Advanced Situational Awareness - TC-3-22.69

Cover
Contents
Figures
Tables
Preface
Part One
Advanced Situational Awareness as a Force Multiplier
Chapter 1
Introduction
Definition
Principles
Observable Behaviors—Mental State, Motives, and Intentions
Determine a Baseline—Environmental Signs, Characteristics, events, and Interactions
Determine a Baseline—Identifying Anomalies
Situational Analysis
Rule of Threes
Initiate Decision-making Process—Analyzing Anomalies
Determine Course of Action
Detect and Deter Imminent Threat Events
Chapter 2
Skill Refinement for Situational Awareness
Predictive Profiling
Critical Thinking and Diligent Observation
Accurate Reporting
Communication
Cultural Awareness, Proactive Thinking, and Adaptability
Performance Enhancement and Resilience
Advanced Situational Awareness Multipliers
Tactical Cunning
Military Deception
Ruse, Feint, Demonstration, and Wargaming
Tactical Patience
Interlocking Fields of Observation, Reporting, and Fires
Guardian Angel
Good Shepherd
Social Awareness and Self Analysis
Part Two
The Five Senses to Enhance Advanced Situational Awareness
Chapter 3
Observation
Four Elements of Observation
Awareness
Understanding
Recording
Response
Observation Techniques
Enhanced Perception Using the Sense of Sight
How Sight Works
Visual Acuity
Light and How it Impacts the Eye
Light Conditions
Impact of Dark Conditions
Impact of Low-light and Shifting Light Conditions
Why Objects are Seen
Shape and Shadow
Sillhouette, Surface, and Spacing
Anomolies, Color, and Movement
Vision and Perspective
Positive, Negative, and Dead Spaces
Search Methods
Hasty Search
Detailed Search
Visual Observation Techniques
Enhanced Perception Using the Sense of Sound
How Hearing Works
Air Conduction
Bone Conduction
Detection by Sound
Direction
Distance and Activity
Impact of Nighttime on Observation
Other Methods for Gathering Information
Tactical Questioning
Direct Questioning
Listening Process
Effective Listening
Enhanced Perception Using the Sense of Touch
How Touch Works
Types of Receptors
Differing Degrees of Stimulation
Enhanced Perception Using the Sense of Smell
How Smell Works
Odor
Odor Classification
Odor Wheels
Odor Strengths
Human Odors
Enhanced Perception Using the Sense of Taste
How Taste Works
Taste Classification
Part Three
Critical Thinking and Problem Solving to Promote Cognitive Dominance
Chapter 4
Cognition and Memory
Decision-making
Observe
Orient
Decide
Act
Data Selection and Attention
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
Procedural Memory
Information Processing, Storage, and Retrieval
Mental File Folders (Memories)
Memory Emotion Links and Mental Imagery
Issues Associated with Cognition and Memory
Cognitive Blindness
Channel Capacity, Cognitive Overload, and Cognitive Dissonance
Tunnel Vision and Stress
Chapter 5
Perception
Context
Common Biases/Effects
Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Culture
Age, Mood, and Emotion
Affiliations with Organizations
Chapter 6
The Nervous System and Its Functions
Human Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Division of the Brain
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Function of the Nervous System
Part Four
Sense-Making to Promote Cognitive Dominance
Chapter 7
Understanding Human Behavioral Cues
Heuristics as a Lens for Observation
Positive Aspects of Using Heuristics
Negative Aspects of Using Heuristics
Individual Behavioral Cues
Kinesics
Individual Kinesic Cues Baseline
Clusters of Kinesic Cues Clusters
Alignment Between Kinesic Cues and Speech Alignment
Autonomics
Group Behavioral Cues
Proxemics
Proximity
Proxemic Push or Pull
Atmospherics
Collective Emotion
Symbolism
Colors, Words, and Location
Context of Symbols
Geographics
Habitual Areas
Natural Lines of Drift, Pathways, Reference Points and Landmarks
Chapter 8
Understanding Indicators Left Behind by People
Definition
Types of Sign
Classification of Sign
Origin of Sign
Disturbance
Characteristics of Sign
Examples of Sign
Characteristics of Human Gait
Litter
Blood Sign and Bodily Waste
Rules of Analyzing Sign and the Effects of Light
Assessing the Age of Sign
Interpreting Information
Using the Information Collected
Chapter 9
Understanding Context through Assessing the Environment
Cultural Competency
Culture Defined
Enculturation and Factors that Impact Culture
Anthropology, Sociology, and Values
Sociocultural Factors, Interests, and Cultural Manifestations
Theology
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
Culture Shock and Reentry Shock
Cultural Similarities
Operational Environment and Mission Variables in Human Context
Civil Considerations
Blending Operational Variables and Civil Considerations
Chapter 10
Understanding Context by Comprehending the Threat Mindset and Tactics
Actors in A Threat Environment
Types of Actors
Nation State Actors
