Advanced Weaving Technology

Editors’ Preface
Contents
Basics of Weaving: Product and Process Parameters
Weaving Preparation
1 Introduction
2 Winding
2.1 Types of Packages Winding
2.2 Clearing
3 Warping
3.1 The Creel
3.2 The Warping Machine
4 Sizing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sizing Materials
4.3 Sizing Machine
5 Drawing-In and Tying-In
5.1 Drawing-In
5.2 Tying—Knotting
5.3 Process Sequence Between the Warp Beam Storage and the Weaving Mill
References
Basic Notions to Design a Dobby Fabric
1 Introduction to 2D and 3D Fabrics
1.1 Fabrics with Diamond Woven Pattern
1.2 2D Wrinkled Woven Fabrics
1.3 2D Spiral Woven Fabrics
1.4 2D Terry Fabrics
1.5 2D Velvet Fabrics
1.6 2D Double Faces Woven Fabrics
1.7 2D Tubular Woven Fabrics
1.8 2D Double-Wall Fabrics
1.9 3D Warp Interlock Fabrics
1.10 3D Shape Woven Fabrics
1.11 Weave Diagram Theory
1.12 Observation of a Woven Structure
1.13 Geometrical Modelling of 2D Woven Fabrics
1.14 Fundamental Weave Diagrams
2 Design of a Dobby Fabric
2.1 Description of Elementary Parts to Design a Dobby Fabric
2.2 Design of Dobby Fabrics [16]
3 Conclusion
Appendices
Exercises on Weave Diagrams Construction
Exercises on Dobby Woven Fabric
Solutions on Weave Diagrams Construction
Solutions on Dobby Woven Fabric
References
Shedding Principles and Mechanisms
1 Introduction
1.1 Shedding Principle
1.2 Introduction on Warp Tension [9]
1.3 Shed Definition and Woven Fabric Construction
1.4 Shed Geometry
1.5 Exercise
2 Shedding Mechanisms
2.1 Tappet Shedding
3 Cam Motions
3.1 Cam Mechanisms Classification and Cams Design
3.2 External Cam Mechanisms Description
3.3 Cam Indexing
3.4 Exercise
4 Dobbies
4.1 Principle
4.2 Classification
4.3 Modern Dobbies Principle and Composition
4.4 Motorized Dobbies
5 Jacquard
5.1 A History of Jacquard [2, 5]
5.2 Modern Electronic Jacquard [1, 11]
5.3 Motorized Jacquard
5.4 Exercise
6 Exercises Solutions
6.1 Shed Geometry and Tension Exercise
6.2 Cam Indexing Exercise
References
Non-uniformity and Irregularities in the Weaving
1 Introduction
2 Character and Cause of Unevenness in Woven Fabrics
2.1 Non-Uniformity of Thread Interlacing Structures
2.2 Scattering of Thread Width, Spacing and Porosity
2.3 Warp and Weft Tension Differences by Shed Formation
2.4 Displacement of Cloth Fell—Vertical and Horizontal Weft Bow
2.5 Bowed Course of Warp-End Tensions Across Fabric Width
2.6 Different Treatment of Weft Threads on Air-Jet Machines
3 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Design of Weave Patterns
1 Fabric Construction, Weave Patterns and Weave Diagrams
2 Elementary Weaves
3 The Plain Weave and Its Derivatives
3.1 Plain Weave
3.2 Rib Weave
3.3 Hopsack Weave
4 The Twill Weave and Its Derivatives
4.1 Twill Weave
4.2 Strengthened Twill Weave
4.3 Complex Twill Weave
4.4 Zig-Zag Twill Weave
5 The Sateen and Satin Weaves and Their Derivatives
5.1 Satin and Sateen Weaves
5.2 Strengthened Satin Weave
6 Weave Patterns for Stripe Effects
6.1 Horizontal Stripe Effects
6.2 Vertical Stripe Effects
7 Weave Patterns for Cell-Like Effects
7.1 Square Weaves
7.2 Fancy Basket Weave
8 Weave Patterns for Rib Effects
8.1 Tightened Rib Weave
8.2 Tightened Twill Weave with Additional Weft Threads
8.3 Tightened Satin or Sateen Weave with Additional Weft Threads
9 Weave Patterns for Diagonal Effects
9.1 Elongated Twill Weave
9.2 Diagonal Rib Weave
9.3 Fancy Diagonal Twill
9.4 Broken Twill
10 Weave Patterns for Zig-Zag Effects
10.1 Zig-Zag Rib Weave
10.2 Herringbone Twill Weave
11 Weave Patterns for Curved Effects
11.1 Curved Twill Weave
11.2 Curved Zig-Zag Twill Weave
12 Weave Patterns for 3D Effects
13 New Methods for the Design of Weave Patterns
14 Conclusion
15 Recommendations
References
CAD for Weaving
TexGen
1 Introduction
2 TexGen Modelling Theory
2.1 Yarn Path
2.2 Cross-Sections
2.3 Domain and Yarn Repeats
