Advancements in Developing Abiotic Stress-Resilient Plants: Basic Mechanisms to Trait Improvements

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Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Editors
1 Physiological, Molecular, and Biochemical Responses of Rice to Drought Stress
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physiological Responses and Mechanisms Under Drought Stress
1.2.1 Leaf Rolling and Leaf Area Index
1.2.2 Leaf Water Potential (LWP) and Relative Water Content (RWC)
1.2.3 Osmotic Adjustment
1.2.4 Stomatal Density, Aperture Size and Stomatal Conductance
1.2.5 Root Traits
1.2.6 Molecular Breeding for Physiological and Secondary Traits
1.3 Molecular Responses and Mechanisms Under Drought Stress
1.4 Biochemical Responses and Mechanisms Under Drought Stress
1.4.1 Proline
1.4.2 Polyamines
1.4.3 Allantoin
1.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
2 Coordinated Functions of Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Defense Systems in Abiotic Stress Tolerance
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Different Kinds of ROS Generated Under Abiotic Stresses
2.2.1 Superoxide Radical (O₂^.-)
2.2.2 Singlet Oxygen (¹O₂)
2.2.3 Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂)
2.2.4 Hydroxyl Radical (^{. 2.3 Abiotic Stress as a Precursor of ROS Over-Production
2.3.1 Temperature Stress
2.3.2 Water Stress
2.3.3 Salinity
2.3.4 Heavy Metal Stress
2.3.5 Xenobiotic Compound Stress
2.4 ROS-Induced Damage to Cellular Biomolecules
2.4.1 Lipid Membranes
2.4.2 Proteins
2.4.3 Nucleic Acids
2.5 Antioxidant-Based Defense System
2.5.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants
2.5.2 Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
2.6 ROS Signaling and Defense Mechanism
2.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
3 Nitric Oxide-Mediated Salinity Stress Tolerance in Plants: Signaling and Physiological Perspectives
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biosynthesis of Nitric Oxide in Plants
3.3 Nitric Oxide-Mediated Post-Translational Modifications in Plants
3.3.1 S-Nitrosylation
3.3.2 Tyrosine Nitration
3.4 Nitric Oxide Signaling in Plants Under Salinity Stress
3.4.1 Calcium-Dependent Pathway
3.4.2 G-Protein-Dependent Pathway
3.4.3 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway
3.4.4 Nitro-Fatty Acids
3.5 Physiological Roles of Nitric Oxide in Plants Under Salinity Stress
3.5.1 Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Seed Germination and Growth Responses in Plants Under Salinity Stress
3.5.2 Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Maintenance of Osmotic Balance in Plants Under Salinity Stress
3.5.3 Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Maintenance of Photosynthetic Performance in Plants Under Salinity Stress
3.5.4 Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Maintenance of Ions and Nutrient Homeostasis in Plants Under Salinity Stress
3.5.5 Involvement of Nitric Oxide in Regulation of ROS Metabolism and Antioxidant Defense in Plants Under Salinity Stress
3.6 Conclusions
References
4 S-Nitrosylation and Denitrosylation: A Regulatory Mechanism During Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Nitric Oxide in Plants
4.3 S-Nitrosylation in Plants: Introduction and Relevance
4.4 Denitrosylation: A Mechanism to Maintain NO Homeostasis
4.4.1 S-Nitrosoglutathione Reductase
4.4.2 Thioredoxin–Thioredoxin Reductase System
4.5 S-Nitrosylation/Denitrosylation During Abiotic Stress in Plants
4.5.1 Cold Stress
4.5.2 Heat Stress
4.5.3 Salinity Stress
4.5.4 Heavy Metal Stress
4.5.5 Drought Stress
4.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
5 Calcium Signaling Is a Hub of the Signaling Network in Response and Adaptation of Plants to Heat Stress
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Interaction of Calcium Signaling With Other Signaling Molecules in the Response and Adaptation to Heat Stress
5.2.1 Interplay of Calcium Signaling and H2O2 Signaling
5.2.2 Interplay of Calcium Signaling and NO Signaling
5.2.3 Interplay of Calcium Signaling and H2S Signaling
5.2.4 Interplay of Calcium Signaling and Methylglyoxal Signaling
5.2.5 Interplay of Calcium Signaling and Phytohormone Signaling
5.3 Conclusion and Perspective
References
6 Functions of Polyamines in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Biosynthesis of PAs in Plants
6.1.2 Catabolism of PAs
6.1.3 Fruit and Ripening-Specific PA Metabolism
6.2 Exogenous Application of PAs to Enhance Abiotic Stress Tolerance
6.2.1 Water Balance Improvement By PAs
