Advances in Microbe-assisted Phytoremediation of Polluted Sites



Copyright
Contents
Contributors
PART
1 - Overview of microbe-assisted phytoremediation
Chapter
1 - Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of environmental contaminants
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Environmental contaminants: Types, nature, and sources
1.3 Impact of environmental contaminants on the environment and human health
1.4 Plant-microbe association/interaction and its role in phytoremediation of environmental contaminants
1.4.1 Phytoremediation of organic and inorganic contaminants
1.4.2 Phytoremediation of wastewater
1.4.3 Role of constructed wetlands in treatment of wastewaters
1.5 Mechanisms involved in the phytoremediation of environmental contaminants
1.5.1 Phytostabilization
1.5.2 Phytovolatilization
1.5.3 Phytodegradation
1.5.4 Phytoaccumulation
1.5.5 Phytoextraction
1.5.6 Rhizoremediation
1.5.6.1 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)
1.5.6.2 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
1.6 Economic importance of microbe assisted phytoremediation of environmental contaminants
1.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter
2 - Microbial augmented phytoremediation with improved ecosystems services
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Concept of phytoremediation
2.3 Need of augmentation of substances in phytoremediation
2.3.1 Chemical augmentation
2.3.2 Biological augmentation
2.4 Role of microbes in soil ecosystem
2.4.1 Nutrient bioavailability in the soil
2.4.2 Contaminant bioavailability in the soil
2.4.3 Stress tolerance
2.4.3.1 Role of microbes in plants tolerance to drought
2.4.3.2 Role of microbes in plants tolerance to salinity stress
2.4.3.3 Role of microbes in plants tolerance to temperature stress
2.4.4 Biocontrol of pathogens
2.4.5 Microbes enhances overall plant growth
2.5 Mechanism of microbe-assisted phytoremediation
2.6 Conclusion and future recommendation
References
Chapter
3 - Role of genetic engineering in microbe-assisted phytoremediation of polluted sites
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation
3.2.1 Mechanism of phytoremediation using microorganism
3.2.1.1 Direct mechanism
3.2.1.2 Indirect mechanism
3.2.2 Advantages of microbe-assisted phytoremediation
3.3 Genetic engineering of microbes for assisting phytoremediation
3.3.1 Plant growth-promoting bacteria
3.3.2 Rhizospheric bacteria
3.3.3 Endophytic bacteria
3.4 Genetic engineering of plants for microbe-assisted phytoremediation
3.4.1 Engineering plants to enhance growth
3.4.2 Rhizosphere competence
3.4.3 Examining effects of the root targeted modification
3.5 Conclusions and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
PART
2 - Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of inorganic contaminants
Chapter
4 - Phytoremediation potential of genetically modified plants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Heavy metal contamination
4.3 Technologies used in the remediation of HMs
4.3.1 Excavation
4.3.2 Composting
4.3.3 Electrokinetic remediation (EKR)
4.3.4 Bioreactors
4.4 Phytoremediation
4.5 Factors affecting phytoremediation
4.6 Advantages and disadvantages of phytoremediation
4.7 Role of genetic engineering in phytoremediation
4.8 Conclusion and future prospects
References
chapter
5 - The role of bacteria in metal bioaccumulation and biosorption
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Microbial bioremediation
5.2.1 Biosorption
5.2.1.1 Extracellular adsorption
5.2.1.2 Cell surface adsorption
5.2.2 Bioaccumulation
5.3 Mechanisms underlying microbial metal biosorption and bioaccumulation
5.3.1 Extracellular adsorption
5.3.2 Cell surface adsorption or complexation
5.3.2.1 Ion exchange mechanism
5.3.2.2 Surface complex mechanism
5.3.2.3 Bioaccumulation/Intracellular adsorption
5.4 Main factors influencing the bioaccumulation efficiency
5.4.1 pH
5.4.2 Temperature
5.4.3 The presence of other metal ions
5.4.4 Physical and chemical pretreatment
5.5 General conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter
6 - Plant-microbe association to improve phytoremediation of heavy metal
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Phytoremediation
6.2 Metal resistance and uptake in microorganisms
6.3 Plant growth and metal uptake by plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB)
6.3.1 Phytoremediation assisted by soil bacteria
6.3.2 Effects of microorganisms on bioavailability of metals/metalloids and mobilization
6.3.3 Low-molecular-mass organic acids
6.3.4 Release of carboxylic acid anions
6.3.5 By secretion of siderophores
6.3.6 Other trace element chelators
6.3.7 Microbial-induced metal immobilization in phytostabilization
6.4 Effects of microorganisms on nutrients’ uptake
6.5 Approach of genetic engineering for improved metal uptake
6.6 Current scenario and future perspective
References
Chapter
7 - Bacterial-mediated phytoremediation of heavy metals
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Heavy metals effects on living organisms
7.3 Remediation strategies to reduce the HM pollutants
7.3.1 Physicochemical approaches
7.3.2 Biological approaches/bioremediation
7.4 Phytoremediation
7.4.1 Phytoextraction
7.4.2 Phytostabilization
7.4.3 Phytodegradation
7.4.4 Phytovolatilization
7.4.5 Phytofiltration
7.4.6 Rhizodegradation
7.4.7 Phytotransformation
7.5 Microbial remediation
7.5.1 Fungal remediation
7.5.2 Bacterial remediation
7.6 Mechanisms of bacterial-assisted phytoremediation
7.6.1 Plant growth promotion
7.6.2 Bacterial-assisted biodegradation
7.6.3 Biotransformation of HM
7.6.4 Bioleaching
7.6.5 Mobilization
7.6.6 Solubilization
7.6.7 Volatilization
7.6.8 Sequestration/accumulation
7.7 Case studies of PGP bacteria-assisted phytoremediation
References
Chapter
8 - Recent advances in microbial-aided phytostabilization of trace element contaminated soils
