
7.6.3 Biomagnification and bioaccumulation of mercury in an arctic marine food web
7.7 Remedies to cope up with oil pollution
7.7.1 Physical methods
7.7.1.1 Oil blooms
7.7.1.2 Skimmers
7.7.1.3 Sorbents
7.7.1.4 Burning
7.7.2 Chemical treatment
7.7.2.1 Dispersant
7.7.2.2 Hot water and high-pressure washing
7.7.2.3 Chemical stabilization of oil by elastomizers
7.7.3 Bioremediation
7.7.4 Natural recovery
7.8 Conclusion
References
B. Physical processes
8 Superhydrophobic polymeric adsorbents as an efficient oil separator
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Materials used for oil/water separation
8.2.1 Meshes and membranes for oil/water separation
8.2.1.1 Mechanism of action
8.2.1.2 Functionalization of meshes and membranes
8.2.2 Using inorganic materials
8.2.3 Using organic materials
8.3 Polymer-based adsorbents for oil/water separation
8.3.1 Plastic-based adsorbents
8.3.2 Polyurethane oil sorbents
8.3.3 Polystyrene oil sorbents
8.3.4 Polyethylene and polypropylene based oil sorbents
8.3.5 Oil sorbents based on the methacrylate polymers
8.3.6 Oil sorbents based on the miscellaneous polymers
8.3.7 Aerogels
8.4 Superhydrophobic polymeric adsorbents
8.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
9 Oil spill treatment using porous materials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Materials and characterization
9.3 Discussion
9.4 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
10 Nanotechnological advances for oil spill management: removal, recovery and remediation
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Oil pollution
10.3 Nanotechnology driven solutions
10.3.1 Nanosensors
10.3.2 Nanofluids
10.3.3 Nanocomposites
10.3.4 Nanocoating
10.3.5 Nanomembranes
10.3.6 Nanocatalysts
10.4 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
11 Carbon nanotube-based oil-water separation
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Carbon nanotube-carbon-based sorbent
11.3 Principles of oil-water separation by carbon nanotube
11.4 Structure and synthesis of carbon nanotube
11.4.1 Structure
11.4.2 Synthesis
11.5 Current applications: carbon nanotube-based oil-water separation
11.6 Future perspective
11.7 Summary
References
12 Nanocoated membranes for oil/water separation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nanocoated membrane technology
12.2.1 Organic-based membranes
12.2.2 Inorganic-based membranes
12.3 Fundamental principles behind oil/water separation behavior
12.3.1 Superhydrophobic-superoleophilic membrane
12.3.2 Superhydrophilic-superoleophobic membrane
12.3.3 Underwater superoleophobicity membrane
12.4 Current application of membranes in oily wastewater treatment
12.4.1 Zwitterionic membranes
12.4.2 Biomimetic thin membranes
12.5 Morphology and structure
12.5.1 Surface morphology
12.5.2 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
12.5.3 FTIR
12.6 Wetting properties
12.7 Mechanical strength
12.8 Antifouling method
12.9 Separation performance of membranes for the oil-in-water mixture
12.10 Summary
12.11 Future perspective
Acknowledgement
Conflict of interest
References
C. Thermo-chemical processes
13 Chemical stabilization of oil by elastomizers
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Characteristics of oil spills
13.2.1 Physical characteristics
13.2.2 Chemical characteristics
13.3 Oil spill stabilization/remediation techniques
13.3.1 Physical stabilization process
13.3.1.1 Booms
13.3.1.2 Fence booms
13.3.1.3 Curtain booms
13.3.1.4 Fire-resistant boom
13.3.1.5 Skimmers
13.3.1.6 Wier skimmers
13.3.1.7 Oleophilic skimmers
13.3.1.8 Suction skimmers
13.3.2 Adsorbent materials
13.3.2.1 Natural organic adsorbents
13.3.2.2 Natural inorganic adsorbents
13.3.2.3 Synthetic adsorbents
13.3.3 Thermal remediation process
13.3.4 Bioremediation method
13.3.5 Oil stabilzation by chemical based elastomizers
13.3.5.1 Dispersants
13.3.5.2 Solidifiers
13.3.5.3 Stabilization by low cost chemical stabilizers/surfactants
13.4 Future perspective for oil stabilization through chemical process
