Advanced Power Generation Systems: Thermal Sources

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Sustainable Energy Strategies Series Preface
Preface
Author
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Why Electricity Is the Future?
1.2 Chronological Evolution of Sources for Power Generation
1.3 Methods for Power Generation
1.4 Organization of the Book
References
Chapter 2 Advanced Combustion Power Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Novel Methods to Improve Performance of ICE
2.3 Flexible Fuels for Combustion Power Using Thermodynamic Cycles
2.3.1 Coal-Natural Gas Cofiring
2.3.2 Biomass-Gas Cofiring
2.3.3 Coal Biomass Cofiring
2.3.4 Power Generation with NG-Hydrogen Mixture and Hydrogen
2.3.4.1 Characteristics of Cofiring with Hydrogen
2.3.4.2 Large Scale NG-Hydrogen Combustion
2.3.4.3 Hydrogen in Combined Cycles
2.4 Advanced Supercritical Coal Power Plants with CCS Technology
2.4.1 Assessment of CCS Technology
2.4.2 Future of Supercritical Coal Power Plants with CCS Technology
2.5 Advanced Industrial Gas Turbines for Combined Cycle Power Generation
2.6 Advanced Power Generation by Supercritical CO[sub(2)] Thermodynamic Cycles
2.6.1 Indirect sCO[sub(2)] Heating—Heat to Power
2.6.2 Direct sCO[sub(2)] Heating
2.6.3 Future Trends
2.7 Chemical Looping Combined Cycle Power Plants
2.7.1 H[sub(2)]-Powered Chemical Looping Power Generation System
2.7.2 Chemical Looping to Treat CO[sub(2)]
2.7.3 Hydrogen and Electricity Production by Biomass Calcium Looping Gasification
References
Chapter 3 Advanced Nuclear Power
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Brief Review of Global Progress on Generation III Advanced Nuclear Power Reactors
3.3 Proposed Advanced Generation IV Nuclear Reactors
3.3.1 Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor (GFR)
3.3.2 Lead-Cooled Fast Reactor (LFR)
3.3.3 Molten Salt Reactor (MSR)
3.3.4 Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (SFR)
3.3.5 Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor (SCWR)
3.3.6 Very High-Temperature Gas Reactor (VHTR)
3.3.7 Novel Gen IV Nuclear Reactor by Terra Power
3.3.7.1 Sodium Fast Reactor (Natrium)
3.4 Supercritical CO[sub(2)] Cycle
3.5 Small Nuclear Power Reactors
3.6 Role of Nanotechnology in Nuclear Power
3.6.1 Use of Nanotechnology for Water Consumption Reduction and Reactor Efficiency Enhancement
3.6.2 Nanotechnology to Prevent Material Cracking
3.6.3 Uranium-Oxide Nanocrystals for Nano-Fuel
3.6.4 Nanoporous Materials for the Separation of High-Level Liquid Waste (HLLW)
3.6.5 Nanomaterials for Nuclear Waste Disposal and Environment Remediation
3.6.6 Nanomaterial-Based Sensors
3.6.7 Use of Nano Powders for Radiation Resistance
3.7 Direct Conversion of Heat from Radio Isotope to Electricity by Thermoelectricity and TPV
References
Chapter 4 Advanced Power Generation from Geothermal Heat
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Conventional Hydrothermal Resources
4.2.1 Low-Temperature Organic Rankine Cycle
4.2.2 ORC with Cogeneration
4.2.3 ORC with Autonomous Polygeneration Microgrids
4.2.4 Kalina Binary Cycles
4.3 Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
4.3.1 Ogachi, Japan, HDR Project for CO[sub(2)] Sequestration
4.4 Super-Hot-Rock Geothermal (HDR)
4.5 Advanced Geothermal Systems (AGS)
4.5.1 Eavor-Loop 2.0
4.6 Supercritical High Enthalpy Geothermal Power
4.7 Supercritical CO[sub(2)] Cycle
4.7.1 CO[sub(2)] Plume Geothermal System (CPG)
4.8 Role of Nano Technology on Geothermal Power Generation
References
Chapter 5 Advanced Solar Thermal Power Systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Thermal Efficiency and the Need for Concentration
5.3 Main Commercially Available Solar Concentrating Technologies
5.4 Line Focus Solar Concentrators
5.4.1 Parabolic Trough
5.4.2 Linear Fresnel
5.4.3 Options for Heat Transfer Fluids for Line Focus Concentrators
5.4.3.1 Direct Steam Generation (DSG Technology)
5.4.3.2 Molten Salts
5.4.3.3 Compressed Gases
5.4.3.4 Comparison of Molten Salt Heating Fluids for PT and LFR
5.5 Point-Focus Solar Concentrators
5.5.1 Parabolic Dish
5.5.1.1 Focus-Balanced Reflector
5.5.1.2 Scheffler Reflector
5.5.1.3 Off-Axis Reflectors
5.5.2 Heliostat Field-Central Receiver
5.6 Solar Power Towers Using Advanced Cycles
5.6.1 Supercritical Steam Rankine Cycles
5.6.2 Supercritical CO[sub(2)] Brayton Cycle
5.6.2.1 Integration of Solar Power Towers and Supercritical CO[sub(2)] Cycles
5.6.3 Comparison of Supercritical Steam Rankine and Carbon Dioxide Brayton Cycles
5.6.4 Decoupled Solar Combined Cycles
5.6.5 Innovative Power Conversion Cycles with Liquid
5.7 Advanced Mirror Concepts for Concentrating Solar Thermal Systems
