Advances in Bio-Based Fiber: Moving Towards a Green Society

Advances in Bio-based Fiber
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Introduction to bio-based fibers and their composites
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Cellulose/hemicellulose fibers
1.2.1 Bast fibers
1.2.1.1 Hemp fiber
1.2.1.2 Flax fiber
1.2.1.3 Jute fiber
1.2.1.4 Kenaf fiber
1.2.1.5 Ramie fiber
1.2.1.6 Roselle fiber
1.2.2 Leaf fibers
1.2.2.1 Pineapple Leaf fiber
1.2.2.2 Agave fiber
1.2.2.3 Abaca fiber
1.2.2.4 Palm fiber
1.2.3 Seed fiber
1.2.3.1 Cotton fiber
1.2.3.2 Coir fiber
1.2.3.3 Kapok fiber
1.3 Protein fibers
1.3.1 Silk fiber
1.3.2 Wool fiber
1.3.3 Hair fiber
1.4 Bio composites
1.4.1 Poly lactic acid-based composites
1.4.2 Starch-based composites
1.4.3 Wood polymer composites
1.4.4 Soy resin based composites
1.4.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates-based composites
1.5 Applications
1.6 Conclusion
References
2 Synthesis and surface treatments of bio-based fibers
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Bio-based fibers
2.1.2 Plant fibers
2.1.3 Animal fibers
2.2 Extraction of bio-based fibers
2.2.1 Surface treatment of bio-based fibers
2.2.2 Physical treatment of bio-based fibers
2.3 Chemical modification of bio-based fibers
2.3.1 Alkali treatment
2.3.2 Graft copolymerization
2.3.3 Etherification
2.3.4 Acetylation
2.3.5 Isocyanate treatment
2.3.6 Biological treatment
2.4 Conclusion
References
3 Properties of bio-based fibers
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Type of bio-based fibers
3.2.1 Plant fibers (natural fibers)
3.2.2 Animal fibers
3.2.3 Mineral fibers
3.3 Properties of bio-based fibers
3.3.1 Chemical and biological properties
3.3.1.1 Plant fibers
3.3.1.2 Animal fibers
3.3.2 Physical properties
3.3.2.1 Plant fibers
3.3.2.2 Animal fibers
3.3.3 Mechanical properties
3.3.3.1 Plant fibers
3.3.3.2 Animal fibers
3.4 Application of bio-based fiber reinforced composites
3.5 Challenges/issues
3.6 Conclusions
References
4 Preparation methods of biofiber-based polymer composites
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Layup
4.3 Layer-by-layer
4.4 Compression molding
4.5 Injection molding
4.6 Extrusion molding
4.7 Resin transfer molding
4.8 Spinning
4.8.1 Dry spinning
4.8.2 Wet spinning
4.8.3 Electrospinning
4.8.4 Twin screw spinning
4.9 Melt mix
4.9.1 Melt compounding
4.10 3D printing
4.11 Inkjet printing
4.12 Vacuum bagging
4.13 Vacuum infusion
4.14 Roll-to-roll
4.15 Solvent casting
4.16 In situ polymerization
4.17 One pot directed synthesis
4.18 Freeze-drying
4.19 Micropatterned
4.20 Sol–gel techniques
References
5 Static mechanical properties of bio-fiber-based polymer composites
List of abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bio-fiber reinforced polymers
5.2.1 Bio-fibers
5.2.2 Polymer resins
5.3 Static mechanical properties
5.3.1 Static mechanical properties of bio-fiber composites
5.3.1.1 Tensile properties
5.3.1.2 Impact properties
5.3.1.3 Flexural properties
5.3.1.4 Hardness properties
5.3.1.5 Inter-laminar properties
5.3.2 Effect of fiber proportion and orientation on static mechanical properties
5.3.3 Effect of fiber types on static mechanical properties
5.3.3.1 Jute fiber composites
5.3.3.2 Abaca fiber composites
5.3.3.3 Kenaf fiber composites
5.3.3.4 Sisal fiber composites
5.3.3.5 Bamboo fiber composites
5.3.3.6 Flax fiber composites
5.4 Improvement techniques
5.4.1 Effect of hybridization
5.4.2 Effect of fiber treatment
5.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
6 Thermal properties of biofiber-based polymer composites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thermal stability of biofibers
6.3 Thermal stability of thermoset polymer composites
6.4 Thermal stability of thermoplastic polymer composites
6.5 Thermal stability of biopolymer composites
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Dielectric properties of biofiber-based polymer composites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Dielectrics
7.2.1 Importance of dielectric capacitors
7.2.2 Theory
7.2.3 Polymer nanocomposites-based dielectrics
7.2.3.1 Nanofillers types in polymer nanocomposites
7.3 Biodegradable biocomposites
7.3.1 Natural fibers
7.3.2 Fiber composition
7.4 Literature review
7.4.1 Effect of surface functionalization
7.4.2 Semi-biodegradable polymer composites
7.4.3 100% biocomposites
7.4.4 Additive manufacturing-based device fabrication
7.4.5 Effect of temperature on the dielectric performance
7.5 Summary and future perspective
