Advanced Organic Waste Management: Sustainable Practices and Approaches

Advanced Organic Waste Management
Advanced Organic Waste Management: Sustainable Practices and Approaches
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
1 Organic waste: generation, composition, and health hazards
1 Organic waste: generation, composition and valorisation
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Sources, composition and characterization of the solid waste
1.2.1 Source-based classification
1.2.2 Type-based classification
1.2.3 Generation, composition and characterization of the solid waste
1.3 Wastes as a wealth and source of income
1.4 Valorization of organic solid waste
1.5 Conclusions
References
2 Open dumping of organic waste: Associated fire, environmental pollution and health hazards
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Problems associated with the organic waste
2.1.2 Existing status of organic waste management
2.2 Fires at MSW landfills
2.2.1 Health hazards of landfill fires
2.2.2 Landfill fires impact on surrounding environment
2.3 Existing status of municipal solid waste management system
2.3.1 GHGs emissions
2.3.2 Organic waste degradation and its contribution to the greenhouse effect
2.4 Challenges and opportunities for organic waste treatment
2.4.1 Composting of organic waste
2.4.2 Biomethanation
2.4.3 Organic waste diversion
2.5 Approach required for sustainable organic waste management
2.6 Conclusion
References
2 Resource recovery from organic waste
3 Composting and vermicomposting: Process optimization for the management of organic waste
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Compositing
3.2.1 Substrates suitable for compost
3.3 Types of composting and time optimization
3.3.1 Rotary drum composting
3.3.2 Vermicomposting
3.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
3 Energy recovery from organic waste
4 Composting techniques: utilization of organic wastes in urban areas of Indian cities
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Municipal solid waste management in Indian scenario
4.3 Composting practices in urban areas
4.4 Factors effecting urban composting
4.5 Recovery of resources from urban waste through composting process
4.6 Conclusion
References
4 Environmental management tools for organic waste
5 Challenges and opportunities for disposal of floral waste in developing countries by using composting method
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Sources of flower waste
5.3 Types of flower used for worship
5.3.1 Jasmine
5.3.2 Lotus
5.3.3 Hibiscus
5.3.4 Rose
5.4 Significance of flower waste management
5.5 Flower waste management using different technique in current scenario
5.6 Utilization of various composting process using the different composting
5.6.1 Methods of composting
5.7 Case studies of composting of flower waste at SVNIT, Surat, India
5.8 Conclusions
References
5 Innovative practices for circular bioeconomy in organic waste management
6 Transition towards sustainability
6 Valorization of industrial solid waste through novel biological treatment methods ^^e2^^80^^93 integrating different composting techniques
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Composting methodologies
6.2.1 Rotary drum composting
6.2.2 Vermicomposting
6.3 Implications of previous studies
6.3.1 Composting of paper mill sludge
6.3.2 Vermicomposting of PPMS
6.3.3 The new approach ^^e2^^80^^93 integrating different composting techniques
6.4 Evaluation of integrated rotary drum and vermicomposting process
6.4.1 Compost quality
6.5 Conclusions
References
7 Vermicomposting of organic wastes by earthworms: Making wealth from waste by converting ‘garbage into gold’ for farmers
7.1 Introduction: mounting organic wastes - Growing economic and environmental burden on nations
7.2 Organic wastes that can be vermicomposted on large scale by earthworms
7.3 Species of waste-eater earthworms which can efficiently biodegrade
7.4 Mechanism of worm action in vermicomposting of organic wastes
7.5 Some key considerations in vermicomposting of organic wastes by earthworms
7.6 Some conditions essential for efficient action of earthworms to degrade the organic wastes
7.7 Vermicomposting of organic wastes on commercial scale
7.7.1 Some systems for vermicomposting of organic wastes on commercial scales
7.7.2 Windrows vermicomposting system
7.7.3 Wedge vermicomposting system
7.7.4 Bed vermicomposting system
7.7.5 Box vermicomposting systems
7.8 Nations in world promoting vermicomposting technology
7.9 Social, economic \& environmental benefits of vermicomposting organic waste
7.9.1 The social benefits
7.9.2 The economic benefits
7.9.3 The environmental benefits
7.10 Some problems encountered during vermi-composting of organic wastes and their solutions
7.11 Conclusions
References
8 Current problems of vermistabilization as a sustainable strategy for recycling of excess sludge
