Advanced Polymer Nanocomposites: Science, Technology and Applications

Advanced Polymer Nanocomposites
Copyright
Contents
List of contributors
Preface
1 Fundamentals of polymer nanocomposites
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Polymers
1.1.2 Polymer matrix composites
1.1.3 Types of fiber reinforcements for polymer matrix composite
1.1.4 Properties of materials: a comparison
1.1.5 Polymer nanocomposites
1.1.6 Advantages of adding nanofillers to a polymer matrix
1.1.7 Problems associated with the addition of nanofillers
1.2 Materials
1.2.1 Matrix of polymer nanocomposites
1.2.2 Nanofillers for polymer matrix
1.2.3 Exceptional properties of nanofillers
1.3 Fabrication of polymer nanocomposites
1.4 Characterization of polymer nanocomposites
1.5 Degradation of polymer nanocomposites
1.6 Applications of polymer nanocomposites
1.7 Conclusion
1.8 Scope for future work
Acknowledgments
References
2 Rheology and crystallization of polymer nanocomposites
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification of nanofillers in polymer nanocomposites
2.3 Use of nanofillers in nanocomposite materials
2.4 Crystallization properties of polymer nanocomposites
2.5 Rheology of polymer nanocomposites
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Biological aspects of polymer nanocomposites
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Nanocomposites
3.3 Biological aspects of nanocomposites
3.3.1 Antibacterial aspects
3.3.2 Drug delivery aspects
3.3.3 Gene therapy aspects
3.3.4 Tissue engineering aspects
3.3.5 Biosensing aspects
3.3.6 Bioimaging aspects
3.3.7 Dental aspects
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Electrical properties of polymer nanocomposites
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Materials and method
4.2.1 Materials
4.2.2 Preparation of sugarcane nanocellulose fiber
4.2.3 Fabrication of Al-SiC nanoparticles
4.2.4 Production of sugarcane nanocellulose/Al-SiC epoxy hybrid composites
4.3 Epoxy polymer nanocomposite characterization
4.3.1 Electrical properties
4.3.2 Dielectric properties
4.4 Results and discussion
4.4.1 Space charge distribution
4.4.2 Direct current conductance analysis
4.4.3 Direct current breakdown
4.4.4 Dielectric properties
4.5 Conclusion and future perspective
References
5 Optical properties of polymer nanocomposites
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Production method
5.3 Characterization techniques
5.4 Optical properties of polymer nanocomposites
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Thermal properties of polymer nanocomposites
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thermal properties of polymers and polymer nanocomposites—terms, definitions, significance
6.2.1 Definitions and significance
6.2.1.1 Melting point and glass transition temperature
6.2.1.2 Thermal conductivity
6.2.1.3 Specific heat
6.2.1.4 Thermal diffusivity
6.2.1.5 Coefficient of linear thermal expansion
6.2.1.6 Thermal stability
6.3 Principal and techniques of thermal analysis
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Differential scanning calorimetry/calorimeter
6.3.3 Heat-flux differential scanning calorimetry
6.3.4 Power compensation differential scanning calorimetry
6.3.5 Thermogravimetric analysis
6.3.6 Thermomechanical analysis
6.3.7 Dynamic mechanical analysis
6.3.8 Thermoptometry
6.3.9 Evolved gas detection and evolved gas analysis
6.4 Polymeric nanocomposites and their mathematical models for reckoning the thermal conductivity
6.4.1 Series, parallel, and geometric model
6.4.2 Models on geometrical particle size
6.4.3 Model based on the alignment of filler
6.4.4 Effective medium theory
6.5 Thermal properties of various polymeric materials and their Nanocomposites
6.5.1 Thermal properties of thermoplastic polymer nanocomposites
6.5.2 Thermal properties of epoxy and fiber-reinforced nanocomposite
6.5.3 Recycled polymer nanocomposites
6.5.4 Thermal properties of polymer blend nanocomposite
6.5.5 Thermal properties of shape memory polymer nanocomposite
6.5.6 Thermal properties of biopolymer nanocomposite
6.6 Summary
References
7 Life-cycle assessment of polymer nanocomposites
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Life-cycle assessment for nanotechnology
7.2.1 Goal definition and scope
7.2.2 Inventory analysis
7.2.3 Impact assessment
7.2.4 Interpretation
7.3 Expected benefits of LCA for PNCs
7.4 Limitation and challenges on nanocomposites LCA
7.5 LCA of food packaging materials
7.6 LCA of polymer nanocomposites for automobiles
7.7 LCA of PNCs intended for different applications
7.7.1 Graphite nanoplatelets-filled epoxy-based composite
7.7.2 Polyacrylic acid and polyethylenimine-coated magnetic nanoparticles
7.7.3 Silver-graphene oxide-reinforced polyvinylidene fluoride
7.7.4 PNC in agricultural films
7.8 Narrowing the limitations of LCA for PNC