Notes
Acknowledgments
References
Further reading
8 Tribological properties of biofiber-based polymer composites
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Tribological analysis of biofiber-based polymer composites
8.3 Tribometers
8.3.1 Ball-on-disk/pin-on disk
8.3.2 Four ball testers
8.3.3 Fretter tester
8.3.4 Reciprocating sliding friction and wear tester
8.3.5 Falex Pin & Vee Block test
8.3.6 Scratch test instrument
8.3.7 Micro/nano tribometers
8.4 Frictional analysis of biofiber-based polymer composites
8.5 Wear analysis of bio fiber based polymer composites
8.6 Tribological properties
8.7 Effect of temperature on bio fiber-based polymer composites during tribological analysis
8.8 Conclusion
References
9 Advances and applications of biofiber-based polymer composites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Characteristics of biofiber for polymer composites
9.2.1 Biofibers
9.2.2 Properties of natural fiber composite
9.3 Characteristics of polymer for biofiber-based polymer composites
9.3.1 Thermoplastic-based composites
9.3.1.1 Polypropylene
9.3.1.2 Polyethylene
9.3.1.3 Polystyrene, polycarbonate, and polyvinyl chloride
9.3.2 Thermoset-based composites
9.3.2.1 Polyester
9.3.2.2 Epoxy
9.3.2.3 Phenolic
9.4 Manufacturing techniques of biofiber-based polymer composites
9.4.1 Conventional manufacturing techniques
9.4.1.1 Hand layup process
9.4.1.2 Spray-up technique
9.4.1.3 Vacuum bag molding
9.4.1.4 Resin transfer molding
9.4.1.5 Compression molding
9.4.2 Advanced manufacturing technique
9.4.3 Automated manufacturing technique
9.5 Techniques used for performance evaluation
9.5.1 Tensile properties
9.5.2 Compressive properties
9.5.3 Flexural properties
9.5.3.1 Impact test
9.5.3.2 Fatigue test
9.6 Application of biofiber-based polymer composites
9.6.1 Automobile industry
9.6.2 Aerospace industry
9.6.3 Sports industry
9.6.4 Electrical industry
9.6.5 Construction industry
9.7 Conclusion
References
10 Optimization of parametric study on drilling characteristics of sheep wool reinforced composites
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Experimental details
10.2.1 Materials and fabrication
10.2.2 Experimental design
10.3 Result and discussions
10.3.1 Main effect plots
10.3.1.1 Main effect plot for thrust force
10.3.1.2 Main effect plot for torque
10.3.2 ANOVA analysis
10.3.2.1 Analysis of thrust force using ANOVA
10.3.2.2 Analysis of torque using ANOVA
10.3.3 Response surface methodology
10.3.4 Linear regression
10.3.4.1 Experimental validation
10.4 Conclusion
References
11 Investigating the tribological behavior of biofiber-based polymer composites and scope of computational tools
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Computational methods used
11.2.1 Taguchi’s method
11.2.2 Response surface methodology
11.2.3 Artificial neural network
11.2.4 Fuzzy logic computational method
11.3 Computational methods used
11.3.1 Adaptive neurofuzzy inference system method
11.3.2 Genetic algorithm
11.3.3 Other methods
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 Properties of filler added biofiber-based polymer composite
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fabrication methodologies
12.3 Hand layup method
12.4 Compression molding
12.5 Extrusion molding
12.6 Properties of filler added biofiber composites
12.6.1 Tensile properties
12.6.2 Flexural properties
12.6.3 Impact properties
12.6.4 Other properties
12.7 Conclusion
References
13 Advances and applications of biofiber polymer composites in regenerative medicine
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fabrication of biofibers
13.3 Electrospinning
13.4 Liver tissue engineering
13.5 Biofibers for two-dimensional hepatic tissue engineering
13.6 Biofibers for 3D hepatic tissue engineering
13.7 Cardiac tissue engineering
13.8 Vascular tissue engineering
13.9 Skin tissue engineering
13.10 Bone tissue engineering
13.11 Biofibers in drug delivery
13.12 Polymeric biofibers used in drug delivery
13.12.1 Mechanism of drug loading into biofibers
13.12.2 Applications of biofibers for drug delivery in various diseases
13.12.3 Nanofibers for drug delivery in ailments of brain
13.12.4 Nanofibers for drug delivery in treatment of eye disorders
13.12.5 Nanofibers for drug delivery in cardiovascular system
13.12.6 Nanofibers for drug delivery in rheumatic diseases/inflammatory autoimmune disorders
13.12.7 Nanofibers for drug delivery in oral cavity ailments
13.12.8 Nanofibers for drug delivery in various types of cancers
