Advances in Chemical, Bio and Environmental Engineering

Preface
Contents
Review on Synthesis of Iron Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles
1 Introduction
2 Chemical Methods
2.1 Sol–gel Method
2.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition Method
2.3 Flame Pyrolysis Method
2.4 Micro Emulsion Method
3 Green Methods for the Synthesis of Fe Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles
3.1 Microwave Assisted Synthesis
3.2 Green Synthesis by Using Plant Extract
4 Summary and Future Prospective
References
Microbial Degradation of Conventional Polyethylene Waste: Current Status and Future Prospective
1 Introduction
2 Health Hazards of Polyethylene Waste
3 Abiotic Factor and Pre-Treatments for Enhanced Polyethylene Degradation
4 Polyethylene Biodegradation Mechanism
5 Microbes Associated with Polyethylene Degradation
6 Microbial Enzymes for Polyethylene Degradation
7 Assessment of Polyethylene Biodegradation
8 Conclusion and Future Prospective
References
Biological and Thermochemical Strategies for Building Biorefinery Platform
1 Introduction
2 Biological Routes for Harnessing the Energy and Value-Added Products
2.1 Anaerobic Digestion
2.2 Dark Fermentation
2.3 Photo-Fermentation
2.4 Bio-Electrochemical Strategies
3 Thermochemical Routes for Harnessing the Energy and Value-Added Products
3.1 Combustion/Incineration
3.2 Pyrolysis
3.3 Gasification
3.4 Liquefaction
3.5 Hydrothermal Carbonisation
3.6 Hybrid Conversion Technologies
4 Life Cycle Analysis
4.1 Life Cycle Assessment
5 Industrial Perspective and Future Scope
6 Conclusions
References
Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment: Perspective Through Nanomaterials
1 Introduction
2 AOPs Involving Nanomaterials
2.1 Role of Visible and Ultraviolet Light Influenced Nanomaterials as Photocatalyst
3 Intensification of Wastewater Treatment Processes Based on Nanostructured Materials
4 Mechanism of AOPs
4.1 Photochemical Methods
4.2 Non-photochemical Methods
5 Conclusion
References
Coal Gasification in a Circulating Fluidized Bed
1 Introduction
2 Fundamentals of CFBG
2.1 Hydrodynamics
2.2 Heat Transfer
2.3 Mass Transfer
2.4 Chemical Reactions
3 Modeling and Simulation
4 Effect of Process Parameters
4.1 Temperature
4.2 Pressure
4.3 Equivalence Ratio and Air/Coal Ratio
4.4 Steam/Coal Ratio
5 Conclusion
References
Carbon Sequestration and Capturing Technologies—A Review
1 Introduction
2 Carbon Capture Technologies
2.1 Carbon Sequestration
2.2 Absorption
2.3 Adsorption
2.4 Membrane Separation
2.5 Chemical Looping Separation
2.6 Hydrate-Based Gas Segregation
2.7 Cryogenic Carbon Capture
3 Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Feasibility Evaluation of Reactive Distillation Process for the Purification of Bioethanol
1 Introduction
2 Chemical Reaction Model
2.1 Chemical Reaction
2.2 Kinetic and Thermodynamic Model
3 Process Condition and Simulation Module
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Performance of RD Column
4.2 Applicability Curve and Selection of Best Possible Configuration
5 Conclusion
References
A Review of Alternative Sustainable Methods of Ammonia Production
1 Introduction
1.1 Ammonia Production via the Haber's Process
1.2 Drawbacks of Haber’s Process
2 Methods for Ammonia Production
2.1 Ammonia Production from Gasification
2.2 Electrochemical Method
2.3 Thermochemical Method
2.4 Renewable Methodologies
3 Conclusion
References
Experimental Analysis of Spherical Five Hole Flow Analyzer for Subsonic Wind Tunnels
1 Introduction
1.1 Wind Tunnel
1.2 Calibration of Wind Tunnel
1.3 Instrumentation
2 Methodology
2.1 Wind Tunnel
2.2 Spherical Five-Hole Flow Analyzer
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Experimental Testing
4 Conclusion
References
Incident Heat Flux Measurements with Efficient Plate Thermometer in the Fire Test Environment
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Radiation
2.2 Convection
2.3 Plate Thermometer Heat Balance
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Calculation of Thermal Resistance
3.2 Calculation of Heat Stored
3.3 Variation of h with Temperature
3.4 Heat Flux for Different Materials
3.5 Heat Flux Variation with the Thickness of the Insulator
4 Conclusion
References
Comparison of Experimental and Simulations for Esterification Process for Recovery of Acetic Acid by Reactive Distillation
1 Introduction
2 Mathematical Model
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Methyl Acetate Synthesis by Catalytic Reactive Distillation
3.2 Acetic Acid Recovery by Catalytic Reactive Distillation
4 Conclusions
References