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Phytostabilization
8.2.1 TE behavior in soils - speciation and mobility
8.2.2 TE uptake and transfer in plant tissues
8.2.3 Plant tolerance to TE toxicity
8.2.4 Plant’s selection
8.3 Aided phytostabilization
8.3.1 Effect of microbial amendments on soil properties
8.3.2 Microbial amendment’s effect on TE immobilization.
8.3.3 Microbial amendment’s effect on plant growth and development
8.3.4 Combined use of amendments
8.4 Future scope
8.4.1 Limitations of aided phytostabilisation
8.4.2 Future scope: Phytomanagement of TE-contaminated soils
8.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter
9 - Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated soil in association with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sources of HMs in soil
9.2.1 Natural processes
9.2.2 Anthropogenic processes
9.3 Adverse impacts of HMs
9.3.1 Impacts on the environment
9.3.2 Impact on the soil microbes and its enzymatic activity
9.3.3 Impact on the plants and animals
9.3.4 Impact on human health
9.4 Remediation of metal contaminated soil
9.4.1 Phytoremediation
9.5 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
9.5.1 AMF as mediators of phytoremediation processes
9.5.2 Mechanisms of detoxification involving the association of mycorrhizal fungi and plants
9.5.3 Mechanisms involving the retention by fungal structures
9.6 Biochemical mechanisms
9.6.1 Chelating agents and enzymes
9.6.2 Gene expression mediated by AMF
9.7 Conclusion
References
chapter
10 - Role of Pb-solubilizing and plant growth-promoting bacteria in Pb uptake by plants
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Presence and forms of Pb in soil
10.3 Phytoextraction of Pb from contaminated soils
10.4 Microbe-assisted Pb phytoextraction
10.5 Pb solubilization mechanisms by bacteria
10.5.1 Acidolysis
10.5.2 Redoxolysis
10.5.2.1 Bio-reduction
10.5.2.2 Bio-oxidation
10.5.3 Complexolysis
10.5.3.1 Low molecular weight organic acids
10.5.3.2 Siderophores
10.5.3.3 Biosurfactants
10.6 Effect of bacteria on plant growth in Pb-contaminated soils
10.6.1 Production of phytohormones
10.6.1.1 Auxins
10.6.1.2 Cytokinins
10.6.1.3 Gibberellins
10.6.2 Improvement of plant nutrition
10.6.2.1 Phosphorus solubilization
10.6.2.2 Siderophore production
10.6.2.3 Nitrogen fixation
10.6.2.4 Improvement of nutrient uptake
10.6.3 ACCD production
10.6.4 Triggering plant antioxidant system
10.7 Effects of bacterial inoculations on Pb phytoextraction
10.7.1 Effects of PGPBs on Pb phytoextraction
10.7.2 Effects of Pb-solubilizing PGPBs on Pb phytoextraction
10.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter
11 - Role of Cd-resistant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in plant growth promotion and alleviation of the p ...