13.12.9 Nanofiber patches for wound dressing
13.13 Conclusion
13.14 Future perspectives
13.15 Acknowledgment
References
14 Keratin-based biofibers and their composites
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Extraction methods of keratin fibers
14.2.1 Reductive extraction
14.2.2 Sulfitolysis method
14.2.3 Oxidation method
14.2.4 Hydrolysis method
14.2.5 Alkali hydrolysis
14.2.6 Ionic liquid
14.3 Manufacturing of keratin-based biocomposites
14.4 Properties of keratin-based biocomposites
14.4.1 Mechanical properties
14.4.2 Thermal and acoustic properties
14.5 Applications of keratin-based composites
14.5.1 Biomedical applications
14.5.2 Electronic applications
14.6 Conclusion
References
15 Biofiber composites in building and construction
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Types of biofibers in construction
15.2.1 Flax fibers
15.2.2 Jute fibers
15.2.3 Sisal fibers
15.2.4 Coir/coconut fibers
15.2.5 Palm fiber
15.2.6 Hemp fiber
15.2.7 Cotton fiber
15.2.8 Miscellaneous fibers
15.3 Applications of biofiber composites in construction
15.3.1 Acoustic and thermal insulation materials
15.3.2 Light weight concrete
15.3.3 Strengthening of concrete and other structures
15.3.4 Composites beams and columns/structural applications
15.3.5 Miscellaneous applications
15.4 Conclusion and future outlook
References
16 Evaluating biofibers’ properties and products by NIR spectroscopy
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Near infrared spectroscopy
16.3 Applications of NIR spectroscopy in wood
16.3.1 Wood characterization
16.3.1.1 Chemical composition
16.3.1.2 Physical properties
16.3.1.3 Mechanical properties
16.3.1.4 Anatomical features
16.3.2 Timber classification
16.3.3 Pulp and paper
16.3.4 Biomass energy
16.3.5 Biocomposites and engineered wood
16.3.6 Natural textile fibers
16.4 Challenges of applying NIR technology in forest-based industries
References
17 Impact strength retention and service life prediction of 0 degree laminate jute fiber woven mat reinforced epoxy composites
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Methodology of the present research work
17.3 Materials
17.4 Preparation of composites
17.5 Artificial aging of composites
17.6 Impact properties
17.7 Scanning electronic microscopy
17.8 Results and discussion
17.8.1 Weight variation
17.8.2 Impact properties
17.8.3 Diffusion coefficient and activation energy
17.8.4 Arrhenius plots for service life prediction of the JEC
17.9 Conclusion
Reference
18 Acoustic and mechanical properties of biofibers and their composites
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Acoustic properties
18.2.1 Sound absorption coefficients
18.2.2 Transmission loss levels
18.3 Mechanical properties
18.3.1 Physical properties and Young’s moduli
18.3.2 Damping levels
18.4 Parameters affecting the acoustic and mechanical properties of biomaterials
18.4.1 Effect of pretreatment
18.4.2 Effect of fiber diameter
18.4.3 Effect of fiber/resin ratio
18.4.4 Effect of perforated linens or films
18.4.5 Effect of layering
18.4.6 Effect of the fabrication of fiber composites with combination of granular materials
18.4.7 Moisture content
18.4.8 Effects of manufacturing and machining parameters
18.4.9 Effects of measurement conditions/methods
18.5 Current applications and potential usage areas of natural fibers
18.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
19 Identification of the elastic and damping properties of jute and luffa fiber-reinforced biocomposites
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Materials and methods
19.2.1 Production of biocomposites
19.2.2 Test specimens
19.2.3 Frequency response function measurements
19.2.4 Extraction of modal parameters
19.2.5 Finite element modeling and analysis
19.3 Results and discussion
19.3.1 Damping levels
19.3.2 Elastic properties
19.3.2.1 Isotropic material model
19.3.2.2 Anisotropic material model
19.3.3 General evaluation
19.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
20 Tribological characterization of biofiber-reinforced brake friction composites
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Materials and methods
20.2.1 Materials
20.2.2 Fiber extraction and fabrication of brake composite
20.2.3 Experimentation of the developed brake pads
20.3 Results and discussions
20.3.1 Physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of the developed UTCB and ATCB brake pads
20.3.2 Tribological performances evaluation of developed brake friction composites
