Advances and Developments in Biobutanol Production

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ADVANCES ANDDEVELOPMENTS INBIOBUTANOLPRODUCTION
ADVANCES ANDDEVELOPMENTS INBIOBUTANOLPRODUCTION
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Contents
Contributors
Preface
1 - Bio-butanol production: scope, significance, and applications
1.1 Introduction
1.2 History of butanol production
1.3 Microbial species and strains commonly used for butanol fermentation
1.3.1 Native butanol producing microorganisms
1.3.2 Metabolically modified native butanol-producing microorganisms
1.3.3 Metabolically modified nonnative butanol-producing microorganisms
1.4 Butanol production feedstock
1.4.1 First-generation feedstock
1.4.2 Second-generation feedstock
1.4.2.1 Pretreatment methods
1.4.3 Third-generation feedstock
1.4.3.1 Microalgae biomass
1.4.3.2 Syngas
1.5 Butanol fermentation
1.5.1 Batch fermentation processes
1.5.2 Continuous fermentation processes
1.5.2.1 Free cell continuous fermentation process
1.5.2.2 Immobilized cell continuous fermentation process
1.5.3 Technology innovations to advance butanol fermentation
1.5.3.1 Pervaporation
1.5.3.2 Gas stripping
1.5.3.3 Liquid–liquid extraction
1.5.3.4 Perstraction
1.6 Significance and applications of butanol and butanol derivatives
1.7 Conclusion
References
2 - Developments in biobutanol industrial production
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Problem statement and case study
2.2.1 Purification alternatives
2.2.1.1 Pervaporation-distillation
2.2.1.2 Azeotropic distillation
2.2.1.3 Pressure-swing distillation
2.3 Analysis methodology in a sustainability framework
2.3.1 Economic analysis
2.3.2 Environmental impact
2.3.3 Inherent safety analysis
2.3.4 Control properties analysis
2.4 Objective function and optimization strategy
2.5 Results
2.5.1 Implementation and practical considerations
2.6 Conclusions
References
3 - Biobutanol fermentation research and development: feedstock, process and biofuel production
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Historical significance of biobutanol
3.3 Feedstocks
3.3.1 Cheese whey
3.3.2 High sugar content beverages
3.3.3 Dedicated lignocellulosic biomass
3.3.4 Agricultural residues
3.3.5 Food wastes and food losses
3.3.6 Microalgae feedstocks for biobutanol production
3.3.7 Municipal solid waste feedstock for biobutanol production
3.4 Process integration and intensification
3.5 Properties of bio-butanol for use as fuels
3.6 Fermentation technologies
3.7 Biobutanol microorganisms
3.8 Optimization strategies and modeling
3.9 Upstream processing of biobutanol
3.10 Downstream processing of biobutanol
3.11 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Further reading
4 - Novel approaches toward bio-butanol production from renewable feedstocks
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Second generation biofuels: lignocellulosic substrates
4.3 Recombinant microorganisms and biosynthetic pathways
4.4 Fermentations in stages and using consortiums
4.5 In situ product recovery (ISPR) and ex-situ product recovery (ExSPR)
4.5.1 Vacuum evaporation
4.5.2 Gas stripping
4.5.3 Liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE)
4.5.4 Membrane extraction
4.5.5 Adsorption
4.5.6 Pervaporation
4.5.7 Product recovery
4.5.8 Recovery and purification of ABE
4.5.9 Recovery and purification of IBE
4.5.10 Heat-integrated distillation
4.6 Mathematical models and process design methods
4.6.1 Evolution of ABE fermentation models—kinetics
4.6.2 Energy intensity of an integrated recovery and fermentation system
4.6.3 The heat of evaporation of a recovery system
4.6.4 Sensible heating of an ISPR and ExSPR (adsorption and LLE)
4.6.5 Heating and recycling in ExSPR
4.6.6 Energy requirements of distillation
4.6.7 Effect of operating conditions on the energy requirements
4.6.7.1 Sensible heat with recycling
4.6.7.2 Adsorption and LLE
4.7 Concluding remarks
References
5 -
Biobutanol from agricultural residues: Technology and economics
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of substrates/feedstock sources
5.2.1 Biomass and other sources
5.2.2 Composition of different feedstocks and their valorization
5.3 Biobutanol production technologies
5.4 Technological challenges in biobutanol production
5.4.1 Feedstocks challenges
5.4.2 Pretreatment and hydrolysis obstacles
5.4.3 Fermentation and downstream processing challenges
5.4.4 Sustainability evaluation
5.5 Approaches to overcome the technological barriers
5.5.1 Potential remedies for feedstock challenges
5.5.2 Way out to tackle pretreatment and hydrolysis challenges
5.5.3 Remedies to fermentation challenges
5.5.4 Potential remedies to downstream processing obstacles
5.6 Current economics of biobutanol production
5.7 Future outlooks and conclusions
5.7.1 Future outlooks
5.7.2 Conclusions
References
6 - Biobutanol from agricultural and municipal solid wastes, techno-economic, and lifecycle analysis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Biobutanol as an advanced biofuel
6.3 Biobutanol production and technologies
6.4 Biobutanol: new era of biofuels
6.5 ABE fermentation technology
6.6 Biobutanol feedstocks
6.6.1 Agricultural and other lignocellulosic biomasses
6.6.2 Municipal solid wastes
6.6.3 Substrates development for biobutanol
6.6.4 Butanol recovery techniques
6.7 Biofuel production
