Advanced Porous Biomaterials for Drug Delivery Applications

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Table of Contents
Foreword by Dr. Chenraj Roychand
Preface
Acknowledgments
Editors
Contributors
Part A Overview of Drug Delivery and Porous Materials
1 A Brief Overview of Drug Delivery Systems and Significance of Advanced Porous Biomaterials in the Drug Delivery Field
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Different Types of Drug Delivery Systems (DDSs)
1.2.1 Controlled DDSs
1.2.2 Targeted DDSs
1.2.2.1 Passive Targeting
1.2.2.2 Active Targeting
1.3 Importance of Porous Materials in Drug Delivery
1.4 Classification of Porous Materials
1.5 Natural Porous Materials
1.6 Synthetic Porous Materials
1.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Part B Natural Porous Materials
2 Silk Fibroin-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Drug Delivery Systems
2.3 The Ideal Delivery System
2.3.1 Protein-Based Delivery Systems
2.3.2 Silk
2.3.3 Silk Fibroin
2.4 Fibroin Properties Exploited in Delivery Systems
2.4.1 Mechanical Properties
2.4.2 Biocompatibility
2.4.3 Stability
2.4.4 Degradability
2.5 Silk Fibroin-Based Drug Delivery Systems
2.5.1 Fibroin Particles
2.5.2 Porous Sponges
2.5.3 Microneedles
2.5.4 Injectable Hydrogels
2.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Acknowledgement
References
3 Surface Bioengineering of Nanostructured Diatom Biosilica and Their Applications in Drug Delivery
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Diatoms: Structure, Properties and Modifications
3.3 Surface Modification Strategies
3.4 Drug Delivery Applications
3.5 Biodegradable Diatoms Drug Carriers
3.6 Conclusion and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
4 Different Classes of Nanoclay Materials (Halloysite, Montmorillonite, and Kaolinite) and Its Applications in Controlled Drug Release and Targeted Drug Delivery
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Structure of Clay
4.3 Structure of Kaolinite
4.3.1 Structure of Halloysite
4.3.2 Structure of Montmorillonite
4.4 Interactions of Clay with Drug Molecules
4.5 Clay-Polymer Composites
4.6 Kaolinite in Drug Delivery
4.7 Halloysite in Drug Delivery
4.7.1 Drug Release Kinetics from Halloysite Nanotubes
4.7.2 Halloysite-Drug Conjugates
4.7.3 Polymer Coatings on Halloysite
4.7.4 Biomolecule Loading in Halloysite
4.7.5 Electrospun Composites
4.8 Montmorillonite in Drug Delivery
4.8.1 Intercalation of Drugs in Montmorillonite
4.8.2 Drug Loading in Polymer-Montmorillonite Composites
4.8.3 Anti-microbial Applications
4.9 Conclusions
References
5 Naturally Obtained Zeolites for Drug Delivery Applications
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Natural Zeolites
5.3 Application and Types of Natural Zeolites
5.3.1 Clinoptilolite
5.3.2 Mordenite
5.4 Other Natural Zeolite Compounds
5.4.1 Chabazite
5.5 Future Directions
Declaration of Competing Interest
Acknowledgments
References
6 Porous Calcium Carbonates and Calcium Phosphates for Drug Delivery Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Calcium Carbonates
6.3 Calcium Phosphates
6.4 Drug-Loading Approaches
6.4.1 Surface Adsorption
6.4.2 Encapsulation
6.5 Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate Scaffolds
6.5.1 Optimal Scaffold Properties for Drug Delivery
6.5.2 Scaffold Fabrication Methods
6.5.3 Drug Delivery Applications
6.5.3.1 Bone Regeneration
6.5.3.2 Treatment of Osteomyelitis
6.6 Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate Microspheres
6.6.1 Optimal Microsphere Characteristics for Drug Delivery
6.6.2 Particle Synthesis
6.6.3 Drug Delivery Applications
6.6.3.1 Cancer Therapies
6.6.3.2 Vaccine Adjuvant
6.6.3.3 Other Applications
6.7 Calcium Carbonate and Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles
6.7.1 Nanoparticle Characteristics for Drug Delivery
6.7.1.1 Pore Structures
6.7.1.2 Particle Size and Shape
6.7.1.3 Biodegradation
6.7.1.4 Zeta Potential and Surface Charge
6.7.2 Drug Delivery Applications
6.7.2.1 Cancer Therapies
6.7.2.2 Treatment of Musculoskeletal Disorders
6.7.2.3 Tissue Engineering
6.7.2.4 Other Applications
6.8 Concluding Remarks
References
Part C Synthetic Porous Materials
7 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)-Based Carriers for Tumor Therapy
7.1 Introduction
7.2 MOF Synthesis
7.3 Properties of MOFs as a Carrier
7.3.1 MOFs in Tumor Therapy
7.3.2 pH-Responsive MOFs
7.3.3 Thermoresponsive MOFs
7.3.4 Enzyme-Responsive MOFs
7.3.5 Redox-Responsive MOFs
7.3.6 Photoresponsive MOFs
7.3.7 Magnetic Field-Responsive MOFs
7.4 Conclusion and Future Prospective
Acknowledgments
References
8 Covalent Organic Frameworks ( COFs) for Drug Delivery Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Linkers for the Synthesis of COFs
