Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Treatment: Emerging Green Chemical Technology

Cover
Front-matter
Advanced Oxidation Processes for WasteWater Treatment
Advanced Oxidation Processes for WasteWater Treatment
Copyright
List of Contributors
Dedication
Preface
About the Authors
1 Introduction
1.1 Environment
1.2 Pollution
1.3 Water Pollution
1.4 Wastewater Treatment
1.4.1 Primary Treatment
1.4.1.1 Phase Separation
1.4.1.1.1 Sedimentation
1.4.1.1.2 Filtration
1.4.2 Secondary Treatment
1.4.2.1 Oxidation
1.4.2.1.1 Biochemical Oxidation
1.4.2.1.2 Chemical Oxidation
1.4.2.2 Polishing
1.4.3 Tertiary Treatment
1.5 Advanced Oxidation Processes
1.6 Advantages
1.7 Applications
References
2 UV-Hydrogen Peroxide Processes
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamentals
2.2.1 UV Lamps
2.2.2 Quartz Sleeve
2.2.3 Optical Path on the UV Reactor
2.2.4 Effluent Optical Properties and Characteristics
2.3 Kinetics
2.3.1 UV-H2O2 Oxidation Kinetics
2.4 A Simplified Model for Performance Evaluation
2.4.1 Fundamental on Reactor Design
2.5 UV/H2O2 Oxidation Process Design
2.5.1 Effluent Characteristics
2.5.2 Bench Scale Evaluation Tests
2.5.3 Pilot-Plant Evaluation Units
2.6 Practical Applications
2.6.1 Slaughterhouse Wastewater
2.6.2 Oil-Water Emulsion
2.6.3 Pharmaceuticals
2.6.4 Dyes
2.6.5 Removal of Estrogens
References
3 Fenton and Photo-Fenton Processes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Types of Fenton Processes
3.2.1 Fenton Processes
3.2.2 Photo-Fenton Processes
3.3 Electro-Fenton Processes
3.4 Sono-Fenton and Sono-Photo-Fenton Processes
3.5 Heterogeneous Fenton and Photo-Fenton Processes
3.6 Combined (Hybrid) Fenton and Photo-Fenton Processes
3.7 Applications
3.7.1 Dyes
3.7.2 Agrochemicals
3.7.3 Pharmaceuticals
3.7.4 Petroleum Refinery Effluents
3.7.5 Surfactants
3.7.6 Leachates
3.7.7 Other Pollutants
3.8 Recent Developments
References
4 Ferrioxalate-Mediated Processes
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The Fenton and Photo-Fenton Reactions
4.3 The Ferrioxalate-Mediated Fenton Reaction
4.3.1 Influence of pH
4.3.2 Iron Complexes with Organic and Inorganic Substances
4.3.3 Reaction Mechanisms
4.3.4 Optimization
4.4 Applications
4.4.1 Textile Industry
4.4.2 Chemical Industry and Pesticides
4.4.3 Pharmaceutical Industry
4.4.4 Food and Beverage Industry
4.4.5 Water Disinfection
4.5 Future Trends
References
Further Reading
5 Ozone-Based Processes
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Ozone-Based AOPs
5.2.1 Ozone/Hydrogen Peroxide
5.2.2 Ozone/UV
5.2.3 Catalytic Ozonation
5.3 Ozonation By-Products
5.4 WasteWater Ozonation and Ozone-Based AOPs
5.4.1 Municipal Wastewater Treatment
5.4.2 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
5.5 Recent Studies
5.5.1 Landfill Leachate Treatment
5.5.2 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
5.5.3 Domestic/Municipal Wastewater Treatment
5.5.4 Hospital Wastewater Treatment
5.5.5 Ozone-Based Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Water Reuse in the United States
5.6 Existing Ozone-Based Advanced Water Reclamation Facilities
5.7 Planned Ozone-Based Advanced Water Reclamation Projects
5.8 Concluding Remarks
References
6 Photocatalysis
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Photcatalysis
6.2.1 Binary Oxides
6.2.2 Ternary and Quaternary Oxides
6.3 Modifications
6.3.1 Doping
6.3.2 Codoping
6.3.3 Coupled Semiconductors or Composites
6.3.4 Substitution
6.3.5 Sensitization
6.3.6 Miscellaneous
6.3.6.1 Mechanism
6.4 Wastewater Treatment
6.4.1 Dye Degradation
6.4.2 Antimicrobial Activity
6.4.3 Organic Pollutants Elimination
6.4.4 Removal of Heavy Metal
6.4.5 Degradation of Oil in Wastewater
6.5 Immobilization
6.6 Effect of Morphology
6.7 Other Applications
References
7 Sonolysis
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Principles of the Process
7.3 Types of Main Reactors (Reaction Systems)
7.4 The Effect of Sonochemical Operational Parameters
7.4.1 Ultrasound Frequency
7.4.2 Dissolved Gas
7.4.3 Power Input
7.4.4 Effect of Bulk Temperature
7.4.5 Pollutant Concentration
7.5 Effect of the Chemical Pollutant Nature and Its Transformations Upon Sonochemical Process