13.5 Conclusions
References
14 Advances in burning process and their impact on the environment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Principles
14.2.1 In situ burning operation
14.2.1.1 Ignition requirement
14.2.1.2 Rate of heat transfer
14.2.1.3 Flame temperature
14.2.1.4 Thickness of oil slick
14.2.1.5 Final stage of burning
14.2.2 Factors affecting in situ burning
14.2.2.1 Ignition of oil slick
14.2.2.2 Other factors affecting ignition of oil slick
14.2.2.3 Rate of in situ burning
14.2.2.4 Characteristics of oil slick residue
14.2.2.5 Tendency of flame spreading
14.2.2.6 Flame heights
14.2.2.7 Impact of emulsification
14.2.2.8 In situ burning best safety practices
14.3 In situ burningtechniques & current application
14.3.1 Selection of in situ burning equipment and operation
14.3.1.1 In situ burning without containment
14.3.1.2 Oil containment methods
14.3.1.2.1 Conventional booms
14.3.1.2.2 Fire-resistant booms
14.3.1.2.3 Backup booms
14.3.2 Ignitors
14.3.2.1 Helitorches
14.3.2.2 Noncommercial ignitors
14.3.2.2.1 The kontax igniter
14.3.2.2.2 A hand-held igniter
14.3.3 Treating agents and combustion additives
14.4 Environmental and health concerns
14.4.1 Air quality
14.4.2 Water quality
14.5 Summary
References
15 Use of chemical dispersants for management of oil pollution
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Hazardous effect of oil spill and its emission
15.2.1 Need for controlling oil pollution
15.2.2 Oil spill remediation
15.3 Use of chemical dispersant
15.4 Principle and mechanism of chemical dispersants
15.4.1 Impact of chemical dispersants
15.4.2 Toxicity of chemical dispersants
15.5 Effectiveness and adaptability of chemical dispersants
15.6 National and international regulations for using chemical dispersants
15.7 Applications of different chemical dispersants
15.8 Conclusions
References
16 Brief account on the thermochemical oil-spill management strategies
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Major oil spills incidents
16.2.1 Exxon Valdez oil spill (1989), and Amoco Cadiz oil spill (1978)
16.2.2 Deepwater horizon oil spill
16.3 Oil spill treating methods
16.3.1 Physical remediation methods
16.3.2 In situ burning
16.3.3 Bioremediation
16.3.4 Chemical methods
16.4 Emulsifying agents
16.5 Impact of emulsion on ecosystem
16.6 Conclusion
References
D. Biological processes
17 Use of live microbes for oil degradation in situ
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Bioremediation of oil compounds by bacteria
17.3 Role of bacterial oxygenases in the oil biodegradation
17.4 Oil-degrading fungi
17.5 Marine fungi
17.6 Soil fungi
17.7 Mycorrhizal fungi
17.8 White rot fungi
17.9 Fungal enzymes in bioremediation
17.10 In situ—mycoremediation
17.11 Bioaugmentation
17.12 Fungi bacteria consortium
17.13 Biostimulation
17.14 Biodegradation of crude oil by fresh algae
17.15 Effect of seaweeds (marine algae) in biodegradation
17.16 Cyanobacteria
17.17 Algal bacteria consortium
17.18 Factor affecting in biodegradations
17.19 Summary
References
18 Metagenomics—an approach for selection of oil degrading microbes and its application in remediation of oil pollution
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Microbes associated with degradation of oil
18.3 Metagenomics in oil degradation
18.3.1 Sampling
18.3.2 Isolation of genome
18.3.3 Modeling 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA
18.3.4 Amplification by polymerase chain reaction technique
18.3.5 Sequencing
18.3.5.1 Trimming or filtering
18.3.5.1.1 Sequence assembly and validation of assembled sequence
18.3.5.2 Analysis of assembled sequence and genome
18.3.5.2.1 Alignment
18.3.5.2.2 RefSeq
18.3.5.2.3 BioSurfDB
18.3.5.3 Comparison of genome sequences
18.3.5.3.1 Cluster analysis
18.3.5.4 Detection of GC content regions
18.3.5.5 Phylogenetic trees establishment
18.3.5.6 Submission of database
18.3.6 Phylogenetics
18.4 Application
18.5 Metagenomics challenges
18.6 Conclusion
References