8.2.1 Boron-Oxygen Linkage
8.2.2 Carbon-Nitrogen Linkage
8.2.3 Other Linkages
8.3 Synthesis of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs)
8.3.1 Solvothermal Synthesis
8.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
8.3.3 Mechanochemical Synthesis
8.3.4 Sonochemical Synthesis
8.3.5 Ionothermal Synthesis
8.4 Drug Delivery Application
8.4.1 2D COFs
8.5 3D COFs
8.6 COF Composites
8.7 Conclusion and Future Aspects
Acknowledgment
Note
References
9 Nanoporous Anodic Alumina (NAA) for Drug Delivery Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nanoporous Anodic Alumina (NAA): Structure, Preparation, and Properties
9.3 Biocompatibility
9.4 In Vitro Biocompatibility Studies
9.5 In Vivo Biocompatibility Studies
9.6 Drug Delivery Applications of NAA
9.6.1 In Vitro Studies of NAA as Carriers for Drug Delivery
9.6.2 External Stimulus and Triggered Drug Release
9.6.3 Coronary Stents Implants
9.6.4 Biocapsules for Immunoissolation
9.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
10 Electrochemically Nano-engineered Titanium Implants towards Local Drug Delivery Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Electrochemically Nano-engineered Ti Implants
10.3 Drug Delivery from Nano-engineered Ti Implants
10.3.1 Antibacterial Therapy
10.3.1.1 Release of Antibiotics
10.3.1.2 Controlled Release Using Biopolymers
10.3.1.3 Release of Metal Ions/Nanoparticles
10.3.2 Immunomodulatory
10.3.3 Osseointegration
10.3.3.1 Release of Growth Factors
10.3.3.2 Release of Metal Nanoparticles
10.3.3.3 Bioactive Polymers
10.3.4 Soft-Tissue Integration
10.3.5 Synergistic Therapies
10.3.6 Anticancer
10.4 Triggered Local Therapy
10.4.1 Internal Triggers
10.4.2 External Triggers
10.5 Cytotoxicity Concerns
10.6 Research Challenges and Future Directions
10.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
11 Porous Silicon for Drug Delivery Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Fabrication of Porous Silicon (pSi)
11.3 Surface Chemistry of pSi and Their Stability Through Chemical Modification
11.4 Formation of Silicon-Carbon Bond
11.4.1 Hydrosilylation
11.4.2 Carbonization
11.4.3 Dehydrogenative Coupling (DHC)
11.4.4 Silanization
11.5 Drug Delivery Applications
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Surface Modified Graphene Oxide (GO) for Chemotherapeutic Drug Delivery
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fundamental of Carbon and Its Allotropes
12.2.1 Graphene
12.2.2 Graphene Oxide (GO)
12.3 Synthesis and Surface Modification of GO
12.4 Functionalization Schemes
12.4.1 GO associated with Antibody Nanocomposites
12.4.2 GO associated with Metal Nanoparticle Composites
12.4.3 GO associated with Polymer Nanocomposites
12.5 Characterization Techniques
12.5.1 UV-Vis Spectroscopy
12.5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
12.5.3 Raman Spectroscopy
12.5.4 Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA)
12.5.5 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
12.5.6 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
12.5.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
12.6 GO Nanocomposites in Therapeutical Domain
12.6.1 GO in the Direction of Chemotherapeutic Drug Delivery System
12.6.2 GO in the Gene Delivery System
12.7 Biocompatibility and Noxiousness of GO Nanocomposites
12.8 Conclusion and Future Scope
References
13 Fullerene Derivatives for Drug Delivery Applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Fullerene and Its Derivatives
13.3 Applications of Fullerene as Drug Delivery Carrier
13.4 Application of Fullerene for Anticancer
13.5 Applications of Fullerene for Antibacterial Activity
13.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
14 Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 Chemical Properties of CNTs
14.1.2 Classification of CNTs
14.1.3 General Properties of CNTs
14.2 Synthesis
14.2.1 Electric Arc-Discharge Method
14.2.2 Laser Ablation Method
14.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
14.2.4 High-Pressure Carbon Monoxide (HiPco) Synthesis
14.3 Purification and Modification of CNTs
14.4 Functionalization Strategies for CNTs
14.4.1 Physical or Noncovalent Functionalization
14.4.2 Covalent Functionalization
14.5 Application of CNTs in Drug Delivery
14.5.1 Considerations of CNTs as Drug Delivery System
14.5.1.1 Size and Structure
14.5.1.2 Surface-Decorated Molecules
14.5.1.3 Agglomeration Tendency
14.5.1.4 Cell Type
14.5.1.5 Drug Loading and Release Mechanism
14.5.2 Applications of CNTs
14.5.2.1 Drug Delivery Vector
14.5.2.2 CNTs for Therapeutic Brain Delivery
14.5.2.3 Gene Delivery Vector
14.5.2.4 Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapy
14.6 Conclusion and Future of Nanotherapeutics
References
Index