Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems




Contents
Contributors
Preface
1 - Nanotechnology: Scopes and various aspects of drug delivery
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Design of nanotechnology – rooted drug delivery systems
1.3 Liposomes
1.3.1 Microemulsions
1.3.2 Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN)
1.3.3 Polymers
1.4 Polymeric nanocarriers
1.5 Dendrimer-based nanocarriers
1.6 Quantum dots (QDs)
1.7 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
1.8 Miscellaneous types of NPs (e.g., magnetic NPs, silica NPs, metallic NPs)
1.9 Magnetic nanoparticles
1.10 Silica nanoparticles
1.11 Metallic nanoparticles
1.12 Discussion
1.13 Conclusion
References
2 - Methods for nanoparticle synthesis and drug delivery
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification of techniques for synthesis of nanomaterials
2.2.1 Chemical methods of synthesis of nanomaterials
2.2.1.1 Sol-gel method
2.2.1.2 Solvothermal synthesis
2.2.1.3 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD)
2.2.1.4 Arosol-based method
2.2.1.5 Cryochemical method
2.2.1.6 Bio-based methods of synthesis of nanomaterials
2.2.2 Physical methods of synthesis of nanomaterials
2.2.2.1 Ball milling
2.2.2.2 Laser ablation
2.2.2.3 Sputtering
2.3 Functionalization strategies
2.3.1 In-situ surface functionalization
2.3.2 Postsynthesis surface functionalization
2.4 Mechanism of functionalization
2.4.1 Noncovalent binding
2.4.2 Covalent binding
2.4.3 Surface epitaxial growth
2.4.4 Functionalization of nanoparticles using small molecule ligands
2.4.5 Functionalization of nanoparticles with macromolecules
2.5 Some fabrication techniques for nanodrug delivery system
2.5.1 Microfluidic techniques for fabrication of nanodrug delivery system
2.5.2 Metal nanoparticle based drug delivery
2.5.3 Self-delivered nanodrugs
2.6 Selection of nanomaterials in drug delivery
2.7 Conclusion
2.8 Declaimers
References
3 - Characterization of nanoparticles
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characterization of nanoparticles
3.2.1 Transmission electron microscope (TEM)
3.2.2 Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
3.2.3 X-ray techniques
3.2.3.1 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
3.2.3.2 X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS)
3.2.3.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)
3.2.3.4 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX or EDS)
3.2.4 Dynamic light scattering (DLS)
3.2.5 Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy
3.2.6 Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)
3.2.7 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
3.2.8 Miscellaneous
3.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
4 - Stability of therapeutic nano-drugs during storage and transportation as well as after ingestion in the human body
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Factors contributing to the stability of nanoparticles
4.2.1 Particle size and shape
4.2.2 Surface modification
4.2.3 Zeta potential
4.3 Influence of the type of nanoparticle and core material on the stability
4.3.1 Inorganic nanoparticles
4.3.1.1 Magnetic nanoparticles
4.3.2 Organic nanoparticles
4.3.2.1 Polymer nanoparticles
4.3.2.2 Lipid nanoparticles
4.4 Improving the stability of nanoparticles by appropriate preparation methods
4.5 Shelf-life of material
4.6 Contribution of stabilizers in the storage of functional nanoparticles
4.7 Ingestion of nanoparticles and their fate
4.7.1 Oral
4.7.2 Transdermal administration
4.7.3 Intravenous administration
4.7.4 Pulmonary administration
4.8 Transportation of therapeutic nanoparticles
4.9 Influence of biological barriers on nanoparticle transportation
4.10 Receptor-mediated delivery
4.11 Summary
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
5 - Advancements in nanophyto formulations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nanomedicine
5.2.1 Methods for synthesis of nanomedicine
5.2.2 Nanocarriers
5.3 Nanoherbal medicine
5.4 Advantages of nanomedicine
5.4.1 Solubility
5.4.2 Enhanced drug loading capacity and sustained drug release
5.4.3 Improved cellular uptake, lysosomal escape, and protection from degradation
5.4.4 Immunoevasation
5.4.5 Drug targeting
5.4.6 Combination therapy
5.4.7 Stimuli responsive drug delivery/triggered activation
5.5 Nanotechnology in various medical disciplines
5.5.1 Nanodiagnostics
5.5.2 Nanotherapeutics
5.5.3 Nanotheranostics
5.6 Herbal nanomedicines and their advantages
5.6.1 Artemisinin
5.6.2 Celastrol
5.6.3 Resveratrol
5.6.4 Vinblastine and vincristine
5.6.5 Withanolides
5.7 Conclusions
References
6 - Clinical potential of nanotechnlogy as smart therapeutics: A step toward targeted drug delivery
