Advancements in Biosurfactants Research

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Part I: Overview and Economic Aspect of Biosurfactants Production
Biosurfactants: Types, Sources, and Production
1 Introduction
2 The Superiority of Biosurfactants Over Other Synthetic and Plant-Based Surfactants
3 Global Biosurfactant Market
4 Types of Biosurfactants
5 Sources of Production of Biosurfactants
6 Factors Affecting Biosurfactants Production
7 Challenges and Future Research Directions
8 Conclusion
References
Innovative and Sustainable Production Processes for Biosurfactants
1 Introduction
2 Sustainable Approaches to Biosurfactant Production in Submerged Fermentation Using Low-Cost Substrates
2.1 The Use of Renewable Resources for Glycolipids Production
2.2 The Use of Renewable Resources for Lipopeptide Production
2.3 Research Needs and Future Directions to Sustainable BS Production in Submerged Bioprocesses
3 Solid-State Fermentation as a Sustainable Technology for Biosurfactant Production
3.1 The Use of Food and Agro-industrial Wastes for Biosurfactant Production by SSF
3.2 Challenges and Perspectives
4 Genetically Enhanced and Hyper-Producing Recombinant Strains
5 Biosurfactant Co-production
6 Final Considerations
References
Sustainable Production of Biosurfactants Using Waste Substrates
1 Introduction
2 Biosurfactant Production from Wastes
2.1 Rhamnolipids
2.2 Lipopeptides
2.3 Sophorolipids
2.4 Other Biosurfactants
3 Discussion
4 Conclusions and Future Directions
References
Characterization and Purification of Biosurfactants
1 Introduction
2 Properties of Biosurfactants
2.1 Critical Micelle Concentration (CMC)
2.2 Temperature and pH Tolerance
2.3 Biodegradability
2.4 Specificity
2.5 Emulsion Forming/Breaking
2.6 Antiadhesive Agents
3 Classification of Microbial Biosurfactant
3.1 Glycolipids
3.2 Lipopeptide
3.3 Neutral Lipids, Fatty Acids, and Phospholipids
4 Factors Affecting Biosurfactants
4.1 Carbon Source in Biosurfactant Production
4.2 Nitrogen Source in Biosurfactant Production
4.3 pH
4.4 Aeration and Agitation
4.5 Salinity
5 Characterization of Biosurfactant
5.1 Biochemical Assays
5.2 Thin-Layer Chromatography/Purified Biosurfactant Fractions
5.3 Product Analysis by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
5.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
5.5 Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
5.6 Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (ESI-MS)
5.7 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
6 Extraction and Purification of Biosurfactant
7 Purification
8 Conclusion
References
Biodegradation and Cytotoxic Effects of Biosurfactants
1 Introduction
2 Molecular Weight-Based Categorization of Biosurfactants
2.1 Low-Molecular-Weight Biosurfactants
2.1.1 Glycolipids
2.1.1.1 Rhamnolipids
2.1.1.2 Sophorolipids
2.1.1.3 Trehalolipids
2.1.2 Phospholipids
2.1.3 Lipopeptides
2.2 High-Molecular-Weight Biosurfactants
2.2.1 Lipopolysaccharides and Amphipathic Polysaccharides
2.2.2 Lipoproteins
3 Biological Properties of Biosurfactants
4 Role of Biosurfactants in Biodegradation
5 In vitro Cytotoxic Effects of Biosurfactants
5.1 Breast Cancer
5.2 Colon Cancer
5.3 Leukemia
5.4 Liver Cancer
5.5 Other Cancer Types
6 Conclusion
7 Challenges and Future Prospects of Biosurfactants
References
Comparison of Biodegradability, and Toxicity Effect of Biosurfactants with Synthetic Surfactants
1 Introduction
2 The Environmental Impact of Synthetic Surfactants
3 Cytotoxicity of Surfactants and Biosurfactants
4 Biodegradation of Biosurfactants
5 Synthetic Surfactants and Biosurfactants in the Cosmetic Industry
6 Biosurfactants Applied in the Food Industry