7.9 More research works to carry on
7.10 Conclusion
References
8 Polymer nanocomposites for biomedical applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Polymer nanocomposites and their preparation
8.3 Antimicrobial activities of polymer nanocomposites
8.4 Biocompatibility and biodegradation of polymer nanocomposites
8.5 Polymer nanocomposites for biomedical applications
8.5.1 Polymer nanocomposites in bioprinting
8.5.2 Polymer nanocomposites in tissue engineering
8.5.3 Polymer nanocomposites for drug delivery
8.5.4 Polymer nanocomposites in biosensing applications
8.6 Conclusion and future aspects
References
9 Polymer nanocomposites for microelectronic devices and biosensors
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Optical devices
9.2.1 Organic light-emitting diodes
9.2.1.1 Improvement of efficiency
9.2.1.2 Improvement of color emission
9.2.2 Organic photovoltaic cells
9.3 Supercapacitors
9.3.1 Graphene and polyaniline composites
9.3.2 Graphene and polypyrrole composites
9.3.3 Graphene and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) composites
9.4 Strain sensor
9.4.1 Silver nanoparticle–based strain sensor
9.4.2 Silver nanowire–based strain sensor
9.4.3 Silver nanoflower fiber–based strain sensor
9.4.4 Graphene-based strain sensor
9.4.5 Gold nanowire–based strain sensor
9.5 Electrochemical sensor
9.5.1 Conducting polymers/carbon nanoparticle–based sensors
9.5.2 Conducting polymers/graphene-based sensors
9.5.3 Conducting polymers/metal nanoparticle–based sensors
9.5.3.1 Silver nanoparticles
9.5.3.2 Palladium nanoparticles
9.5.3.3 Platinum nanoparticles
9.5.3.4 Gold nanoparticles
9.5.4 Conducting polymers/metal oxide nanoparticle–based sensors
9.6 Gas sensor
9.6.1 Metal oxide–conducting polymer-based gas sensors
9.6.2 Metal-conducting polymer-based gas sensors
9.6.3 Carbon nanotube–conducting polymer-based gas sensors
9.6.4 Graphene-conducting polymer-based gas sensors
9.7 Temperature sensor
9.7.1 Gas-filled cellular structures
9.7.2 Cellulose–PPy nanocomposite
9.7.3 Carbon nanotubes
9.7.4 Nanowires
9.7.5 Graphite-mixed nanocomposites
9.8 Conclusions
References
10 Polymer nanocomposites for adhesives and coatings
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Polymer nanocomposite coatings
10.2.1 Fillers of polymer nanocomposite coatings
10.2.1.1 Inorganic fillers and clay-based polymer nanocomposite coatings
10.2.2 Carbon-based polymer nanocomposite coatings
10.2.3 Preparation methods of polymer nanocomposite coatings
10.2.4 Conductive polymer nanocomposite coatings
10.2.5 Smart polymer nanocomposite coatings
10.2.6 UV-cured polymer nanocomposite coatings
10.2.7 Biocompatible and antimicrobial polymer nanocomposite coatings
10.3 Polymer nanocomposite adhesives
10.3.1 Epoxy-based high-performance nanocomposite adhesives
10.3.2 Waterborne polyurethane nanocomposite adhesives
10.3.3 Pressure-sensitive adhesives
10.3.4 Hydrogel and biomimetic adhesives
10.3.5 Conductive polymer nanocomposite adhesives
10.4 Application of polymer nanocomposite coatings and adhesives
10.5 Conclusion and future prospects
References
11 Polymer nanocomposites for automotive applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Composite and nanocomposite
11.3 Nano-advantage
11.4 Polymer nanocomposite
11.5 Advantageous properties of PNC
11.5.1 Mechanical strength and toughness
11.5.2 Thermal stability
11.5.3 Chemical and barrier resistance
11.5.4 Electrical activity
11.5.5 Catalytic activity
11.5.6 Optical activity
11.5.7 Smart response
11.5.8 Biological activity
11.6 Limitations of PNCs
11.7 Factors influencing the properties of polymer nanocomposites
11.8 Types of nanoreinforcements
11.9 Most commonly used polymer matrices and nanoparticles
11.9.1 Polymer matrices [26]
11.9.2 Nanoparticles [26]
11.9.2.1 Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
11.10 Applications of PNC in automotive sector
11.10.1 Coatings
11.10.1.1 Clear coatings
11.10.1.2 Weather-resistant coatings
11.10.1.3 Self-healing nanocomposites for automotive coatings
11.10.2 Tire
11.10.2.1 SBR/clay nanocomposite
11.10.2.2 Epoxidized natural rubber/organoclay nanocomposite
11.10.2.3 Butyl/clay nanocomposite
11.10.2.4 Nanorubber
11.10.3 Fuel cell and fuel tank
11.10.4 Battery and battery packaging
11.10.5 Mirror
11.10.6 Glasses
11.10.7 Lightweight purpose
11.10.8 Gears
11.10.9 Rear floor
11.10.10 Seatbacks
11.10.11 Timing belt cover
11.10.12 Engine cover
11.10.13 Miscellaneous
11.10.14 Green nanocomposite
11.10.14.1 Green composites in automotive sector
11.10.14.2 Green nanofillers
11.10.14.3 Green polymeric nanocomposites
11.10.15 Recent research reports
11.11 Challenges
11.12 Potential steps for quick commercialization
11.13 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
12 Polymer nanocomposites for road construction: investigating the aging performance of polymer and carbon nanotube–modifie...