6.1 Inception of nanobiotechnology
6.1.1 Defination
6.1.2 History and progress
6.1.3 Progress and applications
6.1.4 Challenges of drug delivery
6.1.5 Role of nanotecnology in medicines
6.2 Nanodrug delivery combating various clinical diseases
6.2.1 Nanodrug delivery and cancer
6.2.2 Nanodrug delivery and diabetes
6.2.3 Nanodrug delivery and neurodegenerative disease
6.2.4 Nanodrug delivery and dermatitis
6.2.5 Nanodrug delivery and microbial Infection
6.3 Nanodrug and COVID-19 outbreak: Recent highlights into the nanotechnology approach
6.4 Conclusion
6.5 Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgment
References
7 - Nanotechnology and oral health
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nanodentistry
7.3 Applications of nanotechnology in oral health
7.3.1 Dentition renaturalization
7.3.2 Dentin hypersensitivity therapy
7.3.3 Orthodontic realignment
7.3.4 Covalently bonding diamondized enamel
7.3.5 Enhancement of properties of root canal sealers
7.3.6 Continuous oral health maintenance
7.3.7 Orodental medicine
7.3.8 Nanoanesthesia
7.3.9 Miscellaneous
7.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
8 - Bone tissue engineering using nanotechnology based drug delivery system
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types of Nanomaterials
8.3 Inorganic nanomaterials
8.4 Polymeric nanoparticles
8.5 Systems of nanodrugs delivery and its usages in orthopedics
8.6 Nanoparticles-based drug delivery to cure osteodegeneration by improving tissue regeneration
8.7 Prevent infections of bones
8.8 Effect of nanodrugs on immunity and bone implants
8.9 Cytotoxicity of using nanoparticles to bones
8.10 Conclusion
References
9 - Nanotechnology based gene delivery strategies towards disease therapy; advances and applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods of cancer treatment
9.2.1 Surgical therapy
9.2.2 Radiation therapy
9.2.3 Immunotherapy
9.2.4 Chemotherapy
9.2.5 Targeted therapy
9.2.6 Hormone therapy
9.3 Gene therapy
9.4 Nanogene delivery systems
9.4.1 Lipid-based nanoparticles in gene delivery
9.4.2 Polymeric nanoparticles in gene delivery
9.4.3 Dendrimer nanoparticles in gene delivery
9.4.4 Magnetic nanoparticles in gene delivery
9.4.5 Silica nanoparticles in gene delivery
9.4.6 Gold nanoparticles in gene delivery
9.4.7 Quantum dots in gene delivery
9.4.8 Carbon nanotubes in gene delivery
9.4.9 Graphene-based nanoparticles in gene delivery
9.4.10 Biological nanoparticles in gene delivery
9.5 Use of nanoparticle-based gene delivery in gynecological cancer
9.5.1 Nanogene delivery in ovarian cancer
9.5.2 Nanogene delivery in cervical cancer
9.6 Nanoparticle-based gene delivery in renal diseases
9.7 Nanoparticle-based gene delivery in bone diseases
9.8 Nanoparticle-based gene delivery in the generation of transgenic plants
9.8.1 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
9.8.2 Gold-MSNs
9.8.3 Carbon nanotubes
9.8.4 Metal nanoparticles
9.8.5 Magnetofection
9.8.6 Clay nanosheets
9.8.7 DNA nanostructures
9.8.8 Peptide nanoparticles
9.8.9 Liposome and lipofectin
9.9 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgment
References
10 - Nanonutrition- and nanoparticle-based ultraviolet rays protection of skin
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Ultraviolet radiation (UVR)
10.3 Human skin – a natural particle barrier
10.4 Sunscreen formulation
10.5 Organic UV filters
10.6 Inorganic UV filters
10.7 Lipid- and surfactant-based nanoparticles for broadband UV protection
10.7.1 Vesicular nanoparticles
10.7.1.1 Liposomes
10.7.1.2 Niosomes
10.7.1.3 Tranfersomes
10.7.1.4 Ethosomes
10.7.1.5 Photosomes
10.7.1.6 Ultrasomes
10.7.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
10.7.2.1 Nanocapcules
10.7.2.2 Hydrogels
10.7.2.3 Chitosan
10.7.2.4 Liquid crystals
10.7.3 Nonvesicular nanoparticles
10.7.3.1 Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)
10.7.3.2 Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)
10.7.3.3 Application of SLNs and NLCs in sunscreens
10.8 New avenues in UV protection
10.8.1 UV absorbers for textiles
10.8.2 Metallic nanoparticles
10.8.3 Cyclodextrin complexation
10.8.4 Plant-derived antioxidants
10.8.5 Microbial sunscreen compounds
10.8.5.1 Mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)
10.8.5.2 Scytonemin
10.8.6 Nanostructured lignin
10.8.7 Carbon-based nanoparticles
10.8.7.1 Nanodiamonds (NDs)
10.8.7.2 Fullerenes
10.8.8 Nanotopes
10.9 Biological and environmental impacts of sunscreen ingredients
10.9.1 Allergic and photoallergic contact dermatitis
10.9.2 Cytotoxicity
10.9.3 Ecotoxicity
10.10 Conclusions
10.11 Future outlooks
References
11 - Drug and gene delivery by nanocarriers: Drug delivery process, in brief, using different oxides such as zinc, iron, c ...