7 Future Directions
8 Conclusions
References
Surface Activity and Emulsification Properties of Saponins as Biosurfactants
1 Introduction
2 Structure Diversity and Properties
3 Surface Properties of Saponins
4 Critical Micelle Concentration
5 Saponins as Biosurfactants
6 Saponin-Stabilized Nanoemulsions
7 Conclusion
References
Part II: Biosurfactants: Current Industrial Applications
Biosurfactants as Emulsifying Agents in Food Formulation
1 Introduction
2 Roles of Additives and Importance of Biosurfactants in the Food Sector
2.1 Roles of Additives in the Food Sector
2.1.1 Freshness Maintenance
2.1.2 Safety Maintenance
2.1.3 Improving the Appearance and Texture
2.1.4 Maintenance and Improvement of Nutritional Value
2.2 Importance of Emulsifiers and Surfactants in the Food Sector
3 Biosurfactants in Food Formulations as the Emulsifiers
3.1 Food Formulations as Enhanced by Biosurfactants
3.2 Evacuating Heavy Metals from Foods Using Biosurfactants
3.3 Sanitations of Food Processing Using Biosurfactants
3.4 Biosurfactants as Food Additives
4 Conclusion
References
Application of Biosurfactants as Anti-Corrosive Agents
1 Introduction
2 An Introduction to Biosurfactants
3 Biosurfactants as Anti-Corrosive Agents for Corrosion
4 Biosurfactants as Biocides for Biocorrosion
5 Conclusion
References
Role of Biosurfactants in Nanoparticles Synthesis and their Stabilization
1 Introduction
1.1 Biosynthesis of Microbial Nanoparticles
2 Biosurfactants
2.1 Sources of Biosurfactants
2.2 Isolation and Selection of Biosurfactant-Producing Microbes
2.3 Use of Cheaper Substrates
3 Biosurfactants: Types, Structures, and Properties
3.1 Structure
3.2 Types
3.3 Properties
4 Advantages of Biosurfactants
5 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles
5.1 Biosurfactant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
5.2 Mechanism of Biosurfactant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis
6 Role of Biosurfactants in Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles (Me-NPs)
7 Glycolipids Biosurfactants Produced Nanoparticles
7.1 Lipopeptides Biosurfactants Produced Nanoparticles
8 Chemical Surfactants and Nanoparticles
9 The Antimicrobial and Cellular Activity of Nanoparticles
10 Use of Lipoproteins and Lipopeptides in the Synthesis of Nanoparticles
11 Use of Glycolipopeptides, Glycopeptides, and Glycoproteins in the Formation of Nanoparticles
12 Conclusions and Future Perspective
References
New Trends in the Textile Industry: Utilization and Application of Biosurfactants
1 Textile Industry
2 Textile Effluent
2.1 Dye Toxicity
3 Conventional Treatment of Textile Industrial Effluents
4 Role of Biosurfactants in Promoting Environmental Sustainability
4.1 Application of Biosurfactant in the Textile Industry
5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Biosurfactants as an Eco-Friendly Technology in Heavy Metal Remediation
1 Environmental Contamination by Heavy Metals
2 Role of Biosurfactants in Metal Remediation
3 Mechanism of the Process of Heavy Metals Removal by Biosurfactants
4 Applications of the Process
5 Biosurfactants in Co-Contaminated Sites Remediation
6 Patents of Biosurfactants for Application in the Removal of Heavy Metals
7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Biosurfactants and Their Perspectives for Application in Drug Adsorption
1 Introduction
2 Characteristics of Biosurfactants
3 General Concepts of the Adsorption Technique in the Liquid Phase
4 Influence of Biosurfactants on Drug Adsorption
5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Role of Biosurfactants in Promoting Biodegradation in Waste Treatment
