Advanced Technologies in Wastewater Treatment: Food Processing Industry

Advanced Technologies in Wastewater Treatment
Preface
List of contributors
Copyright
Contents
1 High-added-value compounds from agro-food industry wastewater
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Food losses and waste: biowaste from the agroindustrial sector
1.3 The problem of environmental contamination and disposal of biowaste
1.3.1 Biowaste as a source of bioactive compounds
1.3.1.1 The case of phenolic compounds
1.4 The emergence and potential of wastewater
1.4.1 Importance of wastewater treatment and applications
1.4.2 Molecules of interest present in wastewaters: properties and benefits
1.5 Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgments
List of acronyms
References
2 Opportunities for the valorization of waste generated by the plant-based milk substitutes industry
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Nature of byproducts obtained from cereals, nuts, and legumes: research evolution
2.3 Nutrient composition
2.3.1 Okara
2.3.2 Rice
2.3.3 Oat
2.3.4 Almond
2.3.5 Tiger nut
2.4 Applications in food industry
2.4.1 Solid wastes or byproducts
2.4.1.1 Antioxidants
2.4.1.2 Fiber supplement and glycemic index reducer
2.4.1.3 Water-holding ingredients
2.4.1.4 Fat replacers
2.4.1.5 Ingredients in gluten-free products
2.4.1.6 Emulsion stabilizers
2.4.2 Liquid wastes
2.4.2.1 Reuse in the same process
2.4.2.2 Biofuel
2.4.2.3 Nutrient extraction
2.4.2.4 Direct use as ingredient
2.5 Conclusions and future trends
List of acronyms
References
3 High-rate anaerobic processes for agro-food wastewater treatment: recent trends and advancements
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Agro-food wastewater characteristics
3.3 Application of high-rate anaerobic systems in agro-food wastewater treatment
3.3.1 The anaerobic filter
3.3.2 Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor
3.3.3 Expanded granular sludge bed reactor
3.3.4 Anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor
3.3.5 External circulation sludge bed reactor
3.3.6 Anaerobic membrane bioreactor
3.3.7 Anaerobic hybrid reactors
3.3.8 Full-scale application of high-rate anaerobic systems
3.4 Recent trends and future perspectives
3.5 Challenges of wastewater treatment in the agro-food industry
3.6 Conclusions and future trends
List of acronyms
References
4 Food-processing wastewater treatment by membrane-based operations: recovery of biologically active compounds and water reuse
4.1 Introduction
4.2 An overview of pressure-driven membrane processes
4.3 Recovery of biologically active compounds and water from food-processing wastewaters
4.3.1 Olive mill wastewaters
4.3.2 Fish-processing wastewaters
4.3.3 Dairy-processing wastewaters
4.4 Conclusions and future trends
List of acronyms
List of symbols
References
5 Biorefineries to improve water and resource recovery in the seafood-processing industry
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Seafood industry
5.3 Processes to develop biorefinery schemes from seafood wastes
5.3.1 Physical processes
5.3.2 Chemical processes
5.3.3 Thermochemical and thermal processes
5.3.4 Biological processes
5.3.4.1 Aerobic processes
5.3.4.2 Anaerobic processes
5.4 Bioproducts obtained from seafood wastes
5.4.1 Biofertilizers and biostimulants
5.4.2 Biofuels
5.4.3 Biocompounds
5.4.4 Water streams
5.5 Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgments
List of acronyms
References
6 A valorization approach of food industry wastewater using microwave-assisted extraction
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Wastewater from the food industry