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Background of current study
12.3 CFM test protocol
12.3.1 CFM tip functionalization
12.3.1.1 Calibration of CFM tips
12.3.1.2 Description of CNT
12.4 Results and discussion
12.4.1 Comparative study between SB and SBS
12.4.1.1 Statistical analysis of CFM data for 4% SB and SBS (fresh and aged samples) with 0.5% CNT
12.5 Conclusions
12.6 Recommendation for future study
Acknowledgment
References
13 Polymer nanocomposites for energy
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Polymer nanocomposites as energy materials: terminology and annotations
13.2.1 Dielectric constant/relative permittivity
13.2.2 Dielectric loss
13.2.3 Dielectric nonlinearity
13.2.4 Breakdown strength
13.2.5 Theory of percolation
13.3 Novel PNC energy materials: basic concepts
13.3.1 Selection of matrix phase of PNCs for energy application
13.3.2 Selection of nanofillers of PNCs for energy applications
13.4 Effect of interface on the dielectric properties of PNCs
13.4.1 Tanaka’s theoretical model
13.4.2 Lewis’s theoretical model
13.5 Ferroelectric fluoropolymer-based PNCs as energy materials
13.6 Graphene/graphene-based PNCs as energy materials
13.6.1 Graphene–PANI nanocomposites
13.6.2 Graphene–PPy nanocomposites
13.7 Conclusion and prospects
References
14 Polymer nanocomposites for defense applications
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Defense applications of polymer nanocomposites
14.2.1 Smart military uniforms
14.2.2 Impact and shock resistance/ballistic protection
14.2.2.1 Lightweight military platforms and armors
14.2.3 Optically transparent armor
14.2.4 Acoustics absorption
14.2.5 Signature reduction
14.2.6 Thermal ablation/fire retardation
14.2.7 Corrosion protection
14.2.8 Explosives and propellants
14.2.9 Wound care for soldiers
14.2.10 Electromagnetic interference shielding
14.2.11 Ultraviolet irradiation resistance
14.2.12 Refractive index tuning
14.2.13 Sensory applications
14.2.13.1 Hazardous chemical detection
14.2.13.2 Detection of explosives
14.2.13.3 Other sensors
14.3 Actuators for military robots
14.4 Marine applications
14.5 Military ration packaging (diffusion barrier)
14.6 Water purification for defense
14.6.1 Removal of heavy metallic ions
14.6.2 Removal of dyes
14.6.3 Desalination and removal of oil
14.6.4 Removal of other pollutants
14.6.5 Self-water purification system
14.7 Conclusion
References
Further reading
15 Polymer nanocomposites for packaging
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Issues with traditional packaging system
15.3 Advantages of polymer nanocomposites in packaging
15.3.1 Barrier properties
15.3.2 Mechanical properties
15.3.3 Thermal properties
15.3.4 Flame retardancy
15.3.5 Optical properties
15.3.6 Degradation properties
15.3.7 Antimicrobial and antibacterial properties
15.4 Polymer nanocomposites for packaging foods and beverages
15.5 Polymer nanocomposites for packaging electronic components
15.6 Toxicity of polymer nanocomposites
15.7 Conclusions and future prospects
References
16 Carbon-based polymer nanocomposites for electronic textiles (e-textiles)
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Functions of e-textiles
16.3 Carbon-based materials for e-textiles
16.3.1 Carbon derivatives
16.3.1.1 Activated carbon
16.3.1.2 Graphene
16.3.1.3 Graphene oxide
16.3.1.4 Carbon nanotube
16.3.1.5 Carbon black
16.3.1.6 Carbon fiber
16.4 Fabrication techniques
16.4.1 Fiber-based fabrication
16.4.2 Yarn-based fabrication
16.4.3 Fabric and garment-based fabrication
16.5 Characterization techniques
16.5.1 E-textile standardization
16.6 Applications
16.6.1 Fiber-based applications
16.6.2 Yarn-based applications
16.6.3 Fabric-based applications
16.6.4 Recent modifications in e-textiles
16.7 Health aspects of e-textiles