7.5.1 Structural Effects and Physico-Chemical Properties
7.5.1.1 Small Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (SCHs)
7.5.1.2 Monocyclic Aromatic Compounds (MACs)
7.5.1.3 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
7.5.1.4 Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonates (PFAS) and Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAA)
7.5.1.5 Phthalate Acid Esters (Phthalates)
7.5.1.6 Textile Dyes
7.5.1.7 Organophosphorus Pesticides (OPPs)
7.5.1.8 Pharmaceuticals
7.5.2 Sonochemical Transformations of Pollutants and Their Implications
7.6 Influence of Water Matrix in the Pollutants Degradation
7.6.1 Effect of pH
7.6.2 Sonochemical Degradation in Presence of Inorganic Components
7.6.3 Sonochemical Degradation of Pollutants in Presence of Other Organic Components
7.7 Combination of Sonochemistry With Other Processes
References
Further Reading
8 Microwave/Hydrogen Peroxide Processes
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Microwave Chemistry
8.1.2 Losses Factor or Tan δ
8.1.3 Characteristic of Heating Microwave
8.2 Wastewater Treatment
8.2.1 Energy Intensity
8.2.2 pH
8.2.3 Pollutants Concentration
8.2.4 H2O2 Concentration
8.2.5 Radical Scavengers
8.3 Enhancement of Sludge Anaerobic Biodegradability
8.3.1 Volatile Fatty Acids Production By MW/H2O2
8.3.2 Change of Biological Nutrient in Anaerobic Sludge
8.3.3 Biochemical Methane Potential Assays
8.3.4 Effect Of H2O2 on Anaerobic Sludge Pretreatment
8.3.5 Inhibitory Effects on Microbial Methabolism
8.3.6 Regression Model Optimizing H2O2
8.3.7 Effect of pH on Anaerobic Sludge Pretreatment
8.3.8 Fate of Organic Matters
8.3.9 Morphological Changes of Sludge
8.3.10 Improvement Of EPS Extraction From Anaerobic Sludge
8.3.11 Thermodynamic Analysis of WAS Hydrolysis
8.3.12 Cost Analysis of Anaerobic Sludge Pretreatment
8.3.13 Impact of MW Specific Energy on Anaerobic Sludge Pretreatment
8.3.14 Release of Heavy Metals
8.3.15 Effects of MW/H2O2 Pretreatment on Anaerobic Sludge Rheology
References
Further Reading
9 Gamma-ray, X-ray and Electron Beam Based Processes
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sources of Radiation—Technological Installations
9.3 Disinfection of Wastewaters
9.4 Radiolytic Decomposition of Individual Compounds
9.5 Chemical Enhancement of Radiolytic Processes
9.6 Purification of Wastewaters of Different Origin
9.7 Economic Aspects
9.8 Conclusions
References
10 Supercritical Water Oxidation
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Density
10.1.2 Dielectric Constant
10.1.3 Ionic Product
10.1.4 Viscosity
10.1.5 Heat Capacity
10.1.6 Thermal Conductivity
10.2 Development of SCWO
10.3 Detected Problems
10.4 Energy Recovery in SCWO Plants
10.5 Economic Aspects
10.6 Conclusions
References
Further Reading
11 Electrochemical Oxidation Processes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electrochemical Oxidation Processes
11.2.1 Photoelectrochemical Processes
11.2.2 Photoelectro-Fenton (PEF) and Solar Photoelectro-Fenton (SPEF) Processes
11.2.3 Photoelectrocatalysis (PEC)
11.2.4 Hybrid Combinations of PEF and PEC
11.2.5 Sonoelectrochemical Processes
11.2.6 Sonoelectrolysis
11.2.7 Sonoelectro-Fenton (SEF)
11.3 Advantages
11.4 Disadvantages
11.5 Applications
11.6 Current Scenario
11.7 Future Prospects
References
12 Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Catalysts for CWPO
12.2.1 Nonsupported Metal Based Catalysts
12.2.1.1 Zero Valent Iron (Fe0)
12.2.1.2 Iron Minerals
12.2.1.3 Supported or Nonsupported Mixed Metal Oxides
12.2.2 Supported Metal Based Catalysts
12.2.2.1 Clay-Based Material as Support
12.2.2.1.1 Pillared interlayered clays
12.2.2.1.2 Alumina
12.2.2.1.3 Zeolite
12.2.2.2 Carbon-Based Materials as Support
12.2.2.2.1 Activated carbon (AC)
12.2.2.2.2 Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)
12.2.2.2.3 Graphene-based materials
12.2.2.3 Organic-Based Materials as Support
12.3 Efficiency of CWPO of Phenol
12.4 Effect of the Main Parameters
12.4.1 Effect of Initial pH
12.4.2 Effect of Temperature
12.4.3 Effect of H2O2 Dosage
12.4.4 Effect of the Catalyst Load
12.5 CWPO Performance
References
Index