This book reports on the treatment of waters and wastewaters with contaminants of emerging concern such as pharmaceutically active compounds. It shows how to prevent the contamination of the environment with such pollutants in the content of effluents. This book reviews various physico-chemical and biological methods that have been developed in order to deal with the polluted effluents. It also evaluates the already developed technologies regarding the sustainability criteria. The chapters discuss technical aspects and put the spotlight on the sustainability aspects of the water and wastewater treatment technologies.
Author(s): Mohammadreza Kamali, Tejraj M. Aminabhavi, Maria Elisabete V. Costa, Shahid Ul Islam, Lise Appels, Raf Dewil
Series: Green Energy and Technology
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 259
City: Cham
Preface
About This Book
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Water Bodies—Occurrence, Fate, and Toxicity
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Occurrence and Environmental Concentrations
1.3 Fate and Toxicity
1.4 Further Reading
1.5 Summary
References
2 Techniques for the Detection, Quantifications, and Identification of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds and Their Removal Mechanisms
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Detection and Quantification Techniques
2.3 Techniques for Identification of the Removal Mechanisms
2.3.1 Adsorptive Removal
2.3.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes
2.3.3 Biological Treatment Systems
2.3.4 Toxicity Studies
2.4 Further Reading
2.5 Summary
References
3 Removal of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Water Bodies—Science History and Research Hotspots
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Methodology
3.3 Results and Discussion
3.3.1 Research Statistics
3.3.2 Research Trends and Hotspots
3.4 Further Reading
3.5 Summary
References
4 Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Activated Sludge Systems—Presence, Fate, and Removal Efficiency
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Effects of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds on Aerobic Microorganisms
4.2 Biodegradation of PhACs With AS
4.3 Adsorption of PhACs With AS
4.4 Modifications in AS Processes for the Efficient Removal of PhACs
4.4.1 Upgrading the Existing Facilities
4.5 Further Reading
4.6 Summary
References
5 Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Anaerobic Digestion Processes—Biodegradation and Fate
5.1 Introduction
5.2 AD for PhAC-Containing Effluents
5.3 AD for PhAC-Containing Waste Sludge
5.4 Further Reading
5.5 Summary
References
6 Microbial Fuel Cells for the Bioelectricity Generation from Effluents Containing Pharmaceutically Active Compounds
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells: Fundamentals and Mechanisms
6.3 Microbial Fuel Cells for the Degradation of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds
6.4 Combined Technologies
6.5 Future Reading
6.6 Summary
References
7 Constructed Wetlands for the Elimination of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds; Fundamentals and Prospects
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Plant Species in Constructed Wetlands
7.3 CWs for (Waste)Water Treatment; General Considerations
7.4 CWs for the Elimination of PhACs
7.4.1 Removal Mechanism
7.4.2 Operating Conditions
7.4.3 Combination Strategies
7.5 Further Reading
7.6 Summary
References
8 Membrane Separation Technologies for the Elimination of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds—Progress and Challenges
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Membrane-Based Technologies for PhAC Removal
8.2.1 Forward Osmosis and Reverse Osmosis
8.2.2 Nanofiltration
8.2.3 Ultrafiltration
8.2.4 Microfiltration
8.2.5 Membrane Bioreactors
8.3 Fouling by Pharmaceuticals
8.4 Further Reading
8.5 Summary
References
9 Adsorptive Techniques for the Removal of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds—Materials and Mechanisms
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Adsorption Mechanisms
9.3 Sustainable Adsorbents
9.3.1 Carbon-Based Adsorbents
9.3.2 Ion-Exchange Resins
9.3.3 Clay-Based Adsorbents
9.3.4 Metal Oxide-Based Adsorbents
9.3.5 Natural Biopolymers
9.4 Further Reading
9.5 Summary
References
10 Homogeneous Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Removal of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds—Current Status and Research Gaps
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Energy-Free HO-AOPs
10.2.1 Ozonation
10.2.2 Activation of Oxidation Agents
10.3 Energy-Intensive HO-AOPs
10.3.1 Light-Assisted HO-AOPs
10.3.2 Electricity-Assisted HO-AOPs
10.4 Further Reading
10.5 Summary
References
11 Heterogeneous Advanced Oxidation Processes (HE-AOPs) for the Removal of Pharmaceutically Active Compounds—Pros and Cons
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Energy-Free HE-AOPs
11.2.1 Catalytic Ozonation
11.2.2 Activation of Oxidation Agents
11.3 Energy-Intensive HE-AOPs
11.3.1 Photocatalysis
11.3.2 Photoelectrocatalysis
11.3.3 Photocatalytic Ozonation
11.4 Further Reading
11.5 Summary
References