Development and Evaluation of Soft Computing Models for Montana Flume Aeration
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS)
2.2 Multi Non-linear Regression (MNLR)
2.3 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR)
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Result of ANFIS
3.2 Result of MNLR
3.3 Result of MLR
4 Comparison of Models
5 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Physicochemical and Pyrolysis Kinetic Aspects of Biomass Feedstocks: An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Physicochemical Characteristics of Biomass
2.1 Lignocellulosic Composition
2.2 Proximate Composition
2.3 Ultimate Composition
2.4 Heating Value
3 Thermal Analysis and Pyrolysis Kinetics of Biomass
3.1 Thermal Behaviour of Biomass
3.2 Pyrolysis Kinetics of Biomass
4 Conclusion
References
Air Pollution Modelling for Jharia Region, in India
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Model Description
3 Result and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Kinetic Studies for the Esterification of Propionic Acid with 1-Butanol Process with Ionic Resin Catalyst
1 Introduction
2 Experimental
2.1 Chemicals and Catalyst
2.2 Experimental Setup
2.3 Experimental Procedure
2.4 Analysis
3 Experimental Results
3.1 Effect of Reaction Temperature
3.2 Effect of Catalyst Amount
3.3 Effect of Initial Mole Ratio of Propionic Acid to n-Butanol
3.4 Effect of External Mass Transfer
3.5 Effect of Internal Mass Transfer
4 The Kinetic Model
5 Conclusions
References
Preparation and Characterization of Amine Modified Activated Carbon from Corncobs for Carbon Dioxide Capture
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Section
2.1 Preparation of Adsorbent
3 Characterization of Adsorbents
3.1 Proximate Analysis
3.2 Ultimate Analysis
3.3 Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
3.4 BET Analysis
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 CO2 Adsorption Analysis
5 Conclusion
References
Electrolyte Role in Electrocoagulation Process for Nitrates Removal from Groundwater
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Method
2.1 Synthetic Nitrate Solution Preparation
2.2 Batch Electrocoagulation Process
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Effect of Type of Electrolyte
3.2 Effect of Electrolyte on Current Flow
3.3 Effect of Electrolyte on Final pH
3.4 Effect of Electrolyte on ENC and OC
3.5 Effect of Electrolyte on Sludge Generation
4 Conclusion
References
A Review on Titanium Dioxide Based Photocatalytic Cement: Self-cleaning Cement
1 Photocatalysis
1.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis
1.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
2 Titanium Dioxide—A Semiconductor Photocatalyst
2.1 Properties of TiO2 Photocatalyst
2.2 Mechanism of TiO2 Photocatalysis
2.3 Kinetics of TiO2 Photocatalysis
2.4 Methods of Improving the Performance of TiO2 Photocatalysis
3 Cement
3.1 Manufacturing Process of Cement
3.2 Mineral Composition of Cement
3.3 White Cement
4 Photocatalysis in Cementitious Materials
4.1 Self-cleaning White Cement
5 Conclusion
References
A Review on the Valorization of Biorefinery Based Waste Lignin: Exploratory Potential Market Approach
1 Biorefinery
1.1 Feedstocks
1.2 Categorization of Biorefinery
2 Lignocellulosic Biorefinery
3 Lignin
3.1 Chemistry and Structure
3.2 Types
3.3 Lignin from Biorefinery
3.4 Status of Lignin from Agro Residue Based Biorefinery
3.5 Isolation of Lignin from Agro Residue Based Biorefinery
3.6 Characterization of Lignin and Lignin-Derived Products
3.7 Possible Products from Lignin-Based LCBR and Its Application
3.8 Market Values
3.9 SWOT Analysis of Lignin Market Potential
4 Conclusion
References
Chelating Poly (Amidoxime) and Poly (Hydroxamic Acid) Derived from Co-Polymers of Butyl Acrylate, Acrylonitrile and Cinnamic Acid Used as Metal Ion Sorbents: A Brief Review
1 Introduction
2 Literature Survey
3 Methodology
4 Results and Discussion
5 Conclusions
References
Stabilization of Expansive Soil with Thermal Power Plant Waste (Fly Ash and Coal Bottom Ash)—A Review
1 Introduction
2 Industrial Waste Materials (Fly Ash and Coal Bottom Ash)
3 Review of Research Paper
3.1 Compaction Tests
3.2 Unconfined Compressive Strength
3.3 California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
4 Conclusions
References
Synthesis, Properties and Photo Catalytic Application of Cadmium Based Quantum Dots: A Review
1 Introduction
2 Synthesis
3 Properties
3.1 Band Gap
3.2 Luminescence
3.3 Quantum Yield
4 Applications
4.1 Photocatalytic Degradation
4.2 Other Applications
5 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