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Glancing angel deposition technique (GLAD)
11.2.1 Theory behind the process
11.2.2 Experiment
11.2.3 Charecterization techniques
11.2.3.1 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
11.2.3.1.1 Working principle
11.2.3.1.2 Imaging modes
11.2.3.2 Field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy (FEG SEM)
11.2.3.2.1 Working principle
11.2.3.3 Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
11.2.3.4 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
11.2.3.4.1 Working principle
11.2.3.5 X-ray diffraction
11.2.3.5.1 Working principle
11.2.3.6 Optical absorption
11.2.3.6.1 Working principle
11.2.3.6.2 Photoluminescence
11.2.3.6.3 Working principle
11.2.3.6.4 Platelet detection and size measurement
11.2.3.7 MTT % viability
11.2.3.8 Percentage (%) hemolysis
11.2.3.9 Preparation of peripheral blood smear
11.2.3.9.1 RBC Detection and size measurement
11.2.4 Result and discusion
11.2.4.1 Atomic force microscopy (AFM)
11.2.4.2 Field emission gun-scanning electron microscopy
11.2.4.3 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
11.2.4.4 Optical absorption
11.2.4.5 Photoluminescence measurement
11.2.4.6 X-ray diffraction (XRD)
11.2.4.7 Hemolysis assay
11.2.4.8 MTT assay
11.2.5 Morphology of RBC with and without SiOx and TiO2 NPs
11.2.5.1 Effect of SiOx NPs in different concentration on RBC
11.2.5.2 Effect of TiO2 NPs in different concentration on RBC
11.2.5.3 Effect of SiOx NPs in different concentration on platelets
11.2.5.4 Effect of TiO2 NPs in different concentration on platelets
11.3 Conclusion
Reference
12 - Uncovering the limitation of nanodrug delivery system: Backdrop to the game changer
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Understanding the background of nanotechnology
12.2 Mechanism of the conventional method of treatment and concept of nanodrugs
12.2.1 Liposomes
12.2.2 Dendrimers
12.2.3 Dendrimers in drug therapy
12.2.4 Chitosan
12.2.5 Alginate
12.2.6 Polymeric micelles
12.2.7 Protein and polysaccharides nanoparticles
12.3 The mechanism of nanodrug delivery
12.3.1 Passive targeting
12.3.2 Active targeting
12.4 Cancer and need for nanodrug (present status)
12.5 NPs role cancer therapy
12.6 Challenges in the uptake of the nanodrug
12.6.1 Effect of endogenous factors in nanodrug targeting to brain
12.6.2 Targeting ovarian cancer cells with nanoparticles
12.6.3 Effect of conjugate organic in the nanodrug and its bioassimilation
12.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
13 - Preclinical, clinical, and patented nanodrug delivery systems
13.1 Background
13.2 Stages of drug development
13.3 Nanomaterials for DDS
13.3.1 Polymeric nanoparticles
13.3.2 Polymer micelle
13.3.3 Dendrimers
13.3.4 Quantum dots
13.3.5 Lipid nanoparticles
13.3.6 Liposomes
13.3.7 Nanogels
13.3.8 Inorganic nanoparticles
13.3.9 Biological nanoparticles
13.3.10 Nanocrystals
13.3.11 Nanosponges
13.3.12 Micro/Nanorobots
13.4 Patented nanodrug delivery systems
13.5 Approved nano-based drug delivery systems
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 - Challenges and ­hazards ­associated with ­nanotechnology in agriculture
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Application of NPs in agriculture
14.3 Nanofertilizers
14.4 Nanopesticides
14.5 Using nano weed killer and insecticide in agriculture field
14.6 Future challenges
14.7 Conclusion
References
15 - Nanotechnology-based cancer drug delivery
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanocarriers used in drug delivery system
15.3 Nanoparticles
15.4 Quantum dots
15.4.1 Quantum dot diagram
15.5 Carbon nanotubes
15.6 Liposomes
15.7 Polymeric micelles
15.8 Dendrimers
15.9 Nanowires and nanocantilever
15.10 Conclusion
References
16 - Regulatory aspects: Toxicity and safety