6.7.1 Bioethanol case studies
6.7.2 The economy of biobutanol production
6.8 Techno-economic assessment
6.9 Lifecycle analysis
6.10 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
7 - The importance and impact of pretreatment on bio-butanol production
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Different types of pretreatment
7.2.1 Mechanical pretreatment
7.2.1.1 Mechanical comminution
7.2.1.2 Extrusion
7.2.1.3 Microwave treatment
7.2.1.4 Ultrasound treatment
7.2.2 Hydrothermal pretreatment
7.2.3 Chemical pretreatment
7.2.3.1 Weak acid hydrolysis
7.2.3.2 Strong acid hydrolysis
7.2.3.3 Alkaline hydrolysis
7.2.3.4 Organosolv
7.2.3.5 Oxidative delignification
7.2.3.6 Room temperature ionic liquids
7.2.3.7 Deep eutectic solvents
7.2.4 Biological pretreatment
7.2.4.1 Lignocellulolytic enzymes
7.2.4.2 Clostridia as producers of enzymes
7.2.4.3 Enzymatic action with fermentation strategies
7.3 Inhibitors in biobutanol production
7.3.1 Effect of inhibitors on microbial bio-butanol production
7.3.2 Detoxification strategies
7.4 Impact of pretreatment strategies in biobutanol production
7.5 Concluding remarks
References
8 - Biobutanol production from food crops
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fermentation process of butanol production
8.3 Ancient industrial process of biobutanol production
8.4 Food crops used for butanol production
8.5 Present status of biofuel (biobutanol) production from food grains
8.6 Future perspective of butanol production from food crops
8.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9 - Lignocellulosic bio-butanol production: challenges and solution
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Conventional acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation
9.2.1 Alternate noncellulosic substrates
9.3 Lignocellulosic biomass as a substrate in ABE fermentation for butanol production
9.4 Challenges associated with lignocellulosic biomass as substrate for butanol production
9.5 Solution to the existing challenges associated with lignocellulosic biomass as substrate for butanol production
9.6 Cost analysis of lignocellulosic butanol production
9.7 Conclusions
References
Further reading
10 - Methods for bio-butanol production and purification
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Generations of bio-butanol production
10.3 Fermentation techniques for bio-butanol production
10.4 Challenges in bio-butanol production
10.5 Strain development for bio-butanol production
10.6 Recovery processes for butanol purification
10.6.1 Adsorption
10.6.2 Liquid-liquid extraction
10.6.3 Pervaporation
10.6.4 Gas stripping
10.6.5 Perstraction
10.6.6 Reverse osmosis (RO)
10.7 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgment
References
11 - Current status and perspective on algal biomass-based biobutanol production
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biobutanol—a promising alternate fuel
11.3 Feedstock for biobutanol production
11.3.1 First generation feedstock
11.3.2 Second generation feedstock
11.4 Algae—a third-generation feedstock for biobutanol production
11.4.1 Microalgae
11.4.2 Macroalgae
11.5 Biobutanol production process
11.5.1 Pretreatment of algal biomass
11.5.1.1 Physical and mechanical methods
11.5.1.2 Acid treatment
11.5.1.3 Alkali treatment
11.5.1.4 Enzymatic pretreatment
11.5.1.5 Other pretreatments
11.5.1.6 Nanoparticles in pretreatment
11.6 Biobutanol fermentation processes
11.6.1 Batch fermentation
11.6.2 Immobilized bacterial cells in fermentation
11.7 Downstream processing of biobutanol
11.7.1 Liquid-liquid extraction
11.7.2 Pervaporation
11.7.3 Gas stripping
11.7.4 Super critical extraction
11.8 Challenges in algal biomass-based ABE fermentation
11.9 Conclusion
References
12 - Insights into metabolic engineering approaches for enhanced biobutanol production
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Current methods and challenges for the production of butanol
12.2.1 Chemical methods
12.2.1.1 Application of catalysts for n-butanol synthesis
12.2.2 Biological methods
12.2.2.1 Feedstock for butanol production
12.2.2.2 Generations of bio-butanol production
12.2.3 Challenges for the production of biobutanol
12.2.3.1 Biobutanol toxicity
12.2.3.2 Low recovery of biobutanol from fermentation broth
12.2.3.3 Pretreatment of feed stock
12.3 Types of metabolic engineering approaches for enhanced biobutanol production
12.3.1 Gene knockout
12.3.2 Overexpression of key genes
12.3.3 Antisense RNA technology
12.3.4 Expression of alternative biosynthetic pathway
12.3.5 Other approaches
12.4 International patent status on the application of metabolic engineering for biobutanol production
12.5 Conclusions and prospects
Acknowledgments
References
13 - Application of nanotechnology in biobutanol production
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Challenges associated with biobutanol production
13.3 Nanotechnology: a prospective approach
13.4 Application of nanotechnology in biobutanol production
13.4.1 Fermentation
13.4.2 Solvent recovery
13.4.3 Nanomaterials used in biomass-production/crop quality/bioengineered crops
13.4.4 Nanomaterials used in biomass conversion/hydrolysis by using enzymes
13.5 Risks associated with nanotechnology
13.6 Conclusions
References
Index
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