6.2.1.1 Osmotic Stress
6.2.1.2 Drought Stress
6.2.1.3 Salt Stress
6.2.2 Thermotolerance Induction By PAs
6.2.2.1 Cold Stress
6.2.2.2 Heat Stress
6.2.2.3 Heavy Metal Stress
6.2.3 Cross Talk Between PAs and ET, NO, GABA, and H2S During Abiotic Stresses in Crop Plants
6.2.3.1 PAs and Ethylene (ET)
6.2.3.2 PAs and Nitric Oxide
6.2.3.3 PAs and GABA
6.2.3.4 PAs and H2S
6.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
7 Decoding the Multifaceted Role of Glycine Betaine in Heavy Metal Stress Regulation
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Heavy Metal Stress Induced Signaling
7.3 Glycine Betaine Synthesis in Plants
7.3.1 Glycine Betaine Accumulation in Plants Under Stress
7.3.2 Glycine Betaine: An Essential Osmoprotectant
7.4 Potential Role of Glycine Betaine as Heavy Metal Stress Manager
7.4.1 Glycine Betaine and Growth/Crop Productivity
7.4.2 Glycine Betaine and Photosynthetic Attributes
7.4.3 Glycine Betaine and ROS Homeostasis
7.4.4 Glycine Betaine and Protein Up-Regulation
7.4.5 Glycine Betaine and Nutrient/Heavy Metal Uptake
7.5 Genetic Transformation for Glycine Betaine Synthesis to Ameliorate Heavy Metal Stress
7.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
8 Abiotic Stress and Its Role in Altering the Nutritional Landscape of Food Crops
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Impact of Abiotic Stress On Carbohydrates
8.3 Impact of Abiotic Stress On Protein Content and Composition
8.4 Impact of Abiotic Stress On Lipid Content and Composition
8.5 Impact of Abiotic Stress On Mineral Profiles
8.6 Impact of Abiotic Stress On Vitamins
8.7 Impact of Abiotic Stress On Phytochemical Pool
8.8 Impact of Abiotic Stress On Dietary Fiber Content
8.9 Altered Nutritional Profile and Its Effect On Processing Quality
8.10 Advancement in Omics: Unraveling the Stress-Induced Alterations in the Nutritional Spectrum of Food Crops
8.11 Conclusion
References
9 Plant Transcription Factors From Halophytes and Their Role in Salinity and Drought Stress Tolerance
Abbreviations
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Transcriptome Study of Potential Halophyte Plants
9.3 The Potential of Transcription Factors From Halophytes for Abiotic Stress Tolerance
9.4 DREBs
9.5 MYBs
9.6 NACs
9.7 Other Transcription Factors
9.8 Conclusion and Future Perspective
Acknowledgements
References
10 Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance On the Transcriptomics Atlas
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Food Security
10.1.2 Environmental Stresses and Crop Yield
10.2 Transcriptomics
10.3 Transcriptomic Changes Under Abiotic Stress Conditions
10.3.1 Salt Stress
10.3.2 Drought Stress
10.3.3 Heat Stress
10.4 Combined Abiotic Stresses
10.5 Transcriptomics Applications
10.6 Transcriptomics in Halophytes
10.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
11 Deciphering the Molecular Mechanism of Salinity Tolerance in Halophytes Using Transcriptome Analysis
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Salinity Tolerance
11.2.1 Perception of Salt Stress and Early Response
11.2.2 Maintaining Sodium/Potassium Homeostasis and Role of Ion Transporter
11.2.3 Production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
11.2.4 Production and Transport of Salt Stress-Responsive Hormones
11.2.5 Osmotic Adjustment and Other Cellular Components
11.2.6 Expression of Signalling Molecules and Role of Phospholipids and Protein Kinases
11.2.7 Transcription Factors
11.3 Era of Transcriptome Studies
11.3.1 From EST to Whole Transcriptome
11.3.2 Data Analysis
11.4 RNA-Seq-Based Approaches to Study Halophytes
11.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
12 Seed Aging in Crops: A Proteomics Perspective
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Crop Seeds and Aging
12.3 Physiological and Biochemical Changes During Seed Aging
12.4 Proteomics of Soybean Seed During Aging
12.4.1 Enrichment of Low-Abundance Proteins
12.4.2 Proteomic Analysis Using LAPs Extracted From Aged Seeds
12.4.3 Proteomic Analysis of Development Stages of Soybean Seed After Aging Treatment
12.5 Proteomic Analysis of Other Crops of Aged Seeds
12.5.1 Proteomic Analysis of Rapeseed
12.5.2 Proteomic Analysis of Wheat Seed
12.5.3 Proteomic Analysis of Rice Seed
12.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
13 Crop Proteomics: Towards Systemic Analysis of Abiotic Stress Responses
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Basic Plant Responses Against Abiotic Stresses
13.2.1 Solute Accumulation
13.2.2 Antioxidative Defense Responses
