Polymer latex particles continue to become increasingly important in numerous commercial applications. Advanced synthesis techniques are the key to developing new functionality for nanoparticles. These methods make it possible to tailor the size, chemical composition, or properties of these particles, as well as the molecular weight of the polymer chain as a whole, based on given requirements. Advanced Polymer Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Surface Modifications summarizes important developments in the advanced synthesis and surface modification techniques used to generate and mold polymer particles. This book explores the evolution and enhancement of processes such as emulsion, mini-emulsion, micro-emulsion, dispersion, suspension, inverse emulsion (in organic phase), and polymerization. Understanding these developments will enable the reader to optimize particle system design, giving rise to a greater application spectrum. This book: Focuses on synthesis and characterization of particles with core-shell morphologies Details generation of nonspherical polymer particles using different synthetic routes Explores generation of specific architectures, such as block, star, graft, and gradient copolymer particles The authors describe pH-responsive nanoparticles and smart, thermally responsive particles. They also cover surface tailoring of various organic and inorganic nanoparticles by polymers, as well as theoretical studies on the kinetics of controlled radical polymerization techniques. Condensing and evaluating current knowledge of the development of polymer nanoparticles, this reference will prove a valuable addition to the area of polymer latex technology.
Author(s): Vikas Mittal
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2010
Language: English
Pages: 384
Cover Page......Page 1
Title Page......Page 3
ISBN 9781439814437......Page 4
Contents......Page 5
Preface......Page 7
Editor......Page 9
Contributors......Page 10
1.1 Introduction......Page 12
1.2 Emulsion Polymerization......Page 13
1.3 Controlled Polymerization and its Use in Emulsion Polymerization Processes......Page 20
1.4 Conventional and Controlled Miniemulsion Polymerization......Page 27
1.5 Generation of Copolymer or Core-Shell Particles......Page 31
References......Page 36
2.1 Introduction......Page 40
2.2 Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Morphologies......Page 41
2.2.1 Equilibrium Morphologies......Page 42
2.2.2 Nonequilibrium Morphologies......Page 44
2.3.1 Emulsion Polymerization......Page 46
2.3.2 Miniemulsion Polymerization......Page 54
2.3.4 Dispersion Polymerization......Page 58
2.3.5 Suspension Polymerization......Page 59
2.3.6 Other Techniques......Page 60
2.4.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy......Page 63
2.4.4 Additional Techniques Used for Particle Characterization......Page 65
References......Page 66
3. Advanced Polymer Nanoparticles with Nonspherical Morphologies......Page 72
3.1 Introduction......Page 73
3.2 Overview of Approaches to Nonspherical Polymer Nanoparticles Synthesis......Page 74
3.3.1 Phase Separation and Seeded Emulsion Polymerization......Page 75
3.3.2 Solvent Evaporation and Seeded Dispersion Polymerization......Page 87
3.4 Physical Posttreatment Approaches......Page 89
3.4.1 Stretching......Page 90
3.4.2 Compression......Page 97
3.4.3 Self-Assembly......Page 98
3.5 Summary......Page 103
References......Page 104
4. Block, Graft, Star and Gradient Copolymer Particles......Page 108
4.1 Introduction......Page 109
4.2 Polymerization Techniques for Complex Macromolecular Architectures......Page 110
4.2.1 Block Copolymer Topology......Page 111
4.2.2 Graft Copolymer Topology......Page 112
4.2.4 Gradient Copolymer Topology......Page 114
4.3 Polymer Nanoparticles in Heterogeneous Polymerization......Page 115
4.3.1 Approaches for Successful Application of CRP in Heterogeneous Media......Page 116
4.3.2 Challenges with the Application of CRP in Heterogeneous Media......Page 118
4.3.3 Characteristics of the Individual CRP Techniques in Miniemulsion Polymerization......Page 119
4.3.4 Nanoparticles with Complex Architecture Synthesized via CRP in (Mini)emulsion......Page 121
4.4.1 Synthesis of Amphiphilic Copolymers......Page 124
4.4.2 Nanostructures via Self-Assembly of Copolymers......Page 125