Nonstate Actors
Hybrid Threats
Primary Types of Warfare
Regular Forces
Irregular Forces
Enemy Combatants
Insider Threats
Self Radicalization
Organizations
Criminal Organizations
Petty Crime, Gangs, and Organized Crime Networks
Paramilitary, Insurgent, Guerrilla, and Mercenary Organizations
Terrorists
Terrorist Organizations
Terrorist Behaviors
Categories of Organizations
Government-Affiliated Categories
Political Categories
Ideological Categories
Location or Geographic Categories
Organizational Structure
Killing Mindset
Stages of an Active Shooter
Terrorist Planning Cycle
Intelligence Gathering and Surveillance
Specific Target Selection
Actions on the Objective
Common Threat Tactics
Offensive Tactics
Threats or hoaxes
Arson
Sabotage
Kidnapping and Hostage Taking
Assassination
Hijacking
Raids or Ambushes
Seizure
Man-Portable Air-Defense System
Environmental Destruction
Weapons of Mass Destruction
CBRN Threats and Hazards
Bombing
Suicide Attacks
Maritime Delivery Tactic
Civil Disturbance
Defensive Tactics
Area Defense and Retrograde
Dispersion and Hiding
Operational Shielding
Enemy Information Activities
Other Methods
Threat Analysis
Part Five
Conducting Advanced Situational Awareness Training
Chapter 11
Training Strategy
Training Strategy and Philosophy
Objectives
Components
Institutional Training
Sustainment Training
Instructors
Instructor Training
Effective Instructor
Types of Instructors
Primary Instructor
Assistant Instructor
Chapter 12
Eight-Step Training Model
Step 1: Plan the Training
Step 2: Train and Certify Leaders
Step 3: Reconnoiter the Training Site
Step 4: Issue an Operation Order for the Training
Step 5: Rehearse
Step 6: Execute the Training
Step 7: Conduct an After-Action Review
Step 8: Retrain and Retry as Necessary Until the Standard is Achieved
Chapter 13
Applying Advanced Situational Awareness Principles in Training
Observation, Recall, Retention, and Communication
Keep In Memory Game
Micro-Observation Pit Exercise
Range Estimation Exercise
Observation Lane Exercise
Observation House Exercise
Ground Sign Awareness Pit Exercises
Aging Pit Exercise
Red Cell Exercise
Day One Homework
Day Two Homework
Day Three Red Cell
Mission
Cultural Competency
Resilience and Performance Enhancement
ArmyFit
Global Assessment Tool
Comprehensive Resilience Models
Operational Scenarios
Scenario Development
Integrating Role-Players Into Scenarios
Types of Role Players
Role-Player Dynamics
Scenario Evolution
Scenario Writing
Quality of Role-Players and Resourcing
Step 1: Training Strategy Analysis
Step 2: Operational Environment Assessment
Step 3: Resource Analysis
Assign Characters
Step 1: Frame the Scenario and Identify Applicable Role Players
Step 2: Identify Operational Variables in Conjunction with Training Objectives
Step 3: Address Role-Player Dynamics
Step 4: Consider the Unit’s Demographic
Assess Scenario Fidelity
Character Development to Enhance Role-Player Competence and Confidence
Familial Relationships
Outfitting Role Players (Attire and Materiel
Clothing and Resource Management
Vehicles and Training Aids, Devices, Simulators, and Simulations
Training Role Players
Sample Scenario: Village Entry Exercise
Appendix A
Performance Enhancement and Resilience
Performance Enhancement
Resilience
Physical Dimension
Activity
Nutrition
Sleep
Emotional Dimension
Social, Spiritual, and Family Dimensions
Effects of Stress
Appendix B
Methods for Depicting Relationships between People and Activities
Link Diagram and Association Matrix
Relationship Activities Matrixes, and Time Event Charts
Appendix C
Range Estimation
100-Meter Unit of Measure
Appearance of Object Method
Flash-to-Bang Method
Mil Relation Formula Method
Laser Range finder
Appendix D
Observation Device Use and Selection
Day and Night Optical Devices
Image Intensification Devices
Thermal Imaging Devices
Aiming Lasers
Employment of Optical Devices
Considerations for All Optical Devices
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Infrared Waves and Sources of Infrared Energy
Nuclear Energy
Combustion
Friction
Characteristics of Infrared Energy
Physical Properties
Surface Texture, Density, and Mass
Temperature/Infrared Relationship and Display of Infrared Energy Levels
Temperature Differences
Infrared Image Adjustment
Clutter
Human Activity
Using Infrared and Thermal Devices to Detect, Classify, Recognize, and Identify Target Types
Position of the Target
Enemy Activity
Amount of Target Exposure
Appendix E
Chronological Plan to Train Role Players
Appendix F
Improvised Explosive Devices
Source Notes
Glossary
Section I – Acronyms and Abbreviations
Section II – Terms
References
Required Publications
Related Publications
Department of Defense and Joint Publications
Army Publications
Navy Publications
Other Publications
Websites
Prescribed Forms
Referenced Forms
Index