Advances in Nanosensors for Biological and Environmental Analysis

Front Cover
Advances in Nanosensors for Biological and Environmental Analysis
Advances in Nanosensors for Biological and Environmental Analysis
Copyright
List of Contributors
Preface
Contents
1 - Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for the Development of Sensitive Nanosensor Platforms
INTRODUCTION
CARBON-BASED NANOMATERIALS FOR NANOSENSOR DEVELOPMENT
Fabrication of Sensing Platforms
Surface Functionalization of Nanocarbon Electrodes
APPLICATIONS OF NANOCARBON ELECTRODES FOR SENSING OF DIFFERENT ANALYTES
Detection of Heavy Metal Ions
Detection of Food Additives and Pesticide Residues
Detection of Bacterial Pathogens or Viruses
Detection of Gas Molecules
Detection of Organic Molecules
CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
2 - Advances in the Synthesis andDevelopment of Two-DimensionalTransition-Metal Dichalcogenide-Based Nanosensor Platforms
INTRODUCTION
STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSITION-METAL DICHALCOGENIDES
Molybdenum-Based Two-Dimensional Dichalcogenides
Tungsten-Based Two-Dimensional Dichalcogenides
SYNTHESIS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSITION-METAL DICHALCOGENIDES
Exfoliation
Electrochemical Methods
Bottom-Up Methods
Chemical vapor deposition
Wet chemical method
BIOSENSING APPLICATIONS OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSITION-METAL DICHALCOGENIDES: MATERIAL PREPROCESSING
Bioconjugation of Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides
APPLICATION OF TWO-DIMENSIONAL TRANSITION-METAL DICHALCOGENIDES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NANOSENSORS
Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Disulfide (MoS2)
Two-Dimensional Molybdenum Diselenide (MoSe2)
Two-Dimensional Tungsten Disulfide (WS2)
Two-Dimensional Tungsten Diselenide (WSe2)
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
3 - Conducting Polymers and Metal-Organic Frameworks as Advanced Materials for Development of Nanosensors
INTRODUCTION TO CONDUCTING POLYMERS
COMMON CLASSES OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS
SYNTHESIS OF NANOSTRUCTURED CONDUCTING POLYMERS
Template-Assisted Synthetic Route
Hard templates
Soft templates
Template-Free Synthetic Route
SENSOR APPLICATIONS OF CONDUCTING POLYMER NANOSTRUCTURES
Conducting Polymer–Based Electrochemical Chemosensors
Conducting polymer–metal nanoparticle composites
Conducting polymer–carbon nanocomposites
Conducting polymer–metal oxide composites
Conducting polymer–metal-organic framework composites
Conducting Polymer–Based Electrochemical Biosensors
METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS
Synthesis and Properties of Metal-Organic Frameworks
Applications of Metal-Organic Frameworks in the Development of Nanosensors for Environmental and Biological Analysis
Metal-organic framework–based optical sensors
Sensing of cations and anions
Sensing of nitroaromatics
Sensing of solvent molecules
Sensing of biomolecules
Metal-organic framework–based mechanical sensors
Quartz crystal microbalance sensors
Quartz crystal microbalance sensors
Microcantilever-based biosensors
Microcantilever-based biosensors
Metal-organic framework–based electrochemical sensors
Potentiometric sensors
Amperometric biosensors
Impedimetric sensors
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
4 - Synthesis and Production of Different Biomolecules for Application in the Sensing of Environmental Pollutants
INTRODUCTION
CLASSES OF BIOMOLECULES USED FOR MONITORING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
ENZYMES AND THEIR PRODUCTION FOR APPLICATION IN SENSING DEVICES
NUCLEIC ACID BIOSENSORS FOR SPECIFIC DETECTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Utility of Genosensors and Aptasensors in Monitoring Environmental Pollutants
CELLS AND CELLULAR ORGANELLES AS BIORECOGNITION MODULES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SENSING
How can Cells Be Used as Biosensors?
Switch-on or switch-off system
Use of reporter genes
Microbes as Biosensors
SYNTHESIS AND PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES AS DETECTOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Antibodies for Detection of Environmental Pollutants
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
5 - Bioconjugation of Different Nanosurfaces With Biorecognition Molecules for the Development of Selective Nanosen ...
INTRODUCTION
NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS IN NANOSENSORS
Metallic Nanostructures
Quantum Dots
Carbon Nanostructures
Other Two-Dimensional Materials
CONJUGATION PROTOCOLS TO INTERFACE NANOSURFACES WITH BIOMOLECULES (ANTIBODIES/APTAMERS/NUCLEIC ACIDS)
Carbodiimide Conjugation (Carboxyl and Amine Cross-Linking)
Maleimide Conjugation (Sulfhydryl Cross-Linking)
Glutaraldehyde-Based Bifunctional Cross-Linking
Carbonyls (Aldehydes) as Cross-Linking Targets (Periodate Chemistry)
Hydrophobic or Physical Attachment
CONJUGATION PROTOCOLS TO IMMOBILIZE ENZYMES OVER NANOSURFACES
CONCLUSIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
6 - Development of Disposable Sensor Strips for Point-of-Care Testing of Environmental Pollutants
INTRODUCTION
IMMUNOASSAY-BASED TECHNIQUES
Lateral Flow Assay
Principle of lateral flow immunoassay
Antibody-based lateral flow assay
Sandwich lateral flow assay
Competitive lateral flow assay
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering–based lateral flow immunoassay
Nucleic acid–based lateral flow analysis
Aptamer-based lateral flow assays
CHEMICAL COLORIMETRIC TECHNIQUES
Enzyme-Based Colorimetric Techniques
BIOCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY
ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS
SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE–BASED PORTABLE SENSORS
ADVANTAGES OF PORTABLE SENSORS
LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF PORTABLE SENSORS
CONCLUSION
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
7 - Advantages and Limitations of Environmental Nanosensors
INTRODUCTION
ADVANTAGES OF NANOSENSORS
Response Time
Detection Limit
Portability
Sensitivity/Resolution
Selectivity
LIMITATIONS OF NANOSENSORS
Price/Cost
Sample Preparation
Lack of Self-Standardization and Validation With Real Samples
Potential Concerns of Nanotoxicity
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
8 - Commercial Aspects of Biosensors for Diagnostics and Environmental Monitoring
INTRODUCTION
PRINCIPLE COMPONENTS OF SENSING SYSTEMS AND DEVICE COST
Sample Preprocessing
Reagent Loading or Immobilization and Reagent Cost
Sensors and Peripheral Hardware
User Interface
Cost of the Field Trials Before Getting Regulatory Approval
TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF DIFFERENT BIOSENSING PLATFORMS AND CURRENT MARKET
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Index
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