20.3.2.1 Fade and recovery performance of developed brake friction composites
20.3.2.2 Wear performance of the Chase tested UTCB and ATCB pads
20.3.2.3 Worn surface characteristics of the Chase tested brake pads
20.4 Conclusions
References
21 Investigation of the mechanical properties of treated and untreated Vachellia farnesiana fiber based epoxy composites
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Materials and methods
21.2.1 Chemical treatment of fibers
21.2.2 Epoxy resin
21.2.3 Development of random oriented Vachellia farnesiana fiber-based epoxy composites
21.2.4 Characterization methods
21.3 Results and discussions
21.3.1 Tensile properties of the untreated and chemical treated Vachellia farnesiana fiber-based epoxy composites
21.3.2 Flexural properties of untreated and chemical treated Vachellia farnesiana fiber-based epoxy composites
21.3.3 Energy absorbed by untreated and chemical treated Vachellia farnesiana fiber-based epoxy composites
21.3.4 Shore D hardness of untreated and chemical treated Vachellia farnesiana fiber-based epoxy composites
21.3.5 Morphological characteristics of mechanical tested untreated, and chemical treated Vachellia farnesiana fiber-based ...
21.4 Conclusions
References
22 Study on the degradation behavior of natural fillers based PLA composites
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Biopolymer
22.3 Fabrication of composites
22.4 Degradation mechanism of composites
22.5 Results and discussions
22.6 Conclusions
References
23 Fabrication technology of biofiber based biocomposites
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Scale in the hierarchical path to behavior and function in nanocellulose
23.3 The basics: cellulose architecture and underlying stability
23.4 Intrinsic behavior of biomaterials: a path to understanding material topological properties in biocomposites
23.5 Methods for probing bond-type contributions in adhesion and their correlation to key states of matter in surface energ...
23.5.1 Surface engineering: challenges in multiscale control
23.5.2 The case of nanocellulose
23.6 Fabrication of biocomposites—surface considerations
23.7 Approaches to fabrication of biocomposites
23.8 Concluding comments
References
24 Rheological properties of biofibers in cementitious composite matrix
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Experimental part
24.2.1 Materials and methods
24.2.2 Fresh state properties
24.2.3 Hardened state
24.3 Conclusions
References
25 Advances and applications of biofiber-based polymer composites
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Classification based on industry sector
25.2.1 Aerospace and automotive sector
25.2.2 Application in construction sector
25.2.3 Military and defense sector
25.2.4 Electronics industry
25.3 The green industry
25.3.1 Degradability
25.4 Advancement in pretreatment/modification of bio-composite
25.5 New advances in numerical analysis of bio-composites
25.6 Manufacturing of bio composites
25.6.1 Advancements in early processing methods of bio composites
25.6.1.1 Compression molding
25.6.1.2 Filament winding
25.6.1.3 Resin transfer molding
25.6.1.4 Autoclave method
25.6.2 New methods of processing bio-composites
25.6.2.1 Additive manufacturing or 3D printing
25.6.2.2 Fused deposition modeling
25.6.2.3 4D printing
References
26 Future scope of biofiber-based polymer composites
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Scope of biofiber-based polymer composites in various applications
26.2.1 Scope of biofiller-basedpolymer composite in structural application
26.2.2 Scope of biofiller-basedpolymer composite in flame retardant application
26.2.3 Scope of biofiller-basedpolymer composite in building industries
26.2.4 Scope of biofiller-basedpolymer composite in electronics industries
26.2.5 Scope of biofiller-basedpolymer composite transport industry
26.2.5.1 Automobile industry
26.2.5.2 Aerospace industry
26.2.6 Scope of biofiller-basedpolymer composite in energy and sports industries
26.3 Conclusion
References
27 Engineering applications of biofibers
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Plant-based biofibers
27.3 Structure of biofibers
27.4 Chemical constituents of plant-based biofibers
27.4.1 Role and use of different chemical-constituent
27.5 Physical and mechanical properties of biofibers
27.5.1 Physical properties
27.5.2 Mechanical properties
27.6 Advantages and disadvantages of biofibers
27.6.1 Advantages
27.6.2 Disadvantages
27.7 Modifications of biofibers
