Advanced Sensor Technology: Biomedical, Environmental, and Construction Applications

Advanced Sensor Technology
Preface
List of contributors
Copyright
Contents
About the editors
1 Sensor technology: past, present, and future
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Milestones in sensor development
1.3 State-of-the-art in sensor technology
1.4 The way ahead in sensing opportunities
1.5 Conclusions and remarks
Acknowledgments
References
2 Fundamentals of sensor technology
2.1 Sensor, actuator, and transducer fundamentals
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Sensor characteristics
2.1.3 Signal processing of sensors
2.1.3.1 Signals of sensors and transducers
2.1.3.2 Signal conditioning of sensors
2.2 Sensors’ classification
2.2.1 Chemical sensors
2.2.1.1 Overview
2.2.1.2 Types of chemosensors
2.2.2 Biosensors
2.2.2.1 Overview
2.2.2.2 Types of biosensors
2.2.3 Electrochemical sensors
2.2.3.1 Overview
2.2.3.2 Types of electrochemical sensors
2.2.4 Optical sensors
2.2.4.1 Overview
2.2.4.2 Types of optical sensors
2.3 Sensor applications
2.3.1 Applications of electrochemical sensors
2.3.2 Applications of optical sensors
2.3.3 Applications of nanomaterial-based-sensors for water monitoring
2.3.3.1 Metal and carbon-based sensors for water monitoring
2.3.3.2 Polymer-based sensors for water monitoring
2.4 Innovative sensor technologies
2.5 Conclusion and future aspects
References
3 Biosensors for virus detection
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Structure and infection mechanism of common viruses
3.1.2 Current methods in virus detection
3.2 Antibody-based biosensors for virus detection
3.3 Nucleic acid-based biosensors for virus detection
3.4 Peptide-based biosensors for virus detection
3.5 Molecularly imprinted polymer-based biosensors for virus detection
3.6 Conclusion and remarks
Acknowledgments
References
4 Biosensors for bacteria detection
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Whole-cell biosensors for bacteria detection
4.3 Nanomaterials-based biosensors for bacteria detection
4.3.1 Noble metal nanoparticles
4.3.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials
4.3.3 Semiconductor nanocrystals
4.4 Various biosensors for bacteria detection
4.4.1 Optical biosensors
4.4.2 Electrochemical biosensors
4.4.3 Mechanical biosensors
4.5 Integrated biosensing platforms for multiplexed bacteria detection
4.6 Conclusion and perspectives
References
5 Biosensors for drug of abuse detection
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Drug biosensing
5.2.1 Colorimetric approach
5.2.1.1 Enzymes in colorimetric approach
5.2.1.2 Aptamers in colorimetric approaches
5.2.2 Fluorescence approaches
5.2.2.1 Aptamers in fluorescence approaches
5.2.2.1.1 Labeled aptamers in fluorescence approaches
5.2.2.1.2 Label-free aptamers in fluorescence approaches
5.2.2.1.3 Other strategies of aptamer-based fluorescence abuse drug biosensing
5.2.2.1.3.1 Messenger activation upon aptamer binding
5.2.2.1.3.2 Fluorophore displacement upon aptamer binding
5.2.2.1.3.3 Repositioning of quencher upon aptamer binding
5.2.2.2 Enzymes in fluorescence approaches
5.2.3 Electrochemical approaches
5.2.3.1 Antibodies in electrochemical approaches
5.2.3.2 Aptamers in electrochemical approaches
5.2.3.3 Molecularly imprinted polymers in electrochemical approaches
5.2.4 Real-time analysis of abused drugs
5.2.4.1 Immunochromatographic test strips based on real-time analysis of abused drugs
5.2.4.2 Electrochemical-based real-time analysis of abused drugs
5.2.4.3 Spectroscopic based real-time analysis of abused drugs
5.3 Conclusion and remarks
References
Further reading
6 Biosensors for nucleic acid detection
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Optical nucleic acid biosensors: principles and feasibilities
6.2.1 Surface plasmon resonance-based nucleic acid biosensors
6.2.2 Localized surface plasmon resonance-based nucleic acid biosensors
6.2.3 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering nucleic acid biosensors
6.2.4 Fluorescence-based nucleic acid detection methods
6.3 Electrochemical nucleic acid biosensors
6.4 Strategies for improving the sensitivity of nucleic acid biosensors
6.5 CRISPR/Cas-assisted biosensing platforms for nucleic acid detection
6.6 Biosensor applications based on the nucleic acid structure