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Clinical and toxicological aspects
16.2.1 Nanomaterial’s toxicological mechanisms
16.2.1.1 Molecular toxicities of nanomedicine
16.2.1.2 Nanomedicines’ cellular toxicity
16.2.1.3 Nanomedicine tissue toxicity
16.3 Environmental toxicity
16.3.1 Ecotoxic effects by nanoparticles
16.3.2 Ecological toxicity of fullerenes
16.3.3 Ecotoxicity of carbon nanotubes
16.3.4 Toxicity of metal nanoparticles to environment
16.3.5 Ecological toxicity of nanocomposites
16.3.6 Ecological toxicity of oxide nanoparticles
16.4 Methodological concerns for evaluating the safety of nanomedicines
16.5 Regulatory aspects
16.6 Future research needs
16.7 Conclusion
References
17 - Nanoparticles-based drug delivery to cure osteodegeneration by improving tissue regeneration
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Primary and secondary osteoporosis
17.1.2 Current treatment
17.1.2.1 Drug delivery route
17.1.2.2 Bisphosphonates
17.1.2.3 Calcitonin
17.1.2.4 Parathyroid hormone
17.1.2.5 Denosumab
17.1.2.6 Strontium ranelate in osteoporosis
17.2 Nanoparticles and its role in osteoporosis
17.2.1 Organic nanoparticles
17.2.1.1 Chitosan nanoparticles
17.2.1.2 PLGA-nanoparticles
17.2.1.3 Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles
17.2.1.4 Liposomes
17.2.2 Inorganic nanoparticles for osteoporosis treatment
17.2.2.1 Silica NPs
17.2.2.2 Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
17.2.2.3 Gold nanoparticle
17.2.2.4 Silver nanoparticles
17.2.2.5 Zinc (Zn2+) nanoparticles
17.2.2.6 Iron oxide nanoparticles
17.2.2.7 Calcium silicate nanoparticles
17.2.2.8 Calcium phosphate
17.2.2.9 Cerium oxide NPs (CeO2NPs)
17.2.2.10 Titanium dioxide NPs (TiO2NPs)
17.3 Conclusion
References
18 - Applications of metal oxide nanoparticles in cancer therapy
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Metal oxide nanoparticle synthesis
18.2.1 Zinc oxide nanoparticles
18.2.2 Copper oxide nanoparticles
18.2.3 Iron oxide nanoparticles
18.2.4 Titanium dioxide nanoparticles
18.2.5 Silicon dioxide or silica nanoparticles
18.2.6 Cerium oxide nanoparticles
18.3 Application of metal oxides in different types of cancer
18.4 Conclusion
References
19 - Recent approaches of nanodrug delivery and toxicity to untargeted organs
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Routes of nanodrug delivery
19.3 Biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of targeted therapeutics
19.3.1 Pharmacokinetics
19.3.2 Nanoparticles and drug delivery
19.3.3 Mesoporous silica NPs for the drug delivery
19.3.4 Polymeric nanocarriers for the ocular drug delivery
19.3.5 Protein-based nanoparticles for the drug delivery
19.4 Biodistribution
19.5 Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles
19.6 Future of the drug delivery systems
19.7 Conclusion
References
20 - Nanomaterials in tissue engineering: Applications and challenges
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Applications of different nanomaterials in the field of tissue engineering
20.3 Application of metallic nanoparticles in tissue engineering
20.3.1 Gold nanoparticles
20.3.2 Silver nanoparticles
20.3.3 Platinum nanoparticles
20.3.4 Magnetic nanoparticles
20.4 Conductive polymers
20.4.1 Polypyrrole
20.4.2 Polyaniline
20.4.3 Polythiophene
20.5 Carbon nanotubes
20.6 Graphene
20.7 Hydrogels
20.8 Bioceramics
20.8.1 Alumina
20.8.2 Zirconia
20.8.3 Calcium phosphate
20.8.4 Hydroxyapatite
20.8.5 Bioactive glasses
20.9 Different doped elements in biomaterial used for tissue engineering
20.9.1 Zinc
20.9.2 Strontium
20.9.3 Manganese
20.9.4 Magnesium
20.9.5 Lithium
20.10 Challenges and future perspectives
References
21 - Nanocarriers: A boon to the drug delivery systems
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Background of drug delivery system development