27.7.1 Physical modifications
27.7.2 Chemical modifications
27.8 Applications of biofibers
27.9 Recent studies of biofibers
27.10 Future scope of biofibers
27.11 Conclusion
References
28 Performance of cementitious composites incorporating coconut fibers as reinforcement
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Coconut fibers
28.3 Properties of cementitious composites reinforced with coconut fibers
28.3.1 Workability
28.3.2 Density
28.3.3 Compressive strength
28.3.4 Flexural and tensile strength
28.3.5 Toughness
28.3.6 Porosity
28.3.7 Water absorption
28.3.8 Chemical attacks
28.3.9 Thermal properties
28.3.10 Impact resistance
28.4 Conclusions
References
29 The effect of modified natural fibers on the mechanical properties of cementitious composites
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Fiber modifications
29.2.1 Alkali treatment
29.2.2 Acid treatment
29.2.3 Silane/impregnation treatment
29.2.4 Water treatment
29.2.5 Thermal treatment
29.3 Conclusions
References
30 Challenges and solutions for the use of natural fibers in cementitious composites
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Challenges and solutions for the use of natural fibers in cementitious composites
30.2.1 Degradation in alkali environment
30.2.2 Fiber mineralization
30.2.3 Reduction in strength
30.2.4 Volume instability
30.2.5 Poor bonding
30.2.6 Inconsistent properties
30.2.7 Poor mechanical properties
30.2.8 Performance at elevated temperature
30.2.9 Uncertain supply chain
30.3 Conclusions
References
31 Biofibers of papaya tree bast: a statistical study of the mechanical properties for use potential in polymeric composites
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Materials and methods
31.2.1 Visual characterization of PBFs by optical microscopy
31.2.2 Characterization of papaya tree fibers by FEG-SEM
31.2.3 Determination of papaya bast fibers’ density
31.2.4 Analysis of X-ray diffraction
31.2.5 Tensile test
31.3 Results and discussions
31.3.1 Morphological analysis in PBFs
31.3.2 Analysis of Fourier transform-infrared analysis in papaya bast fibers
31.3.3 Analysis of properties and mechanical behavior in PBFs
31.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
32 Coir fiber as reinforcement in cement-based materials
32.1 Introduction
32.2 The Cocos nucifera: a worldwide spread and multiple-use species
32.3 The coir fibers in the coconut fruit and potential applications
32.4 The features of the coir fibers
32.5 Pretreatments of the coir fibers for compatibility improvement
32.6 Production of cement-based composites reinforced with the coconut coir fibers
32.6.1 Cemented-bonded particleboard/fiberboards
32.6.2 Extruded fiber cement reinforced with the coconut coir fibers
32.6.2.1 Extrusion process
32.6.2.2 Rheology
32.6.2.3 Rheology of mixtures for extrusion
32.6.2.4 Rheological technique by the extruder rheometer (Benbow method)
32.6.2.5 Production of extruded cementitious composites
32.6.2.6 Results of ram extruder in cement paste
32.6.2.7 Physical and mechanical test results
32.7 Conclusion
References
33 Environmental impact analysis of plant fibers and their composites relative to their synthetic counterparts based on lif...
33.1 Introduction
33.2 The ecological impacts of synthetic reinforcements
33.2.1 The recycling technologies used for synthetic composites
33.2.2 The ecological impacts of carbon fibers based composites
33.2.3 The ecological impacts of glass fibers based composites
33.3 The ecological impacts of natural reinforcements
33.3.1 The ecological impacts of natural fiber cultivation methods
33.3.2 The ecological impacts of natural fiber treatment methods
33.3.3 The ecological impacts of substituting polymer resin
33.3.4 The substitution of glass fibers with natural reinforcements
33.3.5 The ecological impacts of natural nanofillers reinforced composites
33.3.6 The ecological impacts of bio wastes management methods
33.3.7 The ecological impacts of natural reinforcements derived from cellulosic wastes
33.3.8 The ecological impacts of recycled textile fibers
33.3.9 The ecological impacts of recycled fibers reinforced concrete
33.4 The industrial applications of plant fiber composites and their impacts on the environment
33.4.1 The environmental impacts of automotive components fabricated from plant fibers composites
33.4.2 The environmental impacts of aerospace components fabricated from plant fibers composites
33.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index