2.4 Yarn Orientations and Volume Fractions
3 Automatically Generating Textile Models Using the TexGen Weave Wizards
3.1 3D Weave Wizard
3.2 3D Weave Wizard
4 Creating Custom Textiles and Editing Textiles Using the Graphical User Interface
4.1 Create a Simple Textile
4.2 Editing Textiles
4.3 Adding Material Properties
4.4 Loading and Saving TexGen Files
5 Python Scripting API
5.1 Creating a Textile Model Using a Python Script
5.2 Editing Textiles Using the Python Console
6 Pre-Processing Textile Models for Simulation
6.1 Dry Fibre Volume Mesh Export
6.2 Tetrahedral Volume Mesh Export
6.3 Voxel Mesh Export
6.4 Geometry Export
7 Conclusion
Appendix
References
WiseTex—A Virtual Textile Composites Software
1 Introduction
2 Weave Coding
3 Fabric Geometry
3.1 Yarn Centre-Line Shape in a Crimp Interval
3.2 Crimp Balance
3.3 Full Description of the Fabric Geometry
4 Nested Laminates
5 Fabric Deformations: Flat Compaction, Shear and Bi-Axial Tension
6 Scripting
7 Transfer of a WiseTex Model to Finite Element Tools
8 Conclusions
Appendix A. Textile Objects in WiseTex and Their Parameters
Appendix B. Command Line Components of WiseTex Package
References
Fiberworks—A Loom Simulator for the Shaft Loom
1 Representation of Woven Fabric in Two Dimensions
2 Fiberworks Screen Layout and Drawing Tools
3 Editing and Corrections
4 Adding Colour and Manipulating Colours
5 Varying Thread Spacing and Thickness
6 Selection, Cut, Copy and Paste, Transforms and Repeats
7 Profile Drafts and Block Substitution
8 Pattern Lines and Network Drafting
9 Fabric Analysis
10 Exercises
References
3D and Multi-axis Weaving: Product and Process
Process Based Method for Pattern Development of Narrow Woven Complex Profiles
1 Introduction
2 Terminological Remarks
3 Pattern Development
4 Hollow and Solid Woven Structures with Circular Diameter
4.1 Hollow Tubular Weave
4.2 Folded Multilayer Structures
5 Profiles
5.1 Cross Section Preparation
5.2 Shuttle Motion Sequence
5.3 Warp Yarns Distribution
5.4 Warp and Weft Yarn Interlacement
5.5 Pattern Drawing
5.6 Number Shuttles
6 Summary of the Process Based Method of Pattern Development
7 Needle Weaving with Two Needles
8 Sources for Further Reading
9 Conclusions
References
3D Orthogonal Woven Fabric Formation, Structure, and Their Composites
1 Introduction
2 Structure and Formation of 3D Orthogonal Woven Preforms
2.1 Structure
2.2 Formation
3 Features of 3D Orthogonal Preforms and Their Composites
4 Innovation in Shed Formation System
4.1 Innovation in Dobby Shedding Systems
4.2 Innovation in Jacquard Shedding Systems
4.3 3D Weaving at ITMA 2015 and 2019 Shows
5 Geometric Modelling of 3D Orthogonal Preforms
6 Nomenclature
6.1 Generalized Model for Non-Jammed Preforms
6.2 Generalized Model for Jammed Preforms
6.3 FVF of x-, y-Yarn, and z-Yarns
6.4 Preform Areal Density
6.5 Numerical Results
7 Experimental Verification of the Geometric Modelling of 3D Orthogonal Preforms
8 Modelling Performance of Composite from 3D Orthogonal Woven Preforms
References
Definition and Design of 3D Warp Interlock Fabric
1 Introduction
2 Description of the 3D Warp Interlock Fabric Constituents
3 General Definition of a 3D Warp Interlock Fabric Step-By-Step Design Process
3.1 General Definition of a 3D Warp Interlock Fabric
3.2 Step-By-Step Methodology to Define a 3D Warp Interlock Fabric
4 Construction of the General Weave Pattern
4.1 Identification of Partial Weave Pattern Scheme
4.2 Introduction of the Weft Formulae
4.3 Identification of the Peg Plan and Drawing-In Plan
5 Conclusion
Appendix
References
Design and Manufacture of 3D Woven Textiles
1 Introduction to 3D Woven Textiles
1.1 What are 3D Woven Textiles
1.2 Classifications of 3D Woven Textiles
2 Weaving Technologies for 3D Woven Textiles
2.1 Conventional Looms for 3D Weaving
2.2 Purpose-Made Weaving Devices for 3D Weaving
3 Design and Manufacture of 3D Woven Fabrics