In-Silico Identification of Potential Phytochemicals Against Human Protease Activated Receptor-2 (PAR2) Involved in Rheumatoid Arthritis
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Data Mining of PAR2 Structural File/information
2.2 Preparation of PAR2 as a Target Molecule for Drug-Interactions
2.3 Data Mining of Serine Protease Inhibitors (SPIs) Against PAR2 and SPI Library Construction
2.4 Molecular Modeling of SPIs
2.5 Data Mining for the Protease Activator of PAR2: Tryptase
2.6 Preparation of PAR2 Protease Activator: Tryptase, as a Positive Control Molecule for Drug Interactions
2.7 Molecular Docking of PAR2 with Its Known Activator Protease
2.8 Receptor—Activator (PAR2—protease Activator) Docking
2.9 Protein-Inhibitor Interactions of PAR2 and SPI Library
3 Results
3.1 Data Mining of PAR2 Structural File/information
3.2 Preparation of PAR2 as a Target Molecule for Drug Interactions
3.3 Construction of Library of Serine Protease Inhibitors Against PAR2
3.4 Molecular Modeling of SPIs
3.5 Structural Classification of Tryptase as a Protease Activator of PAR2
3.6 Preparation of Tryptase as a Positive Control Molecule for Drug Interaction
3.7 Molecular Docking of PAR2 and Tryptase
3.8 Interactions of PAR2 and SPIs
4 Conclusion
References
Crop Residues: A Potential Bioenergy Resource
1 Introduction
1.1 Biofuels Classification
1.2 Anaerobic Digestion
1.3 Pretreatment of Crop Residues
1.4 Prominent Factors Affecting Biogas Production
2 Biomass Potential in India
3 Contribution of Bioenergy in Total Energy Mix
4 Biomass to Electricity Generation
5 Conclusion
References
Kinetics Analysis of Solid State Reaction for the Synthesis of Lithium Orthosilicate
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Kinetic Models for Solid State Reactions
4 Non-isothermal Analysis of Kinetic Parameters
4.1 Estimation of Kinetic Parameters Using Model Free Method
4.2 Methods for Determination Solid State Reaction Model and Reaction Mechanism
5 Result and Discussion
5.1 Kinetic Analysis
6 Conclusion
References
An Assessment of GHG Emission Reduction by Using Renewable Energy and Energy Efficient Processes
1 Introduction
1.1 Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Pathway
2 Background Work
3 Practical Applications
3.1 Case Studies
3.2 General Assumption
4 Conclusion
References
Removal of Fluoride Using Nanoparticles of Fe2O3 with Al2O3 and Activated Sugarcane Bagasse
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Characterization of Materials
2.3 Methodology
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Optimization of Parameters for Activated Carbon
3.2 Optimization of Parameters for Metal Oxide.
4 Optimization of Parameters for the Mixture of Metal Oxide and Activated Carbon
4.1 Optimization of pH
4.2 Optimization of Contact Time
5 Conclusion
References
In Silico Characterization and Structural Modeling of Proteins Involved in Arsenic Tolerance of Hyper Accumulating Fern Pteris Vittata
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Sequence and Phylogenetic Tree Analysis
2.2 Subcellular Localization and Domain Analysis
2.3 Prediction of Secondary Structure and Tertiary Structure
2.4 Structural Comparison
3 Results
3.1 Characterization and Structural Modeling PvGAPC1 Protein
3.2 Characterization and Structural Modeling PvOCT4 Protein
3.3 Characterization and Structural Modeling PvGSTF1 Protein
3.4 Structural Comparison
4 Discussion
5 Conclusion
References
Potential Application of Carbon Nanotubes Membranes in Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Review
1 Introduction
2 CNTs Membranes for Water Treatment
2.1 CNTs as Filtration Membranes
2.2 Antibiofouling Properties/Characteristics of CNTs Membranes
3 Applications of CNTs Membranes in Desalination
4 Key Challenges and Future Perspective
5 Conclusion
References
Remediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Kaolin Clay
1 Introduction
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Collection of Representative Fine Grained Clay Sample
2.2 Crude Oil
2.3 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag and Cement
2.4 Preparation of Oil Contaminated Soil Sample
2.5 Methodology
3 Results and Discussions
3.1 Atterberg’s Limits
3.2 Compaction Characteristics
3.3 Shear Strength Parameters
3.4 UCS Test of Uncured and Cured Samples
4 Conclusion
References
Cost and Global Warming Optimization Through Landfill Reuse and Integrated Waste Management for Kolkata
1 Introduction
2 Literature Analysis
2.1 Global Scenario of Landfill Reuse and Landfill Mining
2.2 Integrated Solid Waste Management and Recent Trends
3 Interpretation on Study Area