16.8 Environmental aspects of e-textiles
16.9 Recycle, reuse, and sustainability
16.10 Conclusion and future stream
References
17 Flame retardant nanofillers and its behavior in polymer nanocomposite
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Flame retardant nanomaterials
17.2.1 Clay-based nanomaterials
17.2.2 Metal-based nanomaterials
17.2.3 Carbon-based nanomaterials
17.2.4 Silicone-based nanomaterials
17.2.5 Biobased nanomaterials
17.2.6 Nitrogen-based nanoparticle
17.3 Flame retardant polymer nanocomposite
17.4 Flammability of polymer nanocomposite
17.5 Heat release rate of flame retardant polymer nanocomposite
17.6 Limiting oxygen index of flame retardant polymer nanocomposite materials
17.7 Smoke toxicity analysis
17.8 Applications of flame retardant polymer nanocomposite materials
17.8.1 Aerospace
17.8.2 Automotive
17.8.3 Textile
17.8.4 Building
17.9 Future trend on flame retardant nanocomposite
17.10 Summary and future directions
Acknowledgments
References
18 Innovativeness and sustainability of polymer nanocomposites
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Chitosan
18.2.1 Chitosan polymer nanocomposites
18.2.2 Polymer/chitosan/graphene nanocomposites
18.2.3 Polymer/chitosan/nanoclay nanocomposites
18.2.4 Polymer/chitosan/metal nanocomposites
18.3 Cellulose
18.3.1 Nanocellulose polymer nanocomposites
18.3.2 Polymer/cellulose/graphene nanocomposites
18.3.3 Polymer/cellulose/nanoclay nanocomposites
18.3.4 Polymer/cellulose/metal nanocomposites
18.4 Collagen
18.4.1 Collagen polymer nanocomposites
18.4.2 Polymer/collagen/silica nanocomposites
18.4.3 Polymer/collagen/hydroxyapatite nanocomposites
18.4.4 Polymer/collagen/metal nanocomposites
18.5 Keratin
18.5.1 Polymer/keratin/graphene nanocomposites
18.6 Conclusions and future directions
References
19 Industrial implementation of polymer-nanocomposites
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Applications and challenges of PNC industry
19.2.1 Innovation challenge
19.2.2 Processing challenge
19.2.3 Scaling up challenge
19.3 Business ecosystem
19.3.1 Manufacturer
19.3.2 Research and development
19.3.3 Investor
19.3.4 IP and consultancy
19.3.5 Infrastructure
19.3.6 Regulation
19.3.7 Standardization
19.4 PESTLE analysis
19.4.1 Political variable
19.4.2 Economic variable
19.4.3 Social variable
19.4.4 Technological variable
19.4.5 Legal variable
19.4.6 Environmental variable
19.5 Conclusion
References
20 Environmental and health impacts of polymer nanocomposites
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Polymer nanocomposites: an overview
20.2.1 Definition and composition of polymer nanocomposites
20.2.2 Types of polymer nanocomposites
20.2.2.1 Nanoclay-reinforced composites
20.2.2.2 Carbon nanotube-reinforced composites
20.2.2.3 Carbon nanofiber-reinforced composites
20.2.2.4 Inorganic particle-reinforced composites
20.2.3 Features of polymer nanocomposites
20.3 Applications of polymer nanocomposites in human health
20.3.1 Polymer nanocomposites in pharmaceuticals
20.3.2 Polymer nanocomposites in diagnosis and treatment of diseases
20.3.2.1 Diagnosis and treatment of tumor and cancer
20.3.2.2 Management of angioplasty
20.3.2.3 Tissue engineering
20.3.2.4 Wound healing
20.3.2.5 Polymer nanocomposites in orthopedics
20.3.2.6 Polymer nanocomposites in dentistry
20.3.2.7 Polymer nanocomposites in eye problems
20.3.3 Polymer nanocomposites in agriculture and nutraceuticals
20.4 Applications of polymer nanocomposites on environment
20.5 Toxicological insight of nanocomposites on human health
20.5.1 Potential causes of cytotoxicity
20.5.2 Factors influencing toxicity of nanocomposites
20.5.3 Toxicity assessment of nanocomposites: an overview
20.6 Toxicological insight of polymer nanocomposites on environment
20.7 Concluding remarks and future directions
References
Index