6.2.1 Characterization of wastewater from the olive oil industry
6.2.2 Characterization of wastewater from the sugar industry
6.2.3 Characterization of wastewater from the cheese industry
6.2.4 Characterization of wastewater from the slaughterhouse industry
6.2.5 Characterization of wastewater from the multiproduction food industry
6.2.6 Characterization of wastewater from the seafood industry
6.3 Removal of organic and inorganic compounds in food industry wastewater
6.3.1 Extraction methods of organic and inorganic compounds in food industry wastewater
6.3.1.1 Soxhlet extraction
6.3.1.2 Ultrasound-assisted extraction
6.3.1.3 Supercritical fluid extraction
6.4 What are microwaves?
6.5 Microwave-assisted extraction
6.5.1 Specific applications of microwave-assisted extraction
6.5.2 Kinetic modeling of microwave-assisted extraction
6.6 Conclusion and future trends
List of acronyms
List of symbols
References
7 Supercritical fluid extraction applied to food wastewater processing
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Wastewater and sludge from the food industry: composition and current issues
7.2.1 Dairy
7.2.2 Fruit and vegetable industry
7.2.3 Meat industry
7.2.4 Oil industry
7.2.5 Beverage industry
7.3 Clean extraction technologies for wastewater and sewage sludge treatment: circular economy in high demand
7.4 Supercritical fluid extraction
7.4.1 Fundamentals of supercritical fluid extraction
7.4.2 Supercritical fluid extraction of liquid and semisolid mixtures
7.4.2.1 Supercritical fluid extraction using supercritical water (SFE-H2O)
7.4.2.2 Supercritical fluid extraction using supercritical carbon dioxide (SFE-CO2)
7.4.3 Supercritical fluid extraction applied to wastewater and sludge from the food industry
7.5 Technoeconomic evaluation of supercritical fluid extraction applied to the recovery of value-added molecules
7.6 Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgments
List of acronyms
List of symbols
References
8 Advances in ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds (antioxidant compounds) from agrofood waste
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Main bioactive compounds from waste and byproducts of fruits and vegetables
8.2.1 Pomace
8.2.2 Peels and seeds
8.2.3 Leaves and stems
8.3 Main bioactive compounds from waste and byproducts of animal product processing
8.3.1 Dairy products
8.3.2 Meat products
8.3.3 Marine products
8.4 Emerging technologies for obtaining bioactive compounds
8.5 Fundamentals for ultrasound-assisted extraction
8.6 Variables associated with ultrasound-assisted extraction
8.6.1 Ultrasonic power
8.6.2 Ultrasonic frequency
8.6.3 Solvents
8.6.4 Temperature of ultrasound-assisted extraction
8.6.5 Liquid (solvent) to solid ratio
8.6.6 Time of ultrasound-assisted extraction
8.7 Effect of variables associated with ultrasound-assisted extraction on the extraction of bioactive compounds from byproducts
8.8 Commercial patents: ultrasound and innovative techniques for the extraction of bioactives
8.9 Current trends in the extraction of bioactive compounds
8.10 Conclusions and future trends
List of acronyms
References
9 Integrated advanced technologies for olive mill wastewater treatment: a biorefinery approach
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Chemical composition of olive mill wastewater
9.3 Reuse, applications, and technologies employed
9.3.1 Biofuels
9.3.2 Polysaccharides
9.3.3 Phenolic compounds and other antioxidants
9.3.4 Enzymes
9.3.5 Biosurfactants
9.3.6 Citric acid and lipids
9.3.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoates
9.3.8 Use in agriculture: fertilizers, biopesticides, and irrigation
9.3.9 Food and beverage supplement
9.4 Process integration: biorefinery examples
9.5 Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgments
List of acronyms
References
10 Advanced strategies for dairy wastewater treatment: a perspective
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Some guidelines for wastewater treatment in the dairy industry
10.3 Dairy wastewater characteristics
10.4 Dairy industry wastewater treatments
10.4.1 Preliminary treatments
10.4.2 Physicochemical treatments
10.4.3 Biological treatments
10.4.4 Complementary treatments
10.5 Recovery and valorization of wastewater components and treatment wastes
10.5.1 Whey: recovering and processing
10.5.1.1 Proteins
10.5.1.2 Lactose
10.5.2 Sludges from primary and secondary treatments
10.5.3 Water reuse
10.6 Conclusions and future trends
List of acronyms
References
11 Winery wastewater treatment for biomolecules recovery and water reuse purposes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Winemaking process and wastewater generation
11.3 Value-added biomolecules found in winery wastewaters
11.4 Winery wastewater treatment systems
11.4.1 Physical treatments
11.4.2 Physicochemical treatments
11.4.3 Natural biological treatments
11.4.3.1 Anaerobic treatment systems
11.4.3.2 Aerobic treatment systems
11.4.4 Membrane bioreactors
11.4.5 Other bioreactors
11.5 Membrane separation–based processes for biomolecules recovery from winery wastewater
11.6 Wastewater reuse
11.7 Conclusions and future trends
List of acronyms
References
12 Nanomaterials for the removal of organic pollutants from agrofood wastewaters
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Slaughterhouse wastewater
12.3 Dairy wastewater
12.4 Fish processing
12.5 Olive oil manufacturing
12.6 Sugar manufacturing
12.7 Wine making
12.8 Materials for wastewater treatment
12.9 Conclusions and future trends
Acknowledgments
List of acronyms
References
Index