13.2.3 Antioxidant Enzyme Generation
13.2.3.1 Superoxide Dismutase
13.2.3.2 Catalase
13.2.3.3 Ascorbate Peroxidase
13.2.3.4 Glutathione Reductase
13.2.4 Non-Enzymatic Antioxidant Generation
13.2.4.1 Ascorbic Acid
13.2.4.2 .-Tocopherol
13.2.4.3 Reduced Glutathione
13.3 Major Abiotic Stress Responses: Molecular Perspective
13.3.1 Drought Stress Response
13.3.2 Salinity Stress Responses
13.3.3 Heat Stress Responses
13.3.4 Heavy Metal Toxicity Responses
13.3.5 Nutrition Deficiency Responses
13.4 Proteomic Approaches: Towards Understanding Abiotic Stresses
13.4.1 Gel-Based Proteomics Approach
13.4.2 Gel-Free Proteomic Approach
13.5 Crop Proteomics: An Update
13.5.1 Wheat
13.5.2 Rice
13.5.3 Maize
13.5.4 Barley
13.5.5 Sorghum
13.5.6 Common Bean
13.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
14 Metabolites and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Types of Metabolites
14.2.1 Primary Metabolites
14.2.1.1 Carbohydrates
14.2.1.2 Amino Acids
14.2.1.3 Polyamines
14.2.2 Secondary Metabolites
14.2.2.1 Terpenoids
14.2.2.2 Phenolic Compounds
14.2.2.3 Nitrogen Group
14.3 Role of Abiotic Stress Tolerance and Metabolites
14.3.1 Salinity-Induced Adaptation in Metabolites
14.3.2 Drought-Induced Changes in Metabolome
14.3.3 Waterlogging Conditions Induce Modification in Various Metabolites
14.3.4 Modification of Metabolites in Respect to Temperature Extremes
14.3.5 High Light Intensity Induces Metabolite Alteration
14.3.6 Nutrient Deficiency Acts as Abiotic Stress and Induces Metabolite Production
14.3.7 Heavy Metals Induce Modification in Different Metabolites
14.4 Novel Approaches in Abiotic Stress Tolerance: Melatonin and Serotonin
14.4.1 Melatonin
14.4.2 Serotonin
14.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
15 Genome Editing for Developing Abiotic Stress-Resilient Plants
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Application of Genome Editing Techniques in Plants
15.3 First-Generation GETs
15.3.1 Meganucleases
15.3.2 Zinc Finger Nucleases
15.3.3 Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease
15.4 Second-Generation GETs
15.4.1 CRISPR/Cas9: A Recently Developed Genome Editing Technology
15.5 Major Genome Editing Techniques Used for Developing Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
15.5.1 Application of ZFNs for Trait Improvement in Plants
15.5.2 Application of TALEN for Trait Improvement in Plants
15.5.3 Applications of CRISPR/Cas Technology for Improving Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants
15.5.3.1 CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Drought Stress Tolerance
15.5.3.2 CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Salt Stress Tolerance
15.5.3.3 CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Heat Stress Tolerance
15.5.3.4 CRISPR/Cas-Mediated Cold Stress Tolerance
15.6 Extension and Latest GE Technology Incarnations for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crops
15.6.1 Vector Delivery
15.6.1.1 Stable Expression
15.6.1.2 Transient Expression
15.6.2 Use of Ribonucleoproteins (RNPs)
15.6.3 Multiplexing
15.6.4 Allelic Replacement
15.6.5 Minimal Off-Target With Updated Versions of CRISPR/Cas9 Module
15.7 Potential Challenges of Genome Editing for Developing Abiotic Stress-Resilient Plants
15.8 Comparison of Transgenic, TILLING, and Genome Editing Approach
15.9 Conclusions
References
16 Molecular Breeding in Rice for Abiotic Stress Resilience: The Story Since 2004
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Tools Available for Molecular Breeding in Rice
16.3 Drought
16.4 Acidity
16.5 Salinity
16.6 Submergence
16.7 Cold
16.8 Heat
16.9 Low Light Intensity
16.10 Donors/Germplasm Identified for Abiotic Stress Tolerance
16.11 Cross Talk
16.12 Phenotyping Platforms
16.13 Future Prospects
References
17 Nanotechnology in Developing Abiotic Stress Resilience in Crops: A Physiological Implication
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Nanotechnology-Mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants
17.2.1 Opportunities of Nanotechnology in Developing Flooding Stress Resilience in Crops
17.2.2 Use of Nanoparticles Under Drought Stress
17.2.3 Nanomaterials Against Salinity Stress
17.2.4 Nanomaterials to Combat Cold Stress
17.2.5 Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal Remediation
17.3 Nanofertilizers in Crop Physiology and Production
17.4 Nanoparticles in Molecular Breeding and Gene Expression
17.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
References
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