3.1 Existing Municipal Solid Waste Management in Kolkata
4 Implementation Approach
4.1 Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management
4.2 Landfill Reclamation and Reuse Potential at Dhapa Landfill
5 Methodology
5.1 Linear Program Modelling and Major Assumptions
5.2 Calculation and Analysis
6 Result and Discussion
6.1 Cost Optimization
6.2 GWP Minimization
7 Conclusion
References
Evaluation of Abrasive Wear of Bio-waste Based Silica/Carbon Particulate Epoxy Composites
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Details
2.1 Synthesis of Silica and Biocarbon from Rice Husk
2.2 Composite Fabrication
2.3 Sliding Wear Behavior
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
Analysis and Comparison of Mechanical Properties of a Specimen by Using FEA
1 Introduction
2 Literature Review
3 Standards and Geometry Selection
3.1 Dimensions of ASTM D638 Specimen
4 Design of Specimen in CATIA
4.1 Specimen Designed in CATIA
5 ANSYS
5.1 Materials Used in ANSYS
5.2 Explicit Dynamics Analysis Done on Specimen
6 Results and Conclusion
7 Conclusion
References
Use of Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques for Selecting Waste-to-Energy Technologies
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Date Collection and Analysis by Various MCDM Techniques
2.2 Fixing the Criteria and Modeling of Hierarchy
2.3 Multi-criteria Decision-Making Techniques
2.4 Sensitivity Analysis
2.5 Comparison of the Ranking
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Data Analysis for Questionnaire
3.2 Ranking Using AHP
3.3 Ranking Using PROMETHEE
3.4 Ranking Using VIKOR
3.5 Ranking Using TOPSIS
3.6 Comparison of Ranking
3.7 Sensitivity Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
Environmental Impact of Application of Ozone Bleaching for Production of Pulp from Agro Based Fibrous Materials—An Innovative Approach
1 Introduction
2 Experimental
2.1 Material and Methods
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusion
References
Perception Towards Infection Control Measures Among Health Care Providers Working in Selected Hospitals of Goa
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Research Design and Methods
2.2 Data Collection Procedure
3 Data Analysis
4 Results
5 Conclusion
References
Assessment of Catalytic Biodiesel Production: A Mini-Review
1 Introduction
2 Biodiesel Production
2.1 Biodiesel Feedstock Production
2.2 Feedstock Processing
2.3 Biodiesel Production
3 Conclusion
References
Analysis of Fire and Explosion Hazard of LPG Tanker Truck Accident: A Case Study
1 Introduction
2 Accident Details and Accident-Cause Analysis
3 Research Methodology
3.1 ALOHA
3.2 Table Properties of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) (Yousufuddin and Mehdi 2008).
3.3 Table: Specification of the Tanker Truck (Zhejiang Provincial Department of Emergency Management 2020).
4 Results and Discussions
4.1 BLEVE
4.2 Jet Fire
4.3 Overpressure Threat Zone
4.4 Toxic Threat Zone
5 Conclusion
References
A Review on the Divergent Pathways Used in the Purification of Biodiesel
1 Instigation of Biodiesel
2 Traits of Biodiesel
3 Roads for Acquiring Biodiesel
4 Cleansing of Biodiesel
4.1 Wet Washing (WW)
4.2 Dry Washing (DW)
5 Fortunes of Cleansing Techniques
6 Drawbacks of Cleansing Techniques
7 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Fenton Assisted Ultrafiltration for Removal of COD of Reactive Black 5 Dye from Synthetic Wastewater
1 Introduction
1.1 Fenton Mechanism and Combined Fenton Based Polymeric Membrane Separation Approach
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Composition of Fe2O3 Blended PES Membranes
2.2 Membrane Filtration Experiment Set up
2.3 Evaluation of Membrane Resistance and Membrane Fouling Index
2.4 Membrane and Nanoparticle Characterization
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Effect of pH on COD Removal of RB5
3.2 Effect of Feed Concentration on COD Degradation Efficiency
3.3 Effect of Trans-Membrane Pressure on COD Degradation Efficiency
3.4 Effect of H2O2 on COD Degradation Efficiency
3.5 Membrane Recyclability and Fouling Studies
4 Conclusions
References
Synthesis of Biodegradable Composite Films from Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)/Amla Leaf Fibre (ALF) for Packaging Application
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methodology
2.1 Materials
2.2 Alkali Treatment of ALF
2.3 Grafting of ALF
2.4 Preparation of Composite Films
2.5 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
2.6 Mechanical Properties
2.7 Water Uptake (%)
2.8 Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) and Water Vapor Permeability (WVP)