21.1.2 Why nanocarriers as DDS?
21.2 Type/classes of nanocarriers
21.2.1 Biologically derived nanocarrier
21.2.1.1 Liposomes-based DDS
21.2.1.2 Protein-based nanoparticle
21.2.2 Chemically derived nanocarrier
21.2.2.1 Nanocrystals
21.2.2.2 Polymeric nanogels
21.2.2.3 Dendrimers
21.3 Synthesis methods for nanocarriers
21.3.1 Methods of liposome preparation
21.3.1.1 Mechanical dispersion methods
21.3.1.1.1 Sonication
21.3.1.1.2 French pressure cell: extrusion
21.3.1.1.3 Freeze-thawed liposomes
21.3.1.1.4 Lipid film dehydration rehydration method
21.3.1.2 Solvent dispersion methods
21.3.1.2.1 Ethanol injection
21.3.1.3 Detergent removal methods
21.3.2 Methods of preparation of protein nanoparticles
21.3.2.1 Complex coacervation
21.3.2.2 Emulsion/solvent extraction
21.3.3 Drug nanocrystals preparation
21.3.3.1 Top-down technique
21.3.3.2 Bottom-up technique
21.3.3.2.1 Solvent evaporation method
21.3.3.2.2 Hydrosol technique
21.3.3.2.3 Freeze-drying technique
21.3.4 Polymeric nanogels synthesis
21.3.4.1 Emulsion-based methods
21.3.4.1.1 Inverse emulsion method/polymerization
21.3.4.1.2 Membrane emulsification
21.3.4.2 Solution polymerization
21.3.4.3 Bulk polymerization or conversion of macroscopic gels to nanogels
21.3.5 Dendrimer synthesis methods
21.3.5.1 Divergent methods
21.3.5.2 Convergent methods
21.4 Conclusion
References
22 - Nanomaterials in biomedicine: Synthesis and applications
22.1 Introduction
22.1.1 Nanotechnology
22.1.2 Nanomaterial
22.1.2.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials
22.1.2.2 Inorganic nanomaterials
22.1.2.3 Organic nanomaterials
22.1.2.4 Composite nanomaterials
22.1.3 Metal nanoparticles
22.1.3.1 Silver nanoparticles
22.1.3.2 Gold nanoparticles
22.1.4 Nanomaterial synthesis pathways
22.1.4.1 Physical method
22.1.4.1.1 Mechanical grinding
22.1.4.1.2 Gas phase synthesis process
22.1.4.1.3 Furnace
22.1.4.1.4 Flame-assisted ultrasonic spray pyrolysis
22.1.4.1.5 Gas condensation processing (GCP)
22.1.4.1.6 Laser ablation
22.1.4.1.7 Sputtered plasma processing
22.1.4.1.8 Microwave plasma processing
22.1.4.1.9 Particle precipitation aided CVD
22.1.4.2 Chemical method
22.1.4.2.1 Sol-gel
22.1.4.2.2 Chemical vapour condensation (CVC)
22.1.4.2.3 Precipitation
22.1.4.2.4 Microemulsion processing
22.1.4.3 Biological methods
22.1.4.3.1 Synthesis by bacteria
22.1.4.3.2 Fungi
22.1.4.3.3 Algae
22.1.4.3.4 Plants
22.1.5 Application of nanomaterials in biomedical science
22.1.5.1 Pillcam
22.1.5.2 Drug delivery
22.1.5.3 Biomarkers
22.1.5.4 Microbots
22.1.5.5 Cancer detection and treatment
22.1.5.6 Tissue engineering
22.1.5.7 Implants
22.1.5.8 Bioimaging
22.1.5.9 Prosthetics
22.1.5.10 Biomedical devices
22.2 Conclusion
References
23 - Polymeric and metal nanostructures for bone regeneration and osteomyelitis treatment
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Bone regeneration and osteomyelitis treatment
23.2.1 Potential therapeutic agents
23.3 Bone cement structures and material
23.4 Nanostructures for drug release
23.4.1 Metallic nanoparticles
23.4.2 Polymeric nanoparticles
23.5 Metal antimicrobial bone cements for the therapeutic treatment of osteomyelitis
23.6 Final remarks and future perspectives
Acknowledgments and funding
References
Index