19 Potentiality of enzymes as a green tool in degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Role of bacteria in enzymatic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons
19.3 Role of algae in enzymatic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons
19.4 Role of fungi in enzymatic degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons
19.5 Feasibility and technical applicability of enzymes in oil clean up
19.6 Conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
20 Bioremediation: an ecofriendly approach for the treatment of oil spills
20.1 Introduction
20.1.1 Oil spills
20.1.1.1 Accidental spills during
20.2 Catastrophe
20.2.1 Hydrocarbon pollution
20.2.1.1 Aliphatic group
20.2.1.2 Aromatic group
20.2.1.3 Heterocyclic group
20.3 An approach to eliminate oil spills
20.3.1 Bioremediation and its techniques
20.3.1.1 Bioaugmentation
20.3.1.2 Biostimulation
20.3.1.3 Biosparging
20.3.1.4 Phytoremediation
20.3.1.5 Landfarming
20.3.1.6 Bioslurping
20.3.1.7 Bioreactor
20.4 Factors affecting the biodegradation efficiency
20.4.1 Nutrient availability
20.4.2 Temperature
20.4.3 Oxygen limitations
20.4.4 pH
20.4.5 Bioavailability of hydrocarbon
20.4.6 Restriction of physical contact between microorganism and oil spills
20.5 Role of microorganism
20.6 Novel approaches
20.6.1 Substance addition
20.6.2 Genetic engineering
20.7 Case studies
20.8 Conclusion and future prospects
References
21 Bioremediation of black tides: strategies involving genetically modified organisms
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Conventional bioremediation strategies and their limitations
21.2.1 Physical methods
21.2.2 Chemical methods
21.2.3 Thermal method
21.3 Switch to biological methods-“bioremediation”
21.3.1 Bioaugmentation
21.3.2 Biostimulation
21.3.3 Biosparging
21.3.4 Phytoremediation
21.3.5 The oil eating microbes
21.4 Genetically engineered organisms (GMOS): an in situ bioremediation approach
21.4.1 Current applications of potential GEMs for bioremediation of oil contaminants
21.4.1.1 Genetically modified organisms in phytoremediation
21.4.1.2 Genetically engineered fungi for mycoremediation
21.4.2 Technical applicability of GEMs in oil cleanup
21.4.2.1 Construction of hybrid pathways through genetic engineering for degradation of oil contaminants
21.4.2.2 Use of DNA probes and biosensors for oil pollutant detection
21.4.2.3 Use of biosurfactants to increase bioavailability of oil contaminants
21.5 Conclusion
References
22 Microbes and marine oil spills: oil-eating bugs can cure oily sea sickness
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Composition of petroleum hydrocarbons
22.3 Impact of oil pollution on marine ecosystem
22.3.1 Sources of oil pollution in marine and coastal environment
22.3.2 Fate of oil contaminants in marine ecosystems
22.3.3 Toxicity and hazardous consequences
22.4 Occurrence and distribution of oil degrading microbial communities
22.5 Metabolic versatilities for oil degradation by microbes
22.5.1 Aerobic degradation
22.5.2 Anaerobic degradation
22.5.3 Enzymes involved in PH degradation
22.6 Factors influencing microbial remediation of oil
22.6.1 Temperature
22.6.2 pH
22.6.3 Salinity and pressure
22.6.4 Oxygen
22.6.5 Composition and properties of substrates
22.6.6 Nutrients availability
22.6.7 Microbial communities
22.6.8 Bioavailability
22.7 Bioremediation/biodegradation strategies for removal of oil from contaminated sites
22.7.1 Principles and or strategies for PH bioremediation
22.7.2 Applications
22.7.2.1 Applying indigenous individual and/or microbial consortium (bioaugmentation)
22.7.2.2 Application of genetically engineered strains
22.7.2.3 Enrichment of the nutrients (biostimulation)
22.7.2.4 Use of immobilized cells
22.7.2.5 Applications of biosurfactants
22.8 Conclusions
22.9 Summary
References
23 Hybrid biological processes for the treatment of oily wastewater
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Methods for oily wastewater treatment
23.3 Biological methods