1 Introduction
2 Waste Management
2.1 Toxicity of Waste Containing Hazardous Pollutants
3 Bioremediation in Waste Management and Treatment
3.1 Land Treatment
3.2 Composting/Biopile
3.3 Bio-slurry Treatment
4 Microbial Degradation of Organic Pollutants Found in Waste
5 The Processes Involved in the Biodegradation of Hydrocarbons
5.1 Factors Affecting the Rate of Degradation
6 Role of Surfactants in the Degradation of Organic Pollutants
6.1 Classification and Properties of Surfactants
6.2 Toxicity of Surfactants and Biosurfactants
6.3 Types of Biosurfactants and Biosurfactant Producing Microorganisms
7 Conclusion
References
Role of Biosurfactants in Agriculture Management
1 Introduction
2 Unique Properties of Biosurfactants
3 Role of Biosurfactants in Biofilm Formation and Root Colonization
4 Potential of Biosurfactants as Antifungal Agents
5 Mechanism for Antimicrobial Action
6 Role of Biosurfactants in Nutrient Bioavailability in the Soil
7 Biosurfactants in Pesticide Degradation and Soil Rehabilitation
8 Conclusion and Future Prospects
9 Commercial Resources of Biosurfactants
10 Suggested Reviewers.
References
Biosurfactants and Their Benefits for Seeds
1 Introduction
2 Antimicrobial Properties
3 Stimulation of Plant Immunity
4 Bioremediation Properties
5 Non-phytotoxicity of Biosurfactants
6 Potent Plant Growth Promoter
7 Synergistic Action of Biosurfactants
8 Conclusion
9 Companies, Organizations, and Research Groups Working on the Topic
References
Role of Biosurfactants in Marine Sediment Remediation of Organic Pollutants
1 Introduction
2 Biosurfactants: Production, Environmental Influence, and Remediation Properties
2.1 Biosurfactants and Their Main Microbial Producers
2.2 Environmental Factors That Influence Biosurfactant Production
2.2.1 Aerobic Biosurfactant Production
2.2.2 Anaerobic Biosurfactant Production
2.3 Characteristic Remediation Properties of Biosurfactant
2.3.1 Microbial Cellular Communication
2.3.2 Surface and Interfacial Tension Reduction
2.3.3 Enhanced Solubilization, Mass Transfer, and Bioavailability
2.3.4 Environmental Tolerance and Ionic Strength
2.3.5 Biodegradability and Low Toxicity
2.3.6 Emulsion Forming and Breaking
3 The Fate of Organic Pollutants and Biosurfactant Mechanism of Action
4 Environmental Application of Biosurfactant During Pollutant Remediation
4.1 Direct Supplementation of Biosurfactant and Dose Effect
4.2 Supplementation of Biosurfactant-Producing Microbes and Synergistic Effect
4.3 Immobilization of Biosurfactant or Biosurfactant Producers
4.4 Nanotechnological Practices
5 Role of Biosurfactants in Marine Sediment Remediation
5.1 Biosurfactant-Mediated Microbial Remediation
5.2 Biosurfactant-Mediated Phytoremediation
5.3 Biosurfactant-Mediated Bio-electrokinetic Remediation
6 Remediation Evaluation Techniques of Contaminated Marine Sediment
6.1 Organic Pollutant Extraction
6.2 Organic Pollutant Quantification
7 Some Relevant Enterprises Working on the Massive Biosurfactant Production
8 Future Prospects
9 Conclusion
References
The Role of Biosurfactants in Biofuel Production
1 Introduction
1.1 Significance of Energy
1.2 Types of Energy Sources
1.2.1 Sources of Nonrenewable Energy
1.2.2 Sources of Renewable Energy
1.2.2.1 Biomass
1.2.2.2 Biodiesel
2 Biofuel Production
2.1 Biofuels´ Types
2.2 Biohydrogen Production
2.3 Production of Other Biofuels
2.4 Advantage of Biofuel
3 Biosurfactant in Biofuel Production
3.1 Types of Biosurfactants
3.2 Chemical Composition of Biosurfactants
3.3 Biosurfactant-Producing Bacteria in Aquatic Environment
3.3.1 Bacillus
3.3.2 Antarctobacter
3.3.3 Rhodococcus
3.3.4 Pseudomonas
3.4 Activities of Biosurfactants in Biofuel Production
3.5 Significance of Biosurfactants in Biofuel Production
4 Conclusion
5 Important Websites
References
Part III: Biosurfactants: Current Biomedical Applications
Role of Biosurfactants in Biocidal Activity and Wound Healing
1 Introduction
2 Genetics of BS Production
3 Classification of Biosurfactant and Their Microbial Origin
3.1 High Molecular Weight Biosurfactants Produced by Bacteria Around the Environment
3.1.1 Glycopeptides Biosurfactants
3.1.2 Phospholipids (Glycolipoprotein) Biosurfactants
3.1.3 Particulate Biosurfactants
3.1.4 Polymeric Biosurfactants
3.2 Lower Molecular Weight Biosurfactants
3.2.1 Glycolipids Biosurfactants