6.7 Conclusion and outlook
References
7 Biosensors for glucose detection
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Electrochemical glucose biosensors
7.2.1 Enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensors
7.2.2 Nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensors
7.3 Optical glucose biosensors
7.3.1 Enzymatic optical glucose biosensors
7.3.2 Nonenzymatic optical glucose biosensors
7.4 Other glucose biosensors
7.5 Conclusion and remarks
Acknowledgments
References
8 Recent advances in biosensing technologies for detecting hormones
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biosensor types based on biorecognition elements
8.2.1 Antibody
8.2.2 Enzymes
8.2.3 Nucleic acid and aptamers
8.2.4 Molecularly imprinted polymers
8.3 Biosensors based on transducers in hormone detection
8.3.1 Electrochemical biosensors for hormone detection
8.3.1.1 Amperometric biosensors
8.3.1.2 Potentiometric biosensors
8.3.1.3 Impedimetric biosensors
8.3.1.4 Conductometric biosensors for hormones
8.3.2 Optical biosensors for hormones
8.3.3 Microbial screening technique for hormone detection
8.3.4 Wearable sensors for hormone detection
8.3.5 Other biosensors for hormone
8.4 Discussion and conclusion
Acknowledgment
Conflicts of interest
References
9 Biosensors for cancer biomarker detection
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Cancer progress and biomarkers
9.2.1 Molecular biology of cancer occurrence and progress
9.2.2 Cancer biomarkers
9.2.2.1 Protein biomarkers
9.2.2.2 Genetic biomarkers
9.3 Electrochemical biosensors for cancer biomarker detection
9.4 Optical biosensors for cancer biomarker detection
9.5 Piezoelectric biosensors for cancer biomarker detection
9.6 Other biosensors for cancer biomarker detection
9.7 Conclusion and remarks
Acknowledgments
References
10 Classical and new candidate biomarkers for developing biosensors in diagnosing diabetes and prediabetes; past, present a...
10.1 Introduction to diabetes mellitus
10.1.1 Prevalence
10.1.2 Health issues related to diabetes
10.1.3 Economic burden
10.2 Pathophysiology of diabetes
10.2.1 Type 2 diabetes mellitus
10.2.1.1 The role of insulin in energy metabolism
10.2.1.2 The ominous octet
10.2.2 Type 1 diabetes mellitus
10.2.3 Differential diagnosis of T1DM versus T2DM
10.2.4 Gestational diabetes mellitus
10.3 Glucose as a diabetes biomarker (history, accuracy, advantages, and disadvantages)
10.3.1 Current glucose sensors in clinical practice (accuracy, advantages, disadvantages)
10.3.1.1 Enzymatic and nonenzymatic sensors
10.3.1.2 Continuous glucose monitoring systems
10.3.1.3 Invasive continuous glucose sensors
10.3.1.4 Noninvasive glucose monitoring system
10.3.1.5 Optical sensors
10.3.1.6 Electrochemical sensors
10.3.1.7 Wearable biosensing
10.3.2 The role of nanomaterials in glucose biosensors
10.3.3 Glucose biosensors for point-of-care testing
10.3.4 Perspective and glucose sensor developments
10.4 Glycated hemoglobin and glycated albumin as diabetes biomarkers
10.4.1 Glycated hemoglobin as a diabetes biomarker (history, accuracy, advantages, and disadvantages)
10.4.1.1 Current hemoglobin sensors in clinical practice (accuracy, advantages, disadvantages)
10.4.2 Glycated albumin as a diabetes biomarker (history, accuracy, advantages, and disadvantages)
10.4.2.1 Current GA biosensors in clinical practice (accuracy, advantages, disadvantages)
10.4.3 Perspective and GA sensors (designed biosensors for GA and HbA1c monitoring) in development
10.5 Novel biomarkers/metabolites in diabetes and associated complications
10.5.1 Micro RNA
10.5.2 Peptides/proteins
10.5.3 Other novel biomarkers in diabetes and associated complications
10.6 Conclusion
References
11 Biosensors for drug detection
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Criteria of an ideal method for drug analysis
11.2.1 Reproducibility, reliability, and accuracy of the method
11.2.2 Ease of operation
11.2.3 Using the minimum amount of biological sample
11.2.4 The speed of analytical process
11.2.5 Compatibility with different kinds of biologic fluids
11.2.6 The cost
11.3 Biosensor design
11.3.1 Basic characteristics of a biosensor
11.3.2 Nanobiosensors
11.4 Biosensors for drug detection
11.4.1 Electrochemical biosensors
11.4.1.1 Impedometric biosensors
11.4.1.2 Potentiometric technique