2.9 Biodegradationtest
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Grafting of ALF
3.2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
3.3 Mechanical Properties
3.4 Water Uptake (%)
3.5 Water Vapor Transmission Rate (WVTR) and Water Vapor Permeability (WVP)
3.6 Biodegradation Test
4 Conclusion
References
A Critical Appraisal of Biomedical Waste Management in Uttar Pradesh
1 Introduction
2 Components of BMW
3 What Makes BMW Hazardous?
4 Abating the Hazards
5 Consequences of Unsupervised Open Burning of BMW
6 Provisions for BMW Management in India
7 Recent Amendments in BMW Rules 1998
8 Status of Uttar Pradesh in BMWM as Per BMWM Rules 2016 for the Year 2018
9 Case Study on BMWM of Some Hospitals in  Uttar Pradesh
10 Conclusion
References
Legacy Waste Characterization: Bio-mining Solution for Landfills and Resource Recovery Towards Circularity
1 Introduction
1.1 Global Outline of Bio-mining and Landfill Recovery
1.2 Indian Landfills and Bio-mining Operation
2 Methodology
2.1 Study Area
2.2 MSW Composition Survey of Kolkata
2.3 Landfill Waste Degradation
2.4 Non-biodegradables and Landfill Degradation
2.5 Material Balancing of Different Components of Bio-mining
3 Result and Discussions
3.1 Bio-mining Components and Quantity Estimation
3.2 Possible Recycling Options of Recovered Materials
4 Bio-mining—A New Aspect Towards Circularity
5 Conclusion
References
Hydrogen Utilisation via Ammonia Borane Dehydrogenation and Regeneration: A Review
1 Introduction
1.1 Hydrogen
1.2 Ammonia Borane
2 Ammonia Borane Dehydrogenation
2.1 Different Methods Used for Dehydrogenation
3 AB Regeneration
3.1 Mechanism of AB Regeneration
3.2 AB Regeneration via BNH-Waste Products
3.3 AB Regeneration from Spent Fuel via BCl3 Catalytic Hydrodechlorination Route
3.4 Effective AB Regeneration via Reductive Dechlorination of BCl3 Route
4 Conclusion
References
Water Conservation Strategies and Opportunities for Sustainability of Pulp and Paper Sector—An Overview of Recent Trends
1 Introduction
2 Adoption of Continuous Digester for Agro Residues Pulping
3 Adoption of New Generation Pulp Washers for Pulp Washing
4 Adoption of Oxygen Delignification (ODL) Before Bleaching
5 Optimization of Fresh Water Consumption in Paper Machine Showers Through Change in Nozzle Diameter
6 Adoption of Poly Disc Filter for Increased Reuse of Paper Machine Back Water
7 Adoption of Chemical Recovery System in Agro Based Mills
8 Biomethanation in Agro Based Paper Mills
9 Best Practices Versus Pollution Reduction
10 Cost of Technologies Implemented
11 Conclusions
References
Sequestering of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Stream by Raw and Modified Lignocellulosic Materials
1 Introduction
2 Heavy Metals and Their Toxicity
3 Biosorption: An Effective Alternative
3.1 Biosorbents
3.2 Biosorption Due to Microbial and Algal Biomass
4 Lignocellulosic Material
4.1 Structure and Chemical Composition
4.2 Characterization
5 Biosorption using Lignocellulosic Materials
5.1 Comparison of Adsorption Capacity of Different Lignocellulosic Materials
6 Biosorption Due to Modified Lignocellulosic Materials
7 Mechanism of Sequestering
8 Biosorption Models: Kinetics and Isotherms
8.1 Biosorption Isotherms
8.2 Kinetic Models
9 Factors Affecting Biosorption
10 Desorption of Metals and Recovery of Lignocellulosic Materials
11 Conclusion
References
Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles Loaded Proton Exchange Membrane for Microbial Fuel Cell Application
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Synthesis of Iron Nanoparticles Using Neem Extract
2.2 Incorporating Iron Nanoparticles into Membrane
2.3 Synthesized Membrane into Microbial Fuel Cell
3 Results and discussions
3.1 Characterization of Iron Nanoparticles
3.2 Treatment of Wastewater
3.3 Voltage Characteristics of Microbial Fuel Cell with Incorporation of Iron Nanoparticles in Proton Exchange Membrane
4 Conclusion
References
Ferrofluids for Waste-Water Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Waste-Water
3 Types of Contaminants Found in Water and Waste-Water
4 Current and Prospective Uses for Treatment of Waste-Water
5 Ferrofluid Nanomaterial in Waste-Water Treatment
5.1 Adsorption Process Technologies
5.2 Membranes Process Technologies
5.3 Photocatalytic Process Technologies
5.4 Disinfection and Microbial Control
6 Magnetic Nano Ferroparticles: Limitations and Challenges
7 Conclusion
References
Thermal Performance Study of Quarterly-Divided Cylindrical Pin Fins Under Natural Convection
1 Introduction
2 Problem Description
2.1 Geometry
2.2 Comparative Analysis
3 CFD Modeling
3.1 Geometry and Mesh
3.2 Governing Equations and Boundary Conditions
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 Flow Analysis
4.2 Heat Transfer Analysis
5 Conclusions
References
Chitosan: Derivatives, Properties and Applications
1 Introduction
2 Derivatives
3 Production
3.1 Microwave-Assisted Deacetylation
3.2 Enzyme Assisted Deacetylation
4 Applications
4.1 Health Science
4.2 Food Industry
4.3 Cosmetics
4.4 Water Treatment
5 Conclusion
References
Do Millennial Exhibit Environmentally Responsive Consumption Behaviors—A Study on Determinants of Green Purchase Decision?
