Despite technical advances using MR and the emergence of PET imaging, CT continues to be a frequently used imaging modality that has not stood still while others have thrived. Advances in CT have continued apace with other modalities which have taken CT into new areas of imaging that just a few short years ago it could not approach. With the advent of 64-slice CT, a greater number of images can be taken in a much quicker period of time. The use of CT perfusion in the brain and abdomen are reviewed in this issue. Cutting edge techniques such as 4D CT and dual energy CT will be discussed, as well as CT applications for imaging of the coronary arteries and cardiac valves.
Author(s): Vahid Yaghmai MD, Dushyant Sahani MD
Series: The Clinics: Radiology
Edition: 1
Publisher: Saunders
Year: 2009
Language: English
Commentary: 49484
Pages: 175
Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 2
Acknowledgments......Page 3
Reconstruction Techniques......Page 4
Means for Radiation Dose Reduction......Page 6
Dual-Source CT......Page 7
New Detector Materials......Page 9
Dynamic Volume CT......Page 10
References......Page 12
Contrast media for computed tomography......Page 14
Early Arterial Contrast Medium Dynamics......Page 15
Effect of injection flow rate on arterial enhancement (Rule 1)......Page 16
Physiologic parameters affecting vascular enhancement (Rule 3)......Page 17
Enhancement of Normal Liver Parenchyma......Page 18
Enhancement of Hypervascular Liver Lesions......Page 19
Test Bolus......Page 20
Advantages and Disadvantages of Fast CT Acquisitions......Page 21
Strategies for 64-channel CT and beyond: the paradigm shift......Page 23
Contrast Medium Injection Strategies for 64-Channel Multidetector-Row CT of the Liver and Pancreas......Page 24
References......Page 26
Acknowledgments......Page 28
Effective Dose......Page 29
General Principles of ‘‘as Low as Reasonably Achievable’’......Page 30
Tube current (mA) modulation......Page 31
Overview......Page 32
Iterative reconstruction......Page 33
Pregnant patients......Page 34
Cardiac CT......Page 35
Summary......Page 37
References......Page 38
Dual-Energy and Dual-Source CT: Is There a Role in the Abdomen and Pelvis?......Page 42
Dual-Energy Hardware Approaches......Page 43
Dual-Energy CT Acquisition......Page 44
Dual-Energy Material Classification......Page 45
Dual-Energy Display Methods......Page 46
Iodine Enhancement......Page 50
Characterization of renal stones......Page 53
Iodine identification......Page 54
Summary and challenges......Page 56
References......Page 58
Postprocessing multidetector CT data......Page 59
Technique......Page 60
Thorax......Page 61
Gastrointestinal......Page 62
Virtual colonoscopy......Page 63
Genitourinary......Page 64
Technique......Page 65
Liver......Page 66
Tumor volumes......Page 67
Computer-Aided Detection in Imaging of the Thorax......Page 69
Colon......Page 70
Liver......Page 71
Other abdominal applications......Page 72
Summary......Page 73
References......Page 74
The ‘‘Post-64’’ Era of Coronary CT Angiography: Understanding New Technology from Physical Principles......Page 78
What You Want: 0.1 mm and What You Get: 0.35-0.5 mm......Page 80
What You Want: Less Than 30 ms and What You Get: 83-175 ms......Page 82
What You Want: Single Gantry Rotation Whole Heart Coverage and What You Get: 1.9 cm-16 cm......Page 85
What You Want: The Minimum Effective Dose to Answer a Specific Clinical Question. What You Get: Dose Estimates, Retrospective vs. Prospective Gating, and ECG Dose Modulation......Page 87
Summary......Page 88
References......Page 89
Clinical indications of coronary CT angiography......Page 90
Detection of Coronary Artery Stenosis......Page 91
Assessment of Coronary Artery Stents......Page 96
Assessment of Bypass Grafts......Page 98
Characterization of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque......Page 99
Imaging of Ischemic Heart Disease: Dual-Energy CT......Page 102
References......Page 103
Conventional CT: noncontrast CT......Page 107
CT angiography......Page 109
Perfusion CT......Page 110
References......Page 112
Concept......Page 115
Small Bowel Distension......Page 117
Administration of Intravenous Contrast Material......Page 118
Crohn Disease......Page 120
Active Crohn disease......Page 121
Chronic Crohn disease......Page 122
Gastrointestinal Bleeding......Page 124
Small Bowel Neoplasms......Page 126
References......Page 127
CT colonography technique......Page 131
Sodium Phosphate......Page 132
Stool and fluid tagging......Page 133
Bowel distention......Page 134
Multidetector CT protocol......Page 136
Interpretation methods......Page 137
CT colonography applications......Page 139
Complications......Page 140
References......Page 141
Acknowledgements......Page 144
Photon Detection, Conversion to light, and Signal Amplification: Present and Future......Page 145
Line of Response and Time of Flight......Page 147
Attenuation Correction and Concurrent Positron Emission Tomography/CT......Page 149
Clinical applications of positron emission tomography/CT......Page 150
Lung cancer......Page 151
Melanoma......Page 152
Other cancers......Page 153
Neurologic Applications......Page 154
References......Page 155
Perfusion CT technique: basic principles......Page 158
Deconvolution Analysis......Page 159
Contrast Medium......Page 160
In Oncology......Page 163
Head and neck tumors......Page 164
Lung cancer......Page 165
Pancreatic neoplasms......Page 166
Colorectal carcinoma......Page 168
Nononcologic Applications......Page 171
References......Page 172
