Advances in Dietary Lipids and Human Health systematically summarizes recent research advances in dietary lipids and human health. The book proposes a strategy for the prevention of NCDs and the management of population and personal health through the rational use of dietary fat. It covers the relationship between total lipids, saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and NCDs, and other uncommon fatty acids, such as conjugated fatty acids, middle and short chain fatty acid, furan fatty acids, n-3 docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), and structured fat.
Intended for nutrition researchers, dieticians, clinicians and others in academia who are focused on medicine, preventive medicine, public health and food science students, this valuable reference provides information that will assist readers in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, metabolic disorders, diabetes, neuropsychiatric diseases, and cancer by specifically managing dietary lipids.
Author(s): Duo Li
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 373
City: London
Front matter
Copyright
Contributors
Overview of dietary lipids and human health
Introduction
Dietary lipids
Dietary total fat intake and human health
Dietary saturated fat intake and human health
Dietary monounsaturated fat intake and human health
Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and human health
Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and cardiovascular diseases and risk factors
Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and diabetes mellitus
Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and cancers
Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and respiratory diseases
Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and cognition
Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and depression
Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and chronic kidney disease
Dietary polyunsaturated fat intake and inflammation
Conclusion
References
Fatty acids and telomeres in humans
Introduction
Dietary fatty acids and telomeres
Cross-sectional and prospective studies
Randomized controlled trials
Discussion
Conclusion
References
The role of lipids in the brain
Introduction
Diversity of lipids in the brain
Contrast lipid content and fatty acids in the brain to other tissues
Lipids in different brain anatomical regions and cell types
Mapping lipids in the brain using mass spectrometry techniques
Properties of brain fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids affect the brain and health
The n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and n-6 PUFA in the brain
Docosahexaenoic acid has multiple functions in the brain
Docosapentaenoic acid (n-3 DPA; 22:5n-3) and the brain
Arachidonic acid has multiple functions in the brain
Where are brain lipids synthesized? In the brain or imported from blood?
Brain lipids synthesized and uptake from blood into brain
Fatty acid transport and metabolism of 14C-labeled polyunsaturated fatty acids in the developing brain
Effects of exogenous/dietary agents on brain lipids
Ethanol
Cholesterol and saturated fat-enriched diets
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation
Effects of traumatic brain injury
Effects of plasticizers and microparticulate plastics on brain function
Methyl mercury (MeHg) on brain lipids
Conclusions
References
Lipids and mental health
Introduction
Metabolism of lipids in the brain
Lipids and inflammation and oxidative stress
Lipids, microbiota, and immune system
Lipids and nervous system
Can omega-3 fatty acids be used as treatment? How to use them?
Depression
How to use EPA/DHA in different stages of depression?
Anxiety disorders
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Dementia
Other disorders
Bipolar disorders (BDs)
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Schizophrenia
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
Eating disorders (ED)
Addiction
Safety for using EPA/DHA as intervention in different genders and ages
Conclusion
References
Diet in different fat content and cardiometabolic health
Introduction
Types of dietary fats and their food sources
Trends in dietary fats intake
Diet with different fat-to-carbohydrate ratios and cardiometabolic health
What we previously conducted
Effects of diets with different fat content on weight change and cardiometabolic risk factors
Effects of diets with different fat contents on gut microbiota and microbial metabolites
Conclusions
References
Dietary lipids and malignant tumor of the digestive system
Dietary lipids and gastric cancer
Epidemiological evidence of the relationship between dietary lipids and gastric cancer
Dietary intake of PUFAs and H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis
How does dietary lipids influence gastric cancer?
Dietary intake of PUFAs and inflammation
PUFAs and cell proliferation and apoptosis
Synergistic anticancer effect of PUFAs and chemotherapeutic agents
PUFAs improve chemotherateutic drug resistance
Dietary lipids and liver carcinoma
Epidemiological evidence of the relationship between dietary lipids and liver cancer
How does dietary lipids influence liver cancer?
PUFAs, cell proliferation, and apoptosis
PUFAs and cancer stem cells
PUFAs and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with hepatocellular carcinoma
Bioactive metabolites of PUFAs and liver cancer
N-3 PUFAs and colon cancer
Epidemiological evidence of the relationship between dietary n-3 PUFAs and colon cancer
How do dietary n-3 PUFAs influence colon cancer?
Immunomodulatory effects of n-3 PUFAs
Fatty acid mediated chemoprevention of mitochondrial apoptosis
How can n-3 PUFAs enhance sensitization to radiotherapy and chemotherapy?