23.3.1 Microbe isolation
23.3.2 Analysis of microbial community composition
23.3.3 Microbes for degradation of oily wastewater
23.3.4 Biodegradation systems: free cell, immobilized and continuous bioreactor
23.3.5 Mechanism and kinetics
23.3.6 Effect of oil toxicity on degradation
23.4 Biological techniques
23.5 Hybrid biological processes
23.6 Summary
References
E. Miscellaneous
24 Efficient management of oil waste: chemical and physicochemical approaches
Body
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Hazardous effect of waste oil
24.2.1 Soil
24.2.2 Water
24.2.3 Air
24.3 Chemical constituents of waste oil
24.3.1 Waste cooking oil
24.3.2 Waste lubricating oil
24.4 Recycling methods of waste oil
24.4.1 Physical treatment of waste oil (2–7)
24.4.1.1 Solvent extraction
24.4.1.2 Filtration
24.4.1.3 Distillation
24.4.2 Chemical treatment of waste oil
24.4.2.1 Transesterification
24.4.2.2 Hydrotreating
24.4.2.3 Gasification
24.4.2.4 Pyrolysis
24.4.2.4.1 Conventional pyrolysis of waste oil
24.4.2.4.2 Microwave pyrolysis
24.4.2.5 Incineration
24.5 Recycling products
24.5.1 Plasticizers
24.5.2 Biofuel
24.5.3 Animal feedstuff
24.5.4 Polymer
24.5.5 Converting waste lubricating oil into useable oil
24.6 Conclusion and future prospect
References
25 Membrane bioreactors for the treatment of oily wastewater: pros and cons
25.1 Oily wastewater: the origin and global trend
25.2 Oily wastewater: environmental impact
25.3 Existing oily wastewater treatment technologies
25.3.1 Application of membrane bioreactor as the advanced treatment technology
25.3.2 Membrane bioreactor for the treatment of oily wastewater
25.3.3 Fouling as the main drawback of membrane bioreactor treating oily wastewater
25.3.4 Methods for fouling mitigation treating oily wastewater
25.4 Conclusions
References
26 Overview on natural materials for oil water separation
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Sources of oil/water mixtures
26.3 Composition of oil/water mixtures
26.3.1 Chemical composition
26.3.2 Physical properties of oily wastewater
26.4 Major processes of oil/water separation
26.4.1 Physical-mechanical methods
26.4.1.1 Sedimentation
26.4.1.2 Dissolved air floatation
26.4.1.3 Coagulation-flocculation
26.4.1.4 Sorption
26.4.1.5 Mechanical containment
26.4.1.6 Thermal and electrical treatment
26.4.1.7 Filtration
26.4.2 Chemical methods
26.4.2.1 Chemical precipitation
26.4.2.2 Dispersants and solidifiers
26.4.2.3 Chemical oxidation
26.4.3 Biological treatment
26.4.3.1 Aerobic methods
26.4.3.2 Anaerobic methods
26.5 Natural materials: an alternative
26.5.1 Sorbent materials
26.5.2 Particles
26.5.3 Surfactants
26.5.4 Aerogels
26.6 Promising natural materials for oil/water separation
26.6.1 Kapok fibers
26.6.2 Rice husk/straw
26.6.3 Vegetable residue wastes
26.6.4 Nutshells
26.6.5 Wood sheets
26.6.6 Barley straw
26.6.7 Cotton fiber
26.6.8 Sugarcane bagasse
26.7 Conclusion and further prospects
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
27 Extraction and separation of oils: the journey from distillation to pervaporation
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Techniques in the extraction of oils
27.2.1 Mechanical extraction of oils
27.2.2 Steam and hydrodistillation
27.2.3 Chemical extraction of oils
27.2.3.1 Soxhlet extraction
27.2.3.2 Supercritical fluid extraction
27.2.4 Ultrasound and microwave-assisted extraction
27.2.5 Optimizing the extraction process
27.3 Emulsification/formation of emulsions
27.3.1 Types of emulsions
27.3.2 Properties relating to emulsions and emulsifiers
27.4 Oil-water separation or demulsification
27.4.1 Chemical demulsification
27.4.2 Biological demulsification
27.4.3 Thermal demulsification
27.4.4 Microwave demulsification
27.4.5 Electrical demulsification
27.4.6 Ultrasonic demulsification
27.4.7 Mechanical demulsification
27.4.8 Membrane demulsification
27.4.9 Pervaporation
27.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index
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