11.4.2 Optical biosensors
11.4.2.1 Surface enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy
11.4.2.2 Colorimetric assays
11.4.2.3 Chemiluminescence assays
11.4.2.4 Fluorescence assays
11.4.2.5 SPR assays
11.4.3 Photoelectrochemical biosensors
11.4.4 Mass biosensors
11.4.5 Microfluidic-based (microfluidic-integrated) biosensors
11.5 Recent trends in biosensors for drug detection
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Micro alcohol fuel cells towards autonomous electrochemical sensors
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fundamentals
12.3 Design and flow considerations
12.4 Fuels electrooxidation and micropower generation
12.5 Examples toward sensing applications
12.6 Conclusion and future outlook
References
13 Biosensors for organs-on-a-chip and organoids
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The use of biosensors in organotypic models
13.2.1 Molecular biosensors
13.2.2 Cell-based biosensors
13.2.3 Tissue-based biosensors
13.3 Biosensing technologies for monitoring organotypic models
13.3.1 Biosensors for cell behavior
13.3.2 Metabolic activity
Oxygen
Small molecules of energy metabolism
Cytokines
13.3.3 Mechanical activity
13.3.4 Electrical activity
13.4 Applications of biosensors in in vitro culture platforms of organotypic models
13.4.1 Biosensors in barrier models
13.4.2 Biosensors in neural models
13.4.3 Biosensors in cardiac models
13.4.4 Biosensors in liver models
13.4.5 Biosensors in kidney models
13.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
14 Sensors for water and wastewater monitoring
14.1 Wastewater pollutants
14.2 Sources of water pollutants
14.3 Types of water pollutants
14.3.1 Organic pollutants
14.3.2 Inorganic pollutants
14.3.3 Microbial pathogens
14.3.4 Macroscopic pollutants
14.3.5 Thermal pollution
14.3.6 Emerging water pollution
14.4 Indicators of water pollution
14.4.1 Chemical indicators of water quality
14.4.2 Physical indicators of water pollution
14.4.3 Biological indicators of water pollution
14.5 Analytical methods for the detection of wastewater pollutants
14.5.1 Introduction
14.5.2 Electrochemical methods
14.5.2.1 Amperometric techniques
14.5.2.2 Voltammetric techniques
14.5.3 Chromatography
14.5.3.1 Gas chromatography
14.5.3.2 High-performance liquid chromatography
14.5.4 Atomic spectroscopy
14.5.4.1 Atomic absorption spectroscopy
14.5.4.2 Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy
14.6 Chemical sensors in water pollutant detection
14.6.1 Introduction
14.6.2 Sensors and transducers
14.6.3 Chemical sensors
14.7 Electrochemical sensors in water pollutant detection
14.7.1 Introduction
14.7.2 Electrochemical transducers
14.7.3 Piezoelectric transducers
14.8 Optical biosensors for water pollution detection
14.8.1 Introduction
14.8.2 Recognition elements for chemical sensors and biosensors
14.8.3 Optical biosensors
14.8.4 Advantages and disadvantages of optical biosensors
14.8.5 Applications of optical biosensors
14.8.5.1 Detection of organic materials
14.8.5.2 Detection of heavy metals
14.8.5.3 Detection of microorganisms
14.8.6 New trends in optical biosensors sensing and monitoring
14.8.7 Uses of nanomaterials for water quality monitoring
14.8.8 Wireless sensor networks
14.9 Conclusion
References
15 Chemical sensing of heavy metals in water
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Heavy metal toxicity ranges and mechanism in living cells
15.3 Heavy metal measurement methods in water and their performance
15.3.1 Electrochemical sensors
15.3.2 Optical sensors
15.3.3 SERS sensors
15.3.4 Other sensors
15.4 Current trends in heavy metal monitoring
15.5 Current limitations and future prospective
15.6 Conclusion
References
16 Chemical sensing of food phenolics and antioxidant capacity
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Conventional methods for the determination of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity
16.3 Novel sensing methods of total phenolics and antioxidant capacity
16.3.1 Optical sensing of polyphenols and antioxidant activity
16.3.1.1 Gold nanoparticles
16.3.1.2 Silver nanoparticles
16.3.1.3 Other metallic nanoparticles
16.3.1.4 Quantum dots
16.3.2 Electrochemical sensing of polyphenols and antioxidant activity
16.3.2.1 Cyclic voltammetry
16.3.2.2 Differential pulse voltammetry
16.3.2.3 Square-wave voltammetry