Sensitization to chemotherapy
N-3 PUFAs and 5-Fluorouracil
N-3 PUFAs and platinum chemotherapeutic drugs
N-3 PUFAs and BRD4 inhibitor
N-3 PUFAs and sulindac analogues
N-3 PUFAs and paclitaxel
N-3 PUFAs ameliorate chemotherapy resistance
Sensitization to radiotherapy
N-3 PUFAs ameliorate cancer cachexia
Conclusion
References
Dietary lipids and breast cancer
Introduction
Epidemiological evidence regarding dietary lipids intake and breast cancer
Effect of total amount of fat intake
Effect of different fatty acid types
Effect of timing of dietary lipids exposure
Effects of n-3 PUFA on breast cancer development
Epidemiological evidence regarding n-3 PUFA intake and breast cancer
Mechanisms mediating the effect of n-3 PUFA on breast cancer
Conclusions
References
Marine lipids and diabetes
Introduction
Marine n-3 PUFAs and T2D prevention
Marine n-3 PUFAs and T2D management
Marine n-3 PUFAs and blood lipids
Marine n-3 PUFAs and weight management
Marine n-3 PUFAs and glycemic control
Marine n-3 PUFAs and gestational diabetes
Conclusion
References
Lipids and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Introduction
Fatty acids and NAFLD
Factors affecting NAFLD on biomarkers of NAFLD
Dose-response relationship between n-3 PUFA intake and biomarkers
The underlying mechanisms why n-3 PUFAs protect against NAFLD
References
Dietary lipids and pulmonary diseases
Pulmonary diseases
Dietary lipids and clinically manifest asthma
Dietary lipids and pneumonia
Dietary lipids and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Dietary lipids and pulmonary fibrosis
Dietary lipids and lung cancer
How do dietary lipids influence pulmonary diseases?
The n-6 PUFA-derived pro- and anti-inflammatory lipid mediators
The n-3 PUFA-derived anti-inflammatory lipid mediators
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and immunity regulation
Conclusion
References
Dietary lipids and hypertension
Introduction
General background on the relationship between lipids and hypertension
Clinical epidemiological traits of hypertension based on global data
Essential lipids and their metabolites in the context of hypertension
Lipid medical implications in prevention and management of hypertension
Meta-analytic evidence based on dietary intervention studies
Dietary supplements of lipids for blood pressure in the general/health population
Dietary supplements of lipids on blood pressure in patients with cardiometabolic disorder
Evidence based on the relevant epidemiological studies
Longitudinal cohort-based relationship of dietary lipids with high blood pressure
Case-control or cross-sectional studies on the relationship between dietary lipids and high blood pressure
Biological mechanisms for the antihypertensive effects of dietary n-3 lipids
Endothelial function and vascular reactivity
Anti-inflammatory response
Renin-angiotensin system
Eicosanoid pathway
Gut-brain axis
Conclusion
References
Postprandial lipemia and the relationship to health
Introduction
Generation of an atherogenic postprandial phenotype
Mechanisms linking postprandial lipids to atherogenesis
Modulators of postprandial lipemia
Dietary fats
Chain length and degree of saturation of fatty acids affect postprandial lipemia
Postprandial TG-lowering effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Fatty acid positioning in triglycerides
Interesterification (IE)
Other food components and their effects on postprandial triglycerides (ppTG)
Meal timing a novel mediator of postprandial triglycerides
Nonmodifiable factors: Evidence of ethnic/genetic influences on postprandial lipemia
Assessment of postprandial lipemia is important for CVD risk screening
Conclusion
References
The metabolites derived from lipids and their effects on human health
Introduction
Lipolysis
β-Oxidation
Lipogenesis
Ketogenesis
Ketolysis
Lipid peroxidation
The gut microbiota and lipid metabolism
Dietary lipids affect the phylogenetic diversity of the gut microbiota
The gut microbiota modulates lipid metabolism
Short chain fatty acids produced by the gut microbiota and their impacts on human lipid metabolism
Effects of lipid metabolites on CVDs
Association between ceramides and CVDs
Association between eicosanoids and CVDs
Metabolites derived from lipids that correlate with cancer incidence
The effects of fatty acid and its metabolites on cancer incidence and progress
The lipogenic enzymes implicated in the development of cancer
The effects of lipid peroxidation metabolites on cancer development
Metabolites derived from lipids that correlated with neurodegenerative disease
Conclusions
References
Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory diseases
Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory processes
Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory diseases
Rheumatoid arthritis
Inflammatory bowel disease
Alzheimer's disease
What are the gaps in evidence that need attention?