4.4.3 Nanoparticles Synthesis by Cross-Linking of Self-Assembled Structures......Page 126
4.4.5 Potential Applications of Cross-Linked Nanoparticles......Page 132
4.5 Conclusions......Page 134
References......Page 135
5. Polymer Nanoparticles by Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Microemulsion Polymerization......Page 144
5.1 Introduction......Page 145
5.2 Uncontrolled Microemulsion Polymerization......Page 146
5.2.1 Impact of Monomer Solubility......Page 147
5.2.2 Microemulsion Copolymerization......Page 149
5.2.3 Multiple Addition and Semicontinuous Microemulsion Polymerization......Page 150
5.3 Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization......Page 151
5.4 Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Microemulsion Polymerization......Page 154
5.4.1 Microemulsion Polymerization Kinetics......Page 155
5.4.2 Molecular Weight and Polydispersity......Page 164
5.4.3 Latex Particle Size......Page 172
References......Page 174
6.1 Introduction......Page 180
6.2 pH-Responsive Polymer Micelle Particles......Page 183
6.3 pH-Responsive Cross-Linked Micelle Particles......Page 188
6.4 pH-Responsive Microgel Particles......Page 190
6.5 pH-Responsive Branched Copolymer Particles......Page 193
6.6 Polymer Nanoparticles with pH-Responsive Surfaces......Page 194
6.7 Applications of pH-Responsive Polymer Particles......Page 196
6.8 Outlook......Page 200
References......Page 201
7.1.1 Thermo-Responsive Polymer......Page 208
7.1.2 Phase Transition of Thermo-Responsive Polymer......Page 209
7.1.3 Thermo-Responsive PNIPAAm Nanoparticles......Page 210
7.2 Thermo-Responsive Nanoparticle Synthesis and Characterization......Page 211
7.3 Thermo-Responsive Nanoparticle Size Control......Page 216
7.4 Thermo-Responsive Nanoparticle Applications......Page 219
7.5 Conclusions and Future Development......Page 225
References......Page 226
8.1 Introduction......Page 234
8.2 Architecture of Polymer Particles Possessing Radical Initiating Sites on the Surface by Emulsion Copolymerization and Synthesis of Core-Brush Structures by Photoinduced ATRP Approach......Page 236
8.3 Synthesis of Silica Particles Coated with High-Density Polymer Brushes......Page 239
8.4 Synthesis of Polymer Brushes Encapsulated Silica Particles by DC-Mediated Living Radical Polymerization......Page 241
8.5 Synthesis of Silica Hybrid Nanoparticles Modified with Photofunctional Polymers and Construction of Colloidal Crystals......Page 246
8.6 Architecture of Polymer Particles Composed of Brush Structure at Surface and Application for Structural Color Materials......Page 250
8.7 Surface Modification of Polymer Particles via RAFT Polymerization......Page 260
8.8 Surface Modification of Silica Nanoparticles via Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Polymerization......Page 264
References......Page 266
9. Effects of Nano-Sized Polymerization Locus on the Kinetics of Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization......Page 274
9.1 Introduction......Page 275
9.2 Origin of Livingness in Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization (CLRP)......Page 276
9.3.1 Basic Concept......Page 278
9.3.2 SFRP and ATRP (Radical Long Life-ization Process)......Page 279
9.3.3 RAFT and DT......Page 293
9.4.1 Fundamental Distribution in CLRP......Page 304
9.4.2 SFRP and ATRP in Dispersed Systems......Page 308
9.4.3 RAFT Polymerization in Dispersed Systems (Normal Lifetime Process)......Page 309
9.5 Summary......Page 313
References......Page 314
Appendix: Formulation of Various Average Times......Page 316
10.1 Introduction......Page 318
10.2 Particle Nucleation......Page 319
10.3 Functional Particles by Surfactant-Free Polymerization......Page 320
Acknowledgments......Page 335
References......Page 336
11.1 General Introduction......Page 340
11.2 Historical Introduction......Page 341
11.3 Specific Introduction......Page 344
11.4 Role of Initiators in Aqueous Emulsion Polymerization......Page 345
11.5 Initiation and Interfaces......Page 349
11.6 Surface Active Initiators–Inisurfs......Page 352
11.7 Polymers as Initiators for Emulsion Polymerization......Page 358
References......Page 364
B......Page 372
C......Page 373
D......Page 374
G......Page 375
L......Page 376
M......Page 377
P......Page 378
S......Page 380
T......Page 382
Z......Page 383
Back Page......Page 384