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Background and Literature Review
2.1 Environmental Concerns and Beliefs (ECB)
2.2 Eco-labelling (EL)
2.3 Green Packaging and Branding (GPB)
2.4 Green Product, Premium and Price (GPPP)
2.5 Consumers Beliefs Towards the Environment (CBTE)
2.6 Environmental Concerns Impact on Consumers’ Environmental Beliefs
2.7 Eco-labelling and Its Impact on Consumers’ Environmental Beliefs
2.8 Green Packaging, Branding and Its Impact on Environmental Beliefs
2.9 Green Products, Premium, Pricing and Consumers' Environmental Beliefs
3 Sample
4 Measures
5 Analysis and Interpretation
5.1 Results of Correlation
5.2 Impact of Environmental Concerns and Beliefs (ECB), Eco-labelling (EL), Green Packaging and Branding (GPB), Green Products, Premium, and Pricing (GPPP) on Consumer Beliefs Towards the Environment (CBTE)
6 Implications and Findings
7 Conclusion
References
Screening of Organic Solvents for Separation of Thiophene and Iso-octane: Density Functional Theory and Molecular Dynamic Simulations
1 Introduction
2 Computational Details
2.1 Interaction Descriptor and Interaction Energy Calculations
2.2 Solute–Solvent Interactions Using MD Simulations
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Interaction Descriptor and Interaction Energy Calculations
3.2 Solute–Solvent Interaction Studies Using MD Simulations
4 Conclusions
References
Optimization of Lactobacillus and Aspergillus niger Biobeads Formation for the Removal of Reactive Yellow Dye from Wastewater
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Isolation of Bacillus sp.
2.2 Characterization of Bacteria
2.3 Revival of A. niger
2.4 Preparation of Immobilized Cells (Biobeads)
3 Results
3.1 Isolation of Single Colony of Lactobacilli
3.2 Revival of A. niger
3.3 Optimization of Sodium Alginate and CaCl2 Concentration to Form Biobeads
3.4 Removal of Reactive Yellow Dye
4 Conclusions
References
Fast Pyrolysis of Coconut Coir in Solar Energy Embedded Fixed Bed Tubular Reactor
1 Introduction
2 Background
3 Research Methods
3.1 Design and Classification of Solar Energy Embedded Fast Pyrolysis
3.2 Classification of Solar Energy Embedded Fast Pyrolysis
3.3 Design of Setup
4 Kinetic Modelling
5 Simulation
5.1 Observation and Analysis
6 Results
7 Conclusions
References
Study of Some Magnetic Effects of Mg Substituted Hexaferrite in Nano Range
1 Basic Survey
2 Characterization Techniques
3 Outcomes and Discussion
3.1 Constitutional Effects
4 Concluding Remarks
References
Eco-Friendly Ceramic Membranes from Inexpensive Raw Materials and Their Applications
1 Introduction
2 Raw Materials
2.1 Kaolin
2.2 Ball Clay
2.3 Bentonite
2.4 Perlite
2.5 Natural Pozzolan
2.6 Other Earth Minerals
2.7 Rice Husk Ash (RHA)
2.8 Fly Ash
3 Applications
3.1 As Porous Support for Microfiltration (MF) and Ultrafiltration (UF) Membranes
3.2 Fruit Juice Processing
3.3 Separation of Oil–Water Emulsions
3.4 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
4 Conclusions
References
Therapeutic Potential of Seleno-Compounds in Cancer—An Overview
1 Introduction
2 Selenium (Se) Enhancing Anticancer Properties of Therapeutic Agent
3 Reported Work on Selenium
3.1 Inorganic Selenium
3.2 Organic Selenium as Anti-cancer
3.3 Selenium Nano-Particle as an Anti-cancer
3.4 Functionalized Se Nanoparticle Possesses Enhanced Cytotoxicity
4 Conclusion
References
Photocatalytic Degradation of Amaranth Dye from Water Using TiO2-BiOI Nanocomposite
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
3 Synthesis and Characterization of the Nanocomposite
3.1 Synthesis of BiOI
3.2 Synthesis of TiO2-BiOI Nanocomposite
3.3 Characterization of Nanocomposite
3.4 Photocatalytic Degradation Experiments
3.5 Scavengers Study
4 Results and Discussion
4.1 XRD of the Nanocomposite
4.2 FT-IR Analysis
4.3 Photoluminescence (PL) Spectra
4.4 UV–Vis DRS Spectroscopy
4.5 FE-SEM
4.6 EDS-Mapping
4.7 HRTEM
4.8 Effect of pH
4.9 Effect of Catalyst Dose
4.10 Effect of Initial Dye Concentration
