Advanced Nanostructures for Environmental Health

Cover
Front matter
Copyright
Contributors
When the nanostructures meet the environmental health key issues
About environmental health and nanostructures and their relation with the real life
Approaches regarding the advanced nanostructures used in environmental health issues
Predictions about nanostructure involvement in environmental health applications
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
Sensitive detection of organic pollutants by advanced nanostructures
Introduction
Detection of hydrocarbons: Fuels and PAHs
Fuels
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Organic solvents and VOCs
Detection of organic solvents in aqueous environment and contaminated water
Monitoring of VOCs by gas sensors
Persistent organic pollutants: Detection of pesticides and halogenated biphenyls and bisphenols
Pesticides
Halogenated biphenyls and bisphenols
Detection schemes for molecules relevant in industrial production and water treatment
Phenols
Dye molecules
Other organic pollutants from industrial production
Disinfection agents
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Nanostructures based detection of pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern
Introduction
Synthesis of the nanostructures/nanocomposites used for sensing platforms
Carbon-based nanostructures/nanocomposites
Carbon nanotubes and their nanocomposites
Graphenes and their nanocomposites
Metallic nanostructures
Oxide nanostructures
Pharmacologically active substances
Electrochemical and optical detection of pharmaceutical compounds
Electrochemical and optical detection of acetaminophen
Electrochemical and optical detection of folic acid
Electrochemical detection of α-lipoic acid
Electrochemical and optical detection of melatonin
Electrochemical detection of azathioprine
The performance of sensing platforms in the hormone field
The performance of sensing platforms in the toxin/neurotoxin field
Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Sensitive detection of metals and metalloids by using nanostructures and fluorimetric method
Introduction
The importance of metals and metalloids
Advantages of fluorimetric methods
Fluorescence of nanostructures
Noble metal nanoparticles
Metal chalcogenide quantum dots
Metal oxide nanoparticles
Upconversion nanomaterials
Carbon-based nanomaterials
Metal and metalloid detection
Silver detection
Inorganic nanostructures
Carbon-based nanostructures
Aluminum detection
Inorganic nanomaterials
Carbon-based nanomaterials
Organic nanomaterials
Organic-inorganic hybrid nanomaterials
Cobalt detection
Inorganic nanomaterials
Organic nanomaterials
Mercury detection
Noble metal nanocluster and nanoparticles
Magnetite nanoparticles
Other nanostructures
Cadmium detection
Metal nanoparticles
Metal chalcogenides
Organic nanoparticles
Other nanostructures
Zinc detection
Metal nanomaterials
Magnetite nanomaterials
Metal chalcogenides
Carbon-based nanomaterials
Other nanomaterials
Lead detection
Au nanomaterials
Other metal nanomaterials
Carbon-based nanomaterials
Other nanostructures
Iron detection
Inorganic nanostructures
Carbon nanomaterials
Other nanostructures
Copper detection
Inorganic nanostructures
Carbon-based nanostructures
Polymeric nanostructures
Other nanostructures
Chromium detection
Inorganic nanostructures
Carbon-based nanostructures
Other nanostructures
Arsenic detection
Inorganic nanomaterials
Carbon-based nanomaterials
Aptasensors
Gold detection
Calcium detection
Manganese detection
Tin detection
Conclusion
References
Heavy metal and metalloid electrochemical detection by composite nanostructures
Introduction
Up-to-date developments in the nanocomposite material-based electrochemical sensors for detection of heavy metals an ...
Synthesis, structure, morphology, and application of carbon composite materials for metal and metalloid detection
Graphite composite-based electrode
Porous carbon composite-based electrodes
Carbon nanotube composite-based electrode
Graphene composite based electrodes
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Detection of gas molecules by means of spectrometric and spectroscopic methods
Introduction
Mass spectrometry techniques
Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry
Isotope-ratio mass spectrometry
Membrane-inlet mass spectrometry
Chemical ionization
Selected-ion flow-tube mass spectrometry
Proton-transfer reaction mass spectrometry
Direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry
Summary of mass spectrometric methods
Ion-mobility spectrometry
Laser spectroscopic techniques
Absorption methods
Infrared absorption spectroscopy
Fourier-transformation infrared spectrometers
Nondispersive infrared spectrometer
GC/FT-IR
Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy
Cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy
Cavity ringdown spectroscopy
Continuous wave CRDS
Integrated cavity output spectroscopy
Differential optical absorption spectroscopy
LIDAR methods
Photoacoustic spectroscopy
Fluorescence methods
Laser-induced fluorescence
Chemiluminescence
Raman spectroscopy
Enhancement methods
Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Advanced composite nanostructures as gas sensors
Introduction
Indirect gas-sensing techniques using composite nanostructures; general principles, solutions, and materials
Catalytic combustion sensors
Thermal conductivity sensors
Modern variations in the catalytic combustion and thermal conductivity sensors
Conductivity-based sensors
Work function-based sensors
Electrochemical sensors
Acoustic gas sensors
Some specific applications of composite nanostructures in gas sensing with typical sensors performances, preparation ...