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and their classification
11.1.2 Loading of Cd in the environment
11.1.3 Toxic effects of Cd on plants, humans, and microorganisms
11.2 Cadmium-resistant PGPR
11.3 Cadmium-resistance mechanisms in PGPR
11.3.1 Cd removal by several efflux systems
11.3.2 Intra/extracellular Cd binding
11.3.2.1 Intracellular Cd sequestration
11.3.2.2 Extracellular Cd sequestration
11.4 Role of Cd-resistant PGPR to alleviate Cd toxicity in plants
11.4.1 Nitrogen fixation
11.4.2 Phosphate solubilization
11.4.3 ACC deaminase activity
11.4.4 Production of phytohormones
11.4.5 Siderophore production
11.4.6 Production of organic acids
11.4.7 Production of exopolymers
11.5 Alleviation of Cd-induced oxidative stress by Cd-resistant PGPR
11.6 Biotechnological approaches toward Cd-bioremediation
11.7 Bioformulation of Cd-resistant bacteria
11.8 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter
12 - Beneficial plant microbiome assisted chromium phytoremediation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Chromate ecoavailability
12.3 Chromium toxicity
12.4 Phytoremediation of Cr(VI)
12.4.1 Phytoaccumulation/phytoextraction/phytosequestration
12.4.2 Phytostabilization/phytorestoration/phytoimmobilization
12.4.3 Phytodegradation/phytotransformation/phytodetoxification
12.4.4 Phytovolatilization
12.4.5 Rhizofiltration
12.5 Mechanisms of chromate tolerance in plants
12.5.1 Cr extrusion or restriction
12.5.2 Root exudates
12.5.3 Phytoreduction
12.5.4 Cr chelation
12.5.5 Enzymatic antioxidant system
12.5.6 Nonenzymatic antioxidant system
12.5.7 Plant hormones
12.5.8 Heat shock proteins (HSP) and DNA methylation
12.5.9 Plant microbiome
12.6 Microbes-enhanced phytoremediation mechanisms
12.6.1 Microbial reduction of chromate toxicity
12.6.1.1. Biosorption
12.6.1.2 Bioaccumulation
12.6.1.3 Bioreduction
12.6.1.4 Bioprecipitation
12.6.1.5 Efflux pumps
12.6.1.6 Chromate resistance determinants (CRD)
12.6.2 Plant growth promoting products (PGPP)
12.7 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation studies
12.8 Genetically engineered plants and microbes for chromate bioremediation
12.9 Challenges and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter
13 - Toxic potential of arsenic and its remediation through microbe-assisted phytoremediation
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Chemical and environmental properties of arsenic
13.3 Biological properties of arsenic and its toxicity
13.4 Root-associated microorganisms
13.5 Phytoremediation with plant-associated microbes
13.5.1 Endophyte-assisted bioremediation
13.5.2 Application of genetic engineering to enhance phytoremediation potentiality
13.6 Mechanism of As accumulation
13.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter
14 - Microbe-assisted phytomanagement of fly ash spoiled sites
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Fly ash properties
14.3 Fly ash generation and utilization
14.4 Multiple uses of fly ash
14.5 Problems due to fly ash
14.6 Fly ash management
14.7 Microbial remediation
14.8 Multiple benefits of fly ash phytomanagement
14.9 Limitations of phytomanagement in fly ash spoiled sites
14.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter
15 - Role of microorganism in phytoremediation of mine spoiled soils
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Mine spoiled soils
15.2.1 Characteristics of mine spoiled soils
15.2.2 Problems associated with mine spoiled soils
15.3 Strategies for management of mine spoiled soil
15.4 Phytorestoration of mine spoiled soils
15.5 Potential plant species suitable for phytorestoration of mine spoiled soils
15.6 Microbial-assisted phytoremediation of abandoned mine sites
15.6.1 Factors affecting microbe-assisted phytoremediation of mining abandoned sites
15.7 Conclusion and future prospects
References
PART
3 - Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of organic contaminants
Chapter
16 - Rhizobacteria assisted phytoremediation of oily sludge contaminated sites
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Role of plants on remediation of contamination
16.3 Role of rhizobacteria on remediation of contaminates
16.4 Potentiality of rhizobacteria assisted phytoremediation to clean up oily sludge contaminated sites
16.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter
17 - Bioremediation of oil-contaminated sites using biosurfactants
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Oil contaminants
17.3 Bioremediation
17.4 Biosurfactant
17.4.1 Types of biosurfactant
17.4.2 Microorganisms produce biosurfactants
17.5 Mechanisms associated with biosurfactant-mediated bioremediation
17.6 Current scenario and future outlooks
17.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter
18 - Association of plants and microorganisms for degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
18.1 Introduction
18.2 PAHs and plants
18.2.1 PAH toxicity to plants
18.2.2 PAH uptake, translocation, and accumulation in plants
18.2.3 Factors affecting PAH phytoavailability
18.2.4 PAH effects on plant antioxidant protection
18.2.5 PAH effects on the plant photosynthetic system
18.2.6 Biochemical transformation of PAHs in plants
18.3 The rhizosphere
18.3.1 Root exudate composition and significance
18.3.2 Factors affecting root exudate composition
18.3.3 Root exudate enzymes
18.4 PAH and microorganisms
18.4.1 Microbial communities of PAH-contaminated soil
18.4.2 PAH-degrading bacteria
18.4.3 Pathways for microbial degradation of PAHs
18.5 Plant-microbial cooperation for degradation of PAHs
18.5.1 Coupled metabolism of PAHs
18.5.2 Microbe-assisted phytoremediation of PAH contaminated soil
18.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter
19 - The potential of engineered endophytic bacteria to improve phytoremediation of organic pollutants
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Uptake mechanism of OPs by plants from soil and water
19.3 Ecology of endophytic bacteria
19.4 Niche of endophytic bacteria
19.5 Host and endophytic diversity
19.6 Interaction between plant and associated endophytic bacteria
19.7 Potential of endophytic bacteria to improve phytoremediation of soil contaminated with OP
19.8 Potential of endophytic bacteria to improve phytoremediation of water contaminated with OPs
19.9 Factor affecting the activity of engineered endophytic bacteria
19.9.1 Properties of soil
19.9.2 Selection of plant
19.9.3 Pollutant concentration
19.9.4 Inoculation methods
19.10 Conclusion
References
Index