References
Lipids and birth defects
Introduction
Evidence relating lipids to birth defects risk in human studies
Evidence relating lipids to birth defects in animal studies
The possible mechanism for the relationship between lipids and birth defects
Conclusion
References
Conjugated linolenic acids and their bioactivities
Introduction
Natural sources and utilization of CLNA
The metabolism of CLNA
CLNA and carcinogenesis
In vitro studies
In vivo studies
CLNA and lipid metabolism
CLNA and plasma/serum lipid metabolism
CLNA and hepatic triglyceride accumulation
Effect of conjugated linolenic acid on obesity
Effect of conjugated linolenic acid on type 2 diabetes mellitus
Effect of conjugated linolenic acid on inflammatory bowel diseases
Antioxidant activity of CLNA
Conclusion
References
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid and homocysteine metabolism
Introduction
What is homocysteine?
Hyperhomocysteinemia and health consequences
Brief introduction of nutritional modulation of homocysteine
Epidemiological evidence regarding n-3 PUFAs, genetics, and homocysteine levels
Association between n-3 PUFAs and homocysteine levels
Genetics of hyperhomocysteinemia
Genetic risk, n-3 PUFAs and homocysteine metabolism
Effects of n-3 PUFAs on homocysteine: Evidence from animal studies and cell culture
Cell culture: n-3 PUFAs regulate homocysteine metabolism
How do n-3 PUFAs regulate the key gene expression involved in homocysteine metabolic pathways?
Experimental epidemiological evidence regarding the effects of n-3 PUFAs on homocysteine metabolism
Effects of supplemental n-3 PUFAs on the levels of homocysteine and cardiometabolic risk factors
Combined effects of supplemental n-3 PUFAs and vitamins on levels of homocysteine and cardiometabolic risk factors
Mechanisms by which n-3 PUFAs reduce homocysteine levels and future research
Conclusion
References
Effect of 1,3-diacylglycerol on cardiometabolic risk
Introduction
The 1,3-diacylglycerol
The source of 1,3-diacylglycerol
Method of preparation of 1,3-diacylglycerol
Direct esterification
Selective hydrolysis
Method of glycolysis
Effects of 1,3-diacylglycerol on cardiometabolic risk
The 1,3-diacylglycerol reduces body weight
The 1,3-diacylglycerol reduces postprandial lipids
The 1,3-diacylglycerol reduces fasting lipids
The 1,3-diacylglycerol improves glucose metabolism
Metabolism of 1,3-diacylglycerol
Hydrolysis of 1,3-diacylglycerol in vivo
Resynthesis of 1,3-diacylglycerol hydrolysates
Supplementation of 1,3-diacylglycerol
Cooking oil
Dietary supplements
Conclusion
References
Palmitoleic acid in health and disease
Introduction
Is palmitoleic acid a novel lipid hormone?
Effects of palmitoleic acid on metabolic diseases
Obesity
Diabetes
Cardiovascular diseases
What are the gaps in evidence that need attention?
References
Ximenynic acid and its bioactivities
Introduction
Bioactivities, functions, and applications of ximenynic acid
Effect of ximenynic acid on fatty acid metabolism
Effect of ximenynic acid on diabetes
Anti-inflammatory activities of ximenynic acid
Anticancer activities of ximenynic acid
Antimicrobial and larvicidal activities of ximenynic acid
Applications in the cosmetic industry
Other applications
Safety of ximenynic acid
Physical characteristics and natural distribution
Structure and identification of ximenynic acid
The distribution of ximenynic acid in nature
Preparation methods of natural ximenynic acid
Low-temperature crystallization
Chromatography
Supercritical chromatography
Triximenynin extraction
Synthesis of ximenynic acid
The chemical synthesis of ximenynic acid
The biosynthesis of ximenynic acid
Conclusion and future studies of ximenynic acid
References
Application of phytosterols in management of plasma cholesterol
Introduction
Structure diversity and sources of dietary phytosterols
Cholesterol-lowering effects
Animal studies
Clinical studies
Dose response
Lipid characteristics and age of subjects
Intake frequency and occasion
Food matrix type
Phytosterols versus phytostanols
Free versus esterified phytosterols
Cholesterol-lowering mechanisms
Commercial applications and regulated policy
Conclusive remarks and future perspectives
References
Lipids in breast milk and formulas
Introduction
Composition of breast milk lipids
Physical structure of milk fat globule
Fatty acid
Phospholipids and complex minor constituents
Phospholipids
Sterols
Fat-soluble nutrients
Source of breast milk lipids
Medium-chain and long-chain FAs
Long-chain polyunsaturated FAs
Composition of formulas in lipids
Fatty acid and triacylglycerol profile
Phospholipids and minor constituents
Sources of formulas lipids
Vegetable oils and animal fat
Marine oils and microbial oils
Human milk fat substitutes
Breast milk and formula lipid nutrition
Digestion of breast milk fat in the infant gastrointestinal tract
Formation of calcium-FA soap complexes
Physiology and health role of human milk lipids
Breast milk lipids and gut microbiota
Lipid intake in early life, and later obesity risk and metabolic health
Milk lipids on the development of the nervous system
Conclusion
References
Index