4.11 Photolysis and Adsorption of Amaranth Dye Using TiO2/BiOI Catalyst
4.12 Comparison with the Bare Catalyst Components
4.13 Role of Reactive Oxygen Types in the Breakdown
4.14 Recyclability Studies of TiO2/BiOI Photocatalyst
5 Conclusions
References
Reduction of Fluoride from Domestic Waste Water by Using Activated Diatomaceous Earth
1 Introduction
2 Experiment
2.1 Material and Methods
2.2 Sample Preparation
2.3 Experimental Setup and Procedures for Column Adsorption
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Physicochemical Analysis of Adsorbent
3.2 SEM Analysis
3.3 BET Analysis
3.4 Batch Adsorption Test
3.5 PH and Zero-Point Charges (pHPZC) Determination
3.6 Adsorption Isotherm
4 Conclusions
References
An Inside for the Treatment of Tannery Industry Effluent
1 Introduction
2 Tannery Industry Process
3 Tannery Pollutants Characteristics
4 Standards and Regulations
5 Health and Safety Aspects
6 Wastewater Treatment Options
6.1 Recent Attraction
7 Conclusion
References
Enrichment of Anammox in Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)
1 Introduction
2 Factors Affecting Enrichment of ANAMMOX
2.1 pH
2.2 Temperature
2.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
2.4 Substrate Concentration
2.5 SRT
2.6 Organic Matter
2.7 Other Factors
3 Summary of Studies on Enrichment of Anammox
4 Conclusions
References
Overview of Gel Casted Fused Silica Ceramics
1 Introduction
2 Methodology
3 Results and Discussions
4 Conclusions
References
Curing of Epoxy Resin by Using Commercial Amine/hydrazine and Its Effect on Ultra Violet Spectrum
1 Introduction
2 Material and equipment’s Used
3 Method for Curing of Epoxy Resin for Aromatic Diamine and Aromatic Hydrazine
4 Result and Discussion
5 FTIR and UV Study of Orthophenylene Diamine Epoxy Cured Material
6 Water Absorption Capacity of Cured Epoxy Resin by Ortho-phenylenediamine
7 Chemical Resistant Test
8 Conclusion
References
An Introduction to Bioenergy, Biofuel, and Bio Refining
1 Biomass
2 Lignocellulosic Biomass
3 Bioethanol
3.1 Process
3.2 The Advantages of Bioethanol
4 Biodiesel Production Process
4.1 Process
4.2 Advantages of Biodiesel
5 Pyrolysis
6 Biogas Technology
7 Microbial Fuel Cell
8 Conclusion
References
Optimization of Extraction Parameters and Evaluation of Functional Properties of Protein Isolateobtained from Cottonseed Meal
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Extraction of Protein from Defatted Cottonseed Flour
2.3 Characterization of Cottonseed Protein Isolate
2.4 Determination of Functional Properties and Proximate Analysis of Protein Isolate
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Characterization of Protein Sample Using XRD
3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) Analysis
3.3 FT-IR Analysis
3.4 Optimization of Process Variables Affecting the Extraction Process
3.5 Functional Properties of Cottonseed Protein Isolate
3.6 Proximate Analysis
4 Conclusions
References
MOF Encapsulated Beads for Fluoride Removal from Water
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Preparation of AlFu MOF and Adsorbent Beads
2.3 Batch Adsorption Experiments
2.4 Reusability Study
2.5 Continuous Column Study
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Characterization of the AlFu MOF Beads
3.2 Performance of Beads in Batch Study
3.3 Reuseability of Beads
3.4 Continuous Column Study
4 Conclusions
References
Non-catalytic and Catalytic Co-pyrolysis of Lignocellulosic-Lignocellulosic Waste
1 Introduction
2 Experimental Concepts
2.1 Feedstock
2.2 Catalysts and Experimental Procedure
2.3 Methods for Characterization of Waste (A Mixture of Sesame Oil Cake and Jute Waste), Co-pyrolytic Oil and Co-pyrolytic-Gas
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 Feed Characterization
3.2 Pyro-product Characterization
3.3 Aluminium Oxide Bed Porosity and Catalytic Activity
3.4 pH and Distillation Characterization of Co-pyro-Oil
3.5 Effects of Al2O3 on Carbon–Hydrogen–Oxygen Content of Co-pyro-Char and Co-pyro-Oil