Gas filtering with zeolitic materials and composites
Gas filtering with porous carbon and composites
Gas filtering using thin films
Use of nanocomposite films and nanostructures as active layer in gas sensors
Summary and conclusions
References
Advanced nanostructures for microbial contaminants detection by means of spectroscopic methods
Introduction
Detecting microbial contaminants by SERS
Direct SERS detection of microbial contaminants
In situ preparation of SERS active substrates for direct detection of microbial contaminants
Direct SERS detection of membrane fouling
Indirect SERS detection of microbial contaminants
SERS detection of pathogenic contaminants in microfluidic devices
Detecting microbial contaminants by IR spectroscopy
Detecting microbial contaminants by fluorescence spectroscopy
Detecting microbial contaminants by localized or surface plasmon resonance (LSPR or SPR)
Detecting microbial contaminants by impedance spectroscopy
Conclusions and outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Semiconductor mixed oxides as innovative materials for the photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants
Introduction
Principles of heterogeneous photocatalysis
Mixed TiO2-metal oxides photocatalysts
Mixed TiO2 polymorphs
TiO2-SiO2 mixed oxides
TiO2-ZnO mixed oxides
TiO2-WO3 mixed oxides
TiO2-Fe2O3 mixed oxides
TiO2-γ-Fe2O3 and TiO2-Fe3O4 mixed oxides
TiO2-SnO2 mixed oxides
TiO2-Cu2O mixed oxides
TiO2-ZrO2 mixed oxides
TiO2-CeO2 mixed oxides
Mixed ZnO-metal oxides photocatalysts
ZnO-SnO2 mixed oxides
ZnO-CuO mixed oxides
ZnO-Fe2O3 mixed oxides
ZnO-WO3 mixed oxides
Conclusions
References
Composite nanostructures as potential materials for water and air cleaning with enhanced efficiency
Current trends in environmental depollution
Photocatalysis
Heterogeneous photocatalysis
Step 1: Pollutant(s) adsorption on the photocatalytic surface
Step 2: Photoactivation of the catalyst under irradiation
Step 3: The oxidation of the pollutant(s) or intermediate products
Step 4: Desorption of the intermediate or final oxidation products
Photocatalytic materials for environmental applications
Photocatalytic composite structures
The CIS-TiO2-SnO2 composites photocatalyst
Wastewater treatment
Atmospheric depollution
The photocatalyst composites having as narrow bandgap the CuxS semiconductor
The composite photocatalysts SnO2/CuxS/ZnO and SnO2/CuxS/TiO2
The composite photocatalysts CZTS/TiO2
Continuous flow photocatalytic processes
New trends on composite photocatalytic structures
Concluding remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Removal of bacteria, viruses, and other microbial entities by means of nanoparticles
Literature prescreening
Bio-nanoparticles-Valuable biochemical structures for living organisms
Noble NPs play a key role as antimicrobial agents
Gold nanoparticles
Silver nanoparticles
Platinum nanoparticles
Other metal and metal oxide nanoparticles with microbial applications
Bio-nanomaterials (nanocomposites) produced by microbes with microbial applications
Removal of pathogenic strains from different environments
Conclusions
References
Pilot-plant scaled water treatment technologies, standards for the removal of contaminants of emerging concer ...
Photocatalysis, photocatalytic reactors, standardization in publication databases
Issues concerning photocatalytic reactors
Types of photoreactors used
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in drinking water
Photocatalytic reactors for CEC degradation and the possible drawbacks
Standardization of photocatalysis: It is good for CECs?
Conclusions
New insights and trends-Final remarks
Annex 12.1
Acknowledgements
References
Perspectives of environmental health issues addressed by advanced nanostructures
Nanostructures-Synthesis, properties, and varieties
Environmental remediation by photocatalytic approaches-New trends, perspectives, and issues
Use of vibrational spectroscopy to characterize nanostructures-Chances and challenges
Detection of gaseous pollutants
The problem with everything nanosized
Concluding remarks
References
Further reading
Index