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Vermistabilization for sludge
8.2.1 Vermi-wetland of excess sludge
8.2.2 Vermicomposting of dewatered sludge
8.3 Operation problems of vermistabilization
8.3.1 Vermi-wetland problems
8.3.2 Vermicomposting problems
8.4 Problems of environmental risks in sludge vermicompost
8.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
9 Recent advances in composting and vermicomposting techniques in the cold region: resource recovery, challenges, and way forward
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Recent composting methods adopted in the cold region
9.2.1 In-vessel composting
9.2.2 Psychrophilic microbes
9.2.3 Psychrophilic earthworms
9.3 Composting operations
9.3.1 Substrate pretreatments
9.3.2 Insulation
9.3.3 Additives
9.3.4 Carrier materials
9.3.5 Compost curing
9.4 Marketing potential
9.6 Conclusion
9.7 Future aspects
Acknowledgment
Author statement
References
10 Resource recovery and value addition of terrestrial weeds through vermicomposting
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Vermicomposting of selected weeds
10.2.1 Study material
10.2.2 Experimental design
10.2.3 Sampling and analysis
10.2.4 Statistical analysis
10.2.5 Results and discussion
10.3 Conclusion
References
11 Composting and vermicomposting of obnoxious weeds - A novel approach for the degradation of allelochemicals
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Invasion process
11.1.2 Allelopathic interaction of weeds in ecosystem
11.2 Indian terrestrial weeds and their ecological effects
11.2.1 Parthenium hysterophorus
11.2.2 Chromolaena odorata
11.2.3 Lantana camara
11.3 Composting and vermicomposting- best practice to manage terrestrial weeds
11.3.1 Composting technology
11.3.2 Vermicomposting
11.4 Conclusion
References
12 Vermicomposting and bioconversion approaches towards the sustainable utilization of palm oil mill waste
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Vermicomposting of palm oil mill waste
12.3 Palm oil mill waste vermicompost as a soil amendment
12.4 Bioenergy potential of palm oil mill waste
12.5 Conclusion and future work
References
13 Composition, characteristics and challenges of OFMSW for biogas production: Influence of mechanism and operating parameters to improve digestion process
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Compositional characteristics of OFMSW
13.3 Challenges in the optimization of waste through AD
13.3.1 Role of inhibitors in anaerobic digestion
13.4 Operating parameter/ factors affecting the AD
13.4.1 pH
13.4.2 Temperature
13.4.3 Retention time
13.4.4 Organic loading rate \(ORL\)
13.4.5 Substrates
13.4.6 Carbon/Nitrogen ratio \(C:N\) Ratio
13.5 Technologies used for improved biogas production
13.5.1 Physical pretreatment
13.5.2 Chemical pretreatment
13.5.3 Physicochemical pretreatment
13.5.4 Biological pre-treatment
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 Factors affecting anaerobic digestion for biogas production: a review
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Anaerobic digestion
14.2.1 Biochemical methane potential test
14.2.2 Anaerobic reactors
14.3 Factors affecting anaerobic digestion
14.3.1 Temperature
14.3.2 pH
14.3.3 C/N ratio
14.3.4 Organic loading rate \(OLR\)
14.3.5 Toxicity
14.3.6 Trace elements
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 Recent advancements in anaerobic digestion: A Novel approche for waste to energy
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Anaerobic digestion
15.3 Factors affecting anaerobic digestion
15.4 Limitations
15.5 Methods to enhance ad process
15.5.1 Pretreatment
15.5.2 Co-Digeston
15.6 Conclusion
References
16 Solid state anaerobic digestion of organic waste for the generation of biogas and bio manure
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Anaerobic digestion \(AD\)
16.2.1 Hydrolysis
16.2.2 Acidogenesis
16.2.3 Acetogenesis
16.2.4 Methanogenesis
16.3 Critical factors influencing the AD process
16.4 Influence of substrate type on AD process
16.4.1 Low solids v/s high solids feedstock
16.5 Classification of anaerobic digestion process based on solids concentration
16.5.1 Wet anaerobic digestion process \(WAD\)
16.5.2 Solid state anaerobic digestion process \(SSAD\)
16.6 Operational strategies to overcome the SSAD limitations
16.6.1 Impeller mixing and rheology
16.6.2 Recirculation of slurry
16.6.3 Gas purging
16.7 Technologies available on solid state anaerobic digestion
16.7.1 Batch solid state anaerobic digestion systems
16.7.2 Technologies available on batch solid state anaerobic systems
16.7.3 Continuous solid state anaerobic digestion systems
16.7.4 Technologies available for continuous solids state anaerobic digestion
16.8 Enhanced hydrolysis of high solid substrates
16.8.1 Pre-treatment of substrate
16.8.2 Co-digestion of substrate
16.9 Conclusions and scope for future research
Acknowledgment
References
17 Use of petroleum refinery sludge for the production of biogas as an alternative energy source: a review