3.2.2 Lipopeptide Biosurfactants
4 The Omic Method in Detecting Biosurfactants With Antimicrobial Property
5 Biocidal Activity of Microbial-Derived Biosurfactant
5.1 Antibacterial Activity of Biosurfactants
5.2 Antifungal Activity of Biosurfactants
5.3 Antiviral Activity of Biosurfactants
5.4 Anti-adhesive Activity of Biosurfactants
6 Role of Biosurfactants in Wound Healing
6.1 In Vitro Study of Biosurfactants in Dermal Wound Healing
6.2 In Vivo Study of Biosurfactant in the Evaluation of Wound Healing
6.3 Biosurfactants as Skin Surface Moisturizer
7 Commercialization of Biosurfactant Containing Antimicrobial Property
8 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
Biosurfactants as Potential Antitumor Agents
1 Introduction
2 Classification, Mode of Action, and Properties of Biosurfactants
2.1 Low Molecular Weight Compounds (LMWB)
2.1.1 Lipopeptides
2.1.2 Iturin
2.1.3 Glycolipids
2.2 High Molecular Weight Biosurfactants (HMWB)
3 Biomedical Values of Biosurfactants
3.1 Antimicrobial Activity
3.2 Antiviral Activity
3.3 Antifungal Activity
3.4 Anti-inflammatory Activity
4 Potential Use of Biosurfactants as Antitumor Agents
5 Conclusions and Perspectives
6 Companies Working on Biosurfactants as Antitumor Agents
References
Biosurfactants in Oral Cavity Care
1 Introduction
2 Types of Biosurfactants
2.1 Glycolipids
2.1.1 Rhamnolipids
2.1.2 Sophorolipids
2.1.3 Trehalolipids
2.2 Phospholipids
2.3 Lipopeptides
2.4 Others
3 Oral Microbiome and Oral Health
3.1 Links Between Oral and Lung and Oral and Gut Microbiomes
4 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants Against Oral Pathogens
5 Biosurfactants in Controlling Oral Biofilm Formation
6 Mouthwash and Toothpaste Formulations
6.1 Biosurfactants in Mouthwash Formulations
6.2 Biosurfactants in Toothpaste Formulations
7 Conclusion
8 Current Challenges and Future Prospects of Biosurfactants
References
Role of Biosurfactants in Biofilm Prevention and Disruption
1 Introduction
1.1 Biosurfactant
2 Biofilms
2.1 The Adaptive Beneficial Impact of Biofilm on Microbes
2.2 The Genetic Prospect of Biofilm Formation
2.3 The Beneficial Impact of Biofilm
3 Biofilm: A Threat
3.1 Harm Rendered by Bacterial Biofilm
3.2 Harm Rendered by Fungal Biofilm
4 The Current Approach to Deal with Biofilm
5 Role of Biosurfactant in Inhibiting and Disrupting Biofilm
6 Antibiofilm Activity Against Bacterial Pathogen
7 Antibiofilm Activity Against Fungal Pathogen
8 Conclusion
9 Future Perspective
References
Part IV: Biosurfactants: Commercialization, Challenges and Future Outlook
Advantages and Disadvantages of Biosurfactants over Other Synthetic Surfactants
1 Introduction
1.1 Surfactant Classification
1.2 Properties of Synthetic Surfactants and Biosurfactants
1.3 Advantages of Biosurfactants over the Synthetic Surfactants
1.4 Disadvantages of Biosurfactants over Synthetic Surfactants
2 Conclusions
References
Commercialization of Biosurfactants
1 Introduction
2 Industrial Prospects of BSs in Enabling Commercialization
2.1 Cosmetic Sector
2.2 Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sectors
2.3 Formulation of Detergents
2.4 Food Sector
2.5 Oil Sector
2.6 Textile Sector
2.7 Agricultural Sector
2.8 Other Industrial Sectors
3 Low-Cost Substrates for Producing Commercial-Viable Biosurfactants
3.1 Agro-industrial Wastes
3.2 Animal Fat
3.3 Dairy and Distillery Wastes
3.4 Oil Wastes and Vegetable Oils
4 Techniques for Realistic Commercialization of BSs
5 Conclusion
References
Biosurfactants: Challenges and Future Outlooks
1 Introduction
1.1 Factors Responsible for Transition from Chemical Surfactants to Biosurfactants
1.2 Biosurfactants Market Analysis
1.3 Biosurfactant Market: Regional Distribution
1.4 Commercial Production of Biosurfactants
1.5 Factors Affecting Biosurfactant Production
1.5.1 Nutritional Factors
1.5.2 Physical Parameters
1.6 Challenges in the Large-Scale Production and Commercialization of Biosurfactants
1.6.1 Economic Constraints
1.6.2 Technical Constraints
1.6.3 Safety Concerns
1.7 Future Research Directions to Improve Biosurfactant Yields
1.7.1 Strategies to Improve Biosurfactant Yields
1.7.2 Strategies to Improve Process Economics
1.7.3 Strategies to Improve Fermentation Process for Production of Biosurfactants
2 Conclusions and Future Prospects
References