16.3.3 Nanomaterial-based enzyme electrodes
16.3.4 Nanomaterial-based DNA electrodes
16.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
17 Chemical sensing of pesticides in water
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Colorimetric sensors for detection of pesticides
17.3 Fluorescent sensors for detection of pesticides
17.4 Raman sensors for detection of pesticides
17.5 Electrochemical sensors for detection of pesticides
17.6 Chemiluminescent sensors for detection of pesticides
17.7 Electrochemiluminescent sensors for detection of pesticides
17.8 Piezoelectric sensors for detection of pesticides
17.9 Conclusion and future perspectives
References
18 Chemical sensors and biosensors for soil analysis: principles, challenges, and emerging applications
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Detection of soil nutrients
18.3 Detection of pH
18.4 Detection of soil moisture
18.5 Detection of organic matter
18.6 Detection of inorganic pollutants
18.7 Soil-borne disease using a microbial biosensor
18.8 Challenges and future perspectives
18.9 Conclusion
References
19 Recent advances in sensor and biosensor technologies for adulteration detection
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Adulteration: a global scam and health threat
19.2.1 Spectrum of adulterants and associated products most vulnerable to adulteration
19.2.1.1 Food
19.2.1.1.1 Milk
19.2.1.1.2 Meat
19.2.1.1.3 Edible oils
19.2.1.1.4 Honey
19.2.1.1.5 Culinary spices and herbs
19.2.1.2 Herbal medicines and drugs
19.2.1.3 Cosmetics
19.2.1.4 Fuels
19.2.1.5 Other industrial products
19.2.2 Adulteration: major concern for health, economy, and environment
19.3 Conventional analytical techniques for adulterants detection
19.4 Recent trends in adulteration detection
19.4.1 Why sensors and biosensors for adulteration detection?
19.4.2 Sensors for adulterants detection
19.4.3 Biosensors for adulterants detection
19.4.4 Electronic noses/tongues for adulterants detection
19.4.5 Other sensing strategies
19.5 Conclusions and remarks
References
20 Biosensing technology in food production and processing
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Biosensors and food quality
20.2.1 Antioxidant capacity assessment
20.2.2 Screening of food-grade ingredients and additives
20.2.3 Food authenticity assessment
20.2.4 Freshness evaluation of food products
20.2.5 Quality monitoring of wine
20.3 Biosensors and food safety
20.3.1 Food allergens
20.3.2 Antibiotics in animal-based food products
20.3.3 Detection of foodborne pathogens
20.3.4 Assessment of biotoxins
20.3.5 Determination of toxic chemicals
20.4 Future prospectives
20.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
21 Sensors for aerial, automotive, and robotic applications
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Optical sensors
21.2.1 Visual cameras
21.2.2 Infrared cameras
21.2.3 Laser-based sensors
21.3 Inertial sensors
21.3.1 Accelerometers
21.3.2 Gyroscopes
21.4 Radio frequency sensors
21.4.1 Antennas
21.4.2 Receivers
21.4.3 Radars
21.5 Magnetic and acoustic sensors
21.5.1 Magnetometers
21.5.2 Active acoustic sensors
21.5.3 Passive acoustic sensors
21.6 Timing sources
21.7 Final remarks
References
22 Challenges and future aspects of sensor technology
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Technology drivers
22.2.1 Nanotechnology
22.2.2 Sensor matrix and fabrication
22.2.3 Flexible electronics
22.2.4 Low power electronics and energy harvesting
22.2.5 Sensor networks
22.2.6 Smart phones
22.2.7 Artificial intelligence
22.2.8 Internet of things
22.3 Commercialization
22.3.1 Regulatory issues
22.3.2 Markets
22.4 In conclusion
References
Further reading
Nanomaterials and sensors
Sensor networks
Paper-based sensors
Wearable sensors
23 Sensor commercialization and global market
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Trends in sensing technologies
23.2.1 Microsystem technology and application
23.2.2 Multisensing technology and applications
23.2.3 Wireless systems and applications
23.3 Sensing research and development
23.4 Commercialization pathway
23.4.1 Design and modeling
23.4.2 Prototyping
23.4.3 Testing and reliability
23.4.4 Final product realization and marketing
23.5 Sensors in various industrial areas and global market shares
23.6 Conclusion
References
Index