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Growing demand of oil and need for alternative energy sources
17.2.1 Generation of petroleum refinery sludge
17.2.2 Classification of petroleum refinery sludge
17.2.3 Formation of petroleum refinery sludge
17.2.4 Petroleum refinery sludge treatment and oil recovery methods
17.2.5 Petroleum sludge disposal methods
17.2.6 Anaerobic digestion
17.2.7 Pretreatment techniques
17.2.8 Biogas reactors
17.3 Conclusion
References
18 A review on hydrothermal pretreatment of sewage sludge: Energy recovery options and major challenges
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Thermal hydrolysis \(TH\)
18.2.1 Mechanism of thermal hydrolysis
18.2.2 Research studies on TH process
18.3 Wet oxidation \(WO\)
18.3.1 Mechanism of WO
18.3.2 Research studies on WO process
18.4 Hydrothermal carbonisation \(HTC\)
18.4.1 Mechanism of HTC
18.4.2 Research studies on HTC process
18.5 Commercial systems in market
18.5.1 TH
18.5.2 WO
18.5.3 HTC
18.6 Gaps and scope for future research
18.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Web References
19 Bioreactor landfills: sustainable solution for disposal of municipal solid waste
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Dry tomb Vs bioreactor landfill
19.3 Key design criteria for bioreactor landfill
19.3.1 Cell design
19.3.2 Liner and cover system
19.3.3 MSW digestate density consideration
19.3.4 Leachate recirculation and management
19.4 Utilization of LFG for electricity generation
19.5 Sustainability of bioreactor landfill
19.5.1 Advantageous co-disposal of wastes in landfill bioreactor
19.5.2 Leachate strength reduction and treatment
19.5.3 Settlement and postclosure monitoring
19.6 Conclusion
References
20 An approach for integrating sustainable development goals \(SDGs\) through organic waste management
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Organic waste generation
20.2.1 Existing scenarios of organic waste management
20.3 Challenges and opportunities associated with the organic waste management
20.3.1 Lack of skill and information
20.3.2 Lack of funds and infrastructure
20.3.3 Political conflicts
20.3.4 Poor or negligible implantation of rules
20.3.5 Lack of technical and coordination
20.3.6 Lack of awareness
20.3.7 Unavailability of advanced technologies and equipment’s
20.4 Potential benefits articulated towards health and safety environment
20.4.1 Extended employment opportunities
20.4.2 Clean water and sanitation
20.4.3 Good health and well-being
20.4.4 Decent work and economic growth
20.4.5 Industry, innovation and infrastructure
20.4.6 Sustainable cities and communities
20.4.7 Responsible consumption and production
20.4.8 Affordable and clean energy
20.4.9 Climate action
20.5 Integrating sustainability with organic waste management for sustainable livelihood
20.5.1 Sanitation worker at your door step
20.5.2 Smart city innovation
20.5.3 Formalizing informal recyclers and rag pickers
20.5.4 Youth engagement and community awareness
20.6 Conclusion
Declaration of competing interest
Acknowledgement
References
21 Application of remote sensing and GIS in integrated solid waste management - a short review
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Role of GIS and RS in ISWM
21.3 Application of GIS and RS in ISWM
21.3.1 Estimation of waste generation and clustering
21.3.2 Identification of preferred location of temporary or primary storage and transfer stations
21.3.3 Optimization of waste collection route and transportation
21.3.4 Identification of suitable sites for processing and landfill
21.4 Conclusion
References
22 Circular system of resource recovery and reverse logistics approach: key to zero waste and zero landfill
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Concept and philosophy of zero waste
22.3 Zero landfill concept
22.4 Implementation of zero waste program
22.4.1 ECO design
22.4.2 Identify resources within the waste stream and make a plan
22.4.3 Sorting of waste
22.4.4 Circular loops
22.4.5 Explore and apply waste reduction
22.4.6 Insist on producer responsibility
22.4.7 Stimulate the market for recycled and reusable products
22.4.8 Fund local and regional diversion and resource recovery initiatives
22.5 Life cycle management and assessment \(LCA\)
22.5.1 Benefits of LCA
22.5.2 Limitations of LCA
22.6 Reverse logistics approach
22.7 Green engineering principles
22.7.1 Principle 1: inherent rather than circumstantial
22.7.2 Principle 2: prevention instead of treatment
22.7.3 Principle 3: design for separation
22.7.4 Principle 4: maximize mass, energy, space, and time efficiency
22.7.5 Principle 5: output-pulled versus input-pushed
22.7.6 Principle 6: conserve complexity
22.7.7 Principle 7: durability rather than immortality
22.7.8 Principle 8: meet need, minimize excess
22.7.9 Principle 9: minimize material diversity
22.7.10 Principle 10: integrate local material and energy flows