3.1 3D Solid Woven Fabrics
4 3D Hollow Woven Preforms
4.1 Hollow Fabrics with Flat Surfaces
4.2 Hollow Fabrics with Uneven Surfaces
5 3D Shell Woven Fabrics
5.1 Weaving with Discrete Take-Up
5.2 Use of Combined Weaves
5.3 Shell Fabrics by Moulding
5.4 Use of Origami Principle for Box Shells
6 3D Nodal Woven Fabrics
7 3D Woven Architectures from Specially-Made Devices
8 Conclusions
References
3D Weaving Process Adapted for Natural and High Performance Fibres
1 Introduction
2 Fibre Degradation
2.1 Use Specific and Adapted Material
2.2 Reduce the Loom Motions
2.3 Avoid Any Contact During the Weft Insertion
2.4 Decrease the Yarn Friction Coefficient
2.5 Manage the Loom Parts Motion
3 Density of Warp Yarns and Thickness
3.1 Manage the Warp Yarns Storage
3.2 Use of Yarns Condenser
3.3 Adapt the Inclination of Warp Yarns
3.4 Select the Adapted Drawing-In Plan
3.5 Adapt the Weaving Reed Stitching
4 Integrity of the 3D Woven Geometry
4.1 Adapt the Take-Up Roller
4.2 Adapt the Fabric Selvedge
4.3 Manage the Warp Yarns Tension
4.4 Use the Dedicated Weft Yarns Insertion Order
5 Conclusion
References
Multi-axis Weaving
1 Introduction
2 Definition
3 Principle of Multi-axis Weaving
3.1 2D Weaving
3.2 Multilayer Weaving
3.3 Multi-axis Weaving
4 Geometry and Architecture of Bias Yarn Layer
5 Multiaxis Weaving Machine
5.1 Shedding and Packing Operation
5.2 Bias Yarn Feeding System
5.3 Bias Yarns Position Control Mechanism
5.4 Polar Multilayer Multiaxis Weaving
6 Conclusion
References
Weaving in 3D Shape and Volume
1 Introduction
2 Definition
3 Principle of 3D Shape at 0°/90°
3.1 3D Shape Obtained by Stamping
3.2 3D Shape Obtained 2D Weaving
3.3 3D Shape Obtained 3D Weaving !
4 Principle of 3D Volume
5 Conclusion
References
Various Applications of Woven Structures
The Weaving of Optical Fiber for Cancer Treatment
1 Introduction
1.1 AK and PDT
1.2 Light Diffuser from Optical Fibers
2 2D Weaving Machines for OF
3 LEF Preparation and Connections
4 Measurement and Evaluation Technique for Emitted Light Quality
5 Light-Emitting Fabric Adapted to a POF Treatment Using Materials’ Modifications
5.1 Materials
5.2 Methods and Associate Results
6 Light-Emitting Fabric Adapted to a POF Treatment Using Structural Modifications
6.1 Materials
6.2 Methods and Associate Results
7 Conclusion
References
3D Weaving for Composites
1 Introduction: 3D Woven Fabrics and Structures
1.1 Definition of 3D Fabrics and Structures
1.2 3D Fabrics
1.3 3D Woven Structures
1.4 Designing of 3D Woven Fabrics and Structures
2 3D Weaves
2.1 Layer to Layer Interlock Weaves Either by Warp or Filling
2.2 Layer to Layer Interlock Weave with Z Fibers
2.3 Layer to Layer Interlock Weave Based on Satin Weave
2.4 Layer to Layer Angle Interlock Weave Either by Warp or Filling
2.5 Layer to Layer Angle Interlock with Stuffer Threads
2.6 Orthogonal Weave
2.7 Different Numbers of Layers in Various Locations for Complex Shapes
2.8 Combination Weaves for Complex Shapes
2.9 Properties of 3D Weaves
3 Contour Fabrics
4 Polar Structures/Spiral/Arched Structures
5 Load Bearing Joints
5.1 T Structure
5.2 Fillets (Noodles)
5.3 PI Structure
5.4 Hollow Structures
5.5 Truss Cores
5.6 Complex Structures
5.7 Solid Panels
5.8 3D Weaving Calculations
6 Applications
7 Advantages of Woven 3D Structures
8 Manufacturing Technologies
8.1 Weaving Preparation
8.2 Weaving Technologies
9 Future Trends and Applications
References
3D Woven Fabrics-A Promising Structure for Women Soft Body Armor Development
1 Introduction
2 Body Armor and Its Category
2.1 Soft Body Armor
2.2 Hard Body Armor
3 Designing Methods of Women Soft Body Armor
3.1 2D Pattern Making Methods
3.2 Folding and Overlapping Methods
3.3 Molding Methods
4 3D Woven Fabrics for Women Soft Body Armor Development
4.1 Some Examples of 3D Woven Fabric Applications for Women Body Armor Design
5 Conclusion
References