5.8 Next-Generation Receivers
5.8.1 Particle Receivers
5.8.2 Novel High-Performance Receiver Designs Based on Applications
5.8.3 Next Generation of Liquid Metal and Other High-Performance Receiver Designs for Central Tower Systems
5.9 Status of Commercial CSP Plants
5.10 Hybrid CSP Power Plants
5.10.1 Fossil Fuels-Solar Hybrids for Power
5.10.2 CSP-Geothermal Power Plant
5.10.3 CSP and Biomass
5.10.4 CSP-Photovoltaic
References
Chapter 6 Advances in Photovoltaic Technology
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Spectral Beam Splitting Technology
6.1.2 Concept of Multi-junction Solar Cell for Spectral Beam Splitting
6.2 Materials Alternatives for Solar PV Cell
6.2.1 Silicon Based Cells
6.2.2 Non-Si-Based Solar Cells
6.3 Novel Solar Cell Architectures
6.3.1 PERC
6.3.2 Thin Film Solar Cell
6.3.3 Hybrid Cells
6.3.4 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
6.3.5 Tandem and Multi-junction Solar Cells
6.3.6 Bifacial Solar Cells
6.3.7 Half-Cells
6.3.8 Emerging Novel Ideas on Solar Cell Development
6.4 Advances in Solar Cell Architecture
6.5 Industrial Progress on Solar Cell Efficiency and Power Levels
6.5.1 Design for Utility-Scale Systems
6.5.2 MBB - Multi-Busbars
6.6 Innovations in Solar Cell Power Monitoring and Maintenance
6.6.1 Smart PV Power Plant Monitoring
6.6.2 Maintenance Measures
6.6.3 Issues Related to Large-Scale PV Power Integration in the Grid
6.7 Advances in CPV Technology
6.7.1 Solar Thermal Collectors for PVT and CPVT
6.7.2 Solar Concentrators
6.8 Characteristics of PVT and CPVT Systems Based on Level of Concentration and Temperature of Working Fluid
6.8.1 Low Concentration (LCPVT) and Temperature
6.8.2 Medium Concentration (MCPVT) and Temperature
6.8.3 High Concentration (HCPVT) and Temperature
6.8.4 Ultra High Concentration (UHCPVT) and Temperature
6.9 Cooling Technologies for PVT and CPVT Systems
6.9.1 Cooling Technologies for PVT Systems
6.9.2 Cooling Technologies for CPVT
6.9.3 Role of Nanofluids in PVT and CPVT Systems
6.9.4 Applications of Thermal Energy of Coolant Fluids in PVT and CPVT Systems
6.10 Advances in Power Generation by PV and CPV
6.10.1 Economics of Power Generation by Micro-Tracked CPV
6.10.2 Hybrid PV/TE System
References
Chapter 7 TPV Technology
7.1 Introduction
7.2 TPV System Overview
7.3 Types of TPV
7.3.1 Solar Thermophotovoltaic
7.3.2 Combustion and Waste Heat Based Thermophotovoltaics
7.3.3 Near-Field ThermoPhotoVoltaics
7.3.4 Radioisotope Thermophotovoltaics
7.3.5 Other Alternatives
7.4 Emitter Design
7.5 Advanced Selective Emitter Materials
7.5.1 Emitters Used in Prototype System Demonstrations
7.6 Requirements for Effective Emitters
7.6.1 Optical Performance
7.6.1.1 Spectral Control of Selective Emitters
7.6.2 Scalability to Large Areas
7.6.3 Long-Term High-Temperature Stability
7.6.4 Ease of Integration Within the TPV System
7.6.5 TPV Sub-system Efficiency
7.6.6 Cost
7.7 Spectral Control and Filter/Reflector Design
7.8 Characteristics of Materials for TPV Cell
7.8.1 GaSb-Based TPV Cell
7.8.2 InGaAs-Based TPV Cell
7.8.3 Narrow Bandgap Materials for TPV Cells
7.9 TPV Applications
7.9.1 Solar TPV Systems
7.9.2 TPV for Waste Heat
7.9.3 TPV Generators for Combustion Heat
7.9.4 Space Applications
7.9.5 Thermal Energy Storage System
7.10 Challenges, Recommendations and Closing Perspectives
References
Chapter 8 Waste Heat to Power Thermoelectricity
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Factors Affecting Waste Heat Recovery
8.3 Waste Heat to Power by Thermodynamic Cycles
8.3.1 Steam Rankin Cycle
8.3.2 Kalina Cycle
8.3.3 Organic Rankine Cycle
8.3.3.1 Applications of Organic Rankine Cycle for Waste Heat
8.3.4 Advances in CO[sub(2)] Power Cycles for Waste Heat Recovery
8.4 Thermoelectricity
8.4.1 Figure of Merit and Other Performance Parameters
8.4.2 Thermoelectric Module
8.4.3 Thermoelectric Materials
8.4.3.1 Conventional Thermoelectric Materials
8.4.3.2 New Thermoelectric Materials
8.4.3.3 Thermoelectric Materials: From Bulk to Nano
8.4.3.4 Thin Film Thermoelectric Technology
8.4.3.5 Magnesium-Based Thermoelectric Generators
8.5 Applications of Thermoelectric Generators for Waste Heat
8.5.1 Waste Heat from Human Body
8.5.2 Waste Heat Recovery from Industry and Homes
8.5.3 Waste Heat Recovery from Transport Systems
8.5.3.1 Automobiles and Motorcycles
8.5.3.2 Aircraft
8.5.3.3 Ships
8.5.4 Thermoelectricity for Regenerative Computing
8.5.5 Solar Waste Heat to Generate Thermoelectric Power
8.5.6 Waste Heat from Natural Gas in Remote Locations
8.6 Perspectives on Commercialization and Future Outlook
8.7 Other Methods for Waste Heat to Power
References
Index