22.7.11 Principle 11: design for commercial “afterlife”
22.7.12 Principle 12: renewable rather than depleting
22.8 Polluter pays principle
22.9 Extended producer responsibility
22.10 Zero waste index
22.11 Zero waste management strategies at industrial level
22.12 Benefits and challenges in implementation of zero waste philosophy
22.12.1 Benefits to the community
22.12.2 Economic and financial benefits
22.12.3 Benefits to the environment
22.12.4 Benefits to the industry
22.13 Critical success factors for ‘‘Zero waste”
22.13.1 Critical success factors ways to done
22.14 Conclusion
References
23 Sustainable waste management approach: A paradigm shift towards zero waste into landfills
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Need of the paradigm shift towards zero waste
23.3 Strategic steps towards zero waste paradigm
23.3.1 Avoiding and minimizing waste generation
23.3.2 Management and treatment of waste
23.3.3 Regular monitoring and evaluation
23.4 Issues in zero waste strategy development
23.5 Application and limitations of the ZW framework
23.6 Current scenario in smart cities
23.7 Conclusion
References
24 Current trends and future challenges in smart waste management in smart cities
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Waste management
24.2.1 Industry trends in waste management
24.2.2 High- end Technology for waste management
24.2.3 Waste to energy
24.2.4 Regulations for collecting and processing waste
24.3 Treatments and disposal
24.3.1 Fuel produced from MSW
24.3.2 Land filling
24.4 What is the need?
24.5 Waste management in smart cities
24.6 Sustainability framework
24.7 Future developments
24.8 Conclusion
References
25 Smart waste management practices in smart cities: Current trends and future perspectives
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Waste management practices
25.2.1 Waste characterization
25.2.2 Waste quantification
25.2.3 Waste management
25.3 Integration of technologies for waste management in smart cities
25.3.1 Spatial technologies
25.3.2 Identification technologies
25.3.3 Data acquisition technologies
25.3.4 Data communication
25.4 Integrated framework for smart waste management practices
25.4.1 Module 1: product lifecycle data collation framework
25.4.2 Module 2: minimization of waste generation through innovative ideas by aware and responsible citizens
25.4.3 Module 3: optimal infrastructure with intelligent and sensor-based technologies for effective segregation, real-time collection, and recycling of waste
25.5 Factors affecting the integrated framework of smart waste management practices
25.6 Uncertainties associated with smart waste management
25.7 Future prospects
25.8 Conclusions
References
26 Waste management of rural slaughterhouses in developing countries
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Challenges in organic waste recycling
26.2.1 Segregation of waste
26.2.2 High moisture content
26.2.3 Presence of infectious pathogens
26.2.4 Removal of pollutants
26.3 Treatment alternatives of slaughterhouse waste
26.3.1 Incineration
26.3.2 Rendering
26.3.3 Composting
26.3.4 Anaerobic digestion
26.3.5 Alkaline hydrolysis
26.3.6 Enzymatic management
26.3.7 Drying treatment
26.4 Achievement of circular bioeconomy through waste valorization
26.5 Conclusion and recommendations
Acknowledgements
References
27 An emerging trend in waste management of COVID-19
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Transmission, symptoms, data of COVID-19 disease
27.3 Impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic
27.3.1 Social impacts
27.3.2 Economic impacts
27.3.3 Healthcare impacts
27.3.4 Impact of COVID-19 on the waste management sector
27.4 Types of protective systems being used
27.5 Biomedical wastes generated during COVID-19 and their effects
27.6 Treatments for biomedical wastes generated during COVID-19
27.6.1 Collection
27.6.2 Disinfection technologies employed to treat bio-medical waste \(BMW or COVID-waste\)
27.6.3 Thermal based technologies
27.6.4 Chemical based technologies
27.6.5 Irradiative methods
27.6.6 Mechanical methods
27.6.7 Biological methods
27.7 Future outlook and challenges
27.7.1 General modifications- to tackle the crisis better
27.8 Websites
References
28 Implications of COVID-19 pandemic on waste management practices: Challenges, opportunities, and strategies towards sustainability
28.1 Introduction
28.2 The global overview of the solid waste during the COVID-19 pandemic
28.2.1 Pandemic induced surge in the solid waste generation
28.2.2 Implications of COVID-19 on food supply chain and related food waste generation
28.3 Solid waste management and the COVID-19 pandemic
28.3.1 Challenges of solid waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic
28.3.2 Policies and guidelines for managing COVID-19 related solid waste
28.3.3 Opportunities and strategies for sustainable solid waste management
28.4 Future prospects
28.5 Conclusions
References
Index