3.6 FTIR Assessment of the Jute Waste and Sesame Oil Cake Waste Are Co-pyrolyzed to Produce Catalytic and Non-catalytic Co-pyro Oil
3.7 GC/MS Analysis of Co-pyro-Oil
3.8 GC Analysis
4 Conclusion
References
Separation of Congo Red Dye from Water Using AgNPs Based Hybrid UF Membrane
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials
2.2 Synthesis of Hybrid Membranes
2.3 Membrane Characterization
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Pore Characteristics of Hybrid Membranes
3.2 Performance of Hybrid Membranes
3.3 Overall Performance of the Hybrid Membrane
4 Conclusions
References
Synthesis and Characterization of Copper (II) Schiff Base Metal Complex for Environmental Remediation
1 Introduction
2 Experimental
2.1 Materials
2.2 Instruments Used
2.3 Synthesis
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Infrared Spectral Studies (FT-IR)
3.2 1H NMR Spectrum of Ligand L1
3.3 Photo-Catalytic Mineralization Studies of MB Dye
4 Conclusions
References
Environmental Impact Assessment of Potato Cultivation in Northern India
1 Introduction
1.1 Environmental Impacts Associated with Agriculture
1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Tools
1.3 Potato as a Crop
1.4 Life Cycle Assessment
2 Methodology
2.1 Goal and Scope
2.2 Life Cycle Inventory
2.3 System Inputs
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Evaluation of Drugs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Metals: A Brief Review
1 Introduction
2 Drugs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel in Corrosive Medium
3 Drugs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Aluminum in Corrosive Medium
4 Drugs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Copper in Corrosive Medium
5 Drugs as Corrosion Inhibitors for Zinc in Corrosive Medium
6 Theoretical and Experimental Approaches for the Study of Corrosion Inhibition by Drugs
6.1 The Experimental Approach
6.2 Theoretical Methods
7 Conclusion
References
Groundwater Quality Assessment by Using Water Quality Index for Block Abohar, District Fazilka in Punjab
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methodology
2.1 Water Quality Index (WQI)
2.2 Study Area
2.3 Sampling Sites
2.4 Availability of Data
2.5 Data Analysis
3 Results and Discussion
4 Conclusion
References
Sustainable Approach to Biodiesel Production Using Hydrodynamic Cavitation Route
1 Introduction
2 Feedstock for Biodiesel Production
3 Reaction Mechanism of Transesterification
4 Reactors for Biodiesel Synthesis: Technological Advancements
4.1 Rotating Reactor
4.2 Microchannel Reactor
4.3 Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)
5 Hydrodynamic Cavitation in Biodiesel Synthesis
5.1 Variation in Reaction Period
5.2 Alcohol to Oil Ratio
5.3 Temperature
5.4 Cavitation Number
6 Trends and Perspectives
6.1 A Techno-Economic Evaluation
6.2 Policies, Standards, and Emissions Analyses for Biodiesel
6.3 Practical Implications of This Study
7 Conclusion
References
Electrochemical Treatment of Sulphidic Spent Caustic Waste Stream Generated from Petroleum Refineries
1 Introduction
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Materials and Simulated Wastewater
2.2 Experimental Methodology
2.3 Analytical Methods
3 Results and Discussion
3.1 Sulphides and COD Removal
3.2 Determination of Residual Iron and H2O2 Concentration
3.3 Effect of Wastewater pH on Sulphide and COD Removals
3.4 Effect of Neutralisation on Sulphides and COD Removals
4 Conclusions
References
Lignin Based Hydrogel Production and Their Applications
1 Introduction
2 Lignin
2.1 Process of Production of Different Type of Lignin
3 Hydrogel
3.1 Method of Hydrogel Synthesis
4 Why We Use Lignin for Production of Hydrogel?
5 Technique Used for Production of Lignin-Based Hydrogel
5.1 Hydrogel Production by Polymerization
5.2 Modification of Existing Monomers
6 Hydrogels and They Suggest that Hydrogels Have Wide Applications
7 Future Perspective and Conclusions
References