Advanced Nanomaterials for Point of Care Diagnosis and Therapy




Contributors
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 - Nanomaterials-based biosensors
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification based on detection techniques
1.2.1 Colorimetric biosensors
1.2.2 Electrochemical biosensors
1.2.3 Photoelectrochemical biosensors
1.2.4 Acoustic biosensors
1.3 Nanozymes
1.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 - Emerging technology for point-of-care diagnostics: Recent developments
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Power systems
2.2.1 Lithium batteries
2.2.2 Solar cells
2.2.3 Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs)
2.3 Technologies involved
2.3.1 Transistor
2.3.2 Electrochemical
2.3.3 Microfluidics
2.4 Monitoring health parameters
2.4.1 Pedometer
2.4.2 Blood pressure
2.4.3 Galvanic skin response
2.4.4 Pulse oximeter
2.4.5 Heart rate monitor
2.4.6 Temperature sensor
2.5 Biomarkers for disease diagnosis
2.5.1 Ion monitoring
2.5.1.1 Sodium
2.5.1.2 Potassium
2.5.1.3 Chloride
2.5.1.4 Zinc
2.5.1.5 Copper
2.5.1.6 Cadmium
2.5.1.7 Lead
2.5.1.8 Mercury
2.5.2 pH
2.5.3 Glucose
2.5.4 Lactate
2.5.5 Bacteria
2.5.6 Virus
2.5.7 Cancer
2.5.8 Sleep
2.5.9 Seizure and epilepsy
2.6 Conclusion and future perspective
References
Chapter 3 - Quantum dots enabled point-of-care diagnostics: A new dimension to the nanodiagnosis
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Characteristics of quantum dots-based point-of-care testing device
3.3 Nanobiosensors for point-of-care diagnostics
3.3.1 Nanosensors for point-of-care diagnostics of cancer
3.3.2 Nanosensors for point-of-care diagnostics of diabetes
3.3.3 Current trends of nanosensors for point-of-care diagnostics in infectious diseases
3.3.4 Recent trends in biosensor for SARS-CoV-2 detection
3.3.5 Future perspectives of quantum dot com point-of-care diagnosis
References
CHAPTER 4 - Nanomaterials-based disposable electrochemical devices for point-of-care diagnosis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Paper-based disposable sensors for point-of-care testing
4.3 Screen-printed disposable sensors for point-of-care analysis
4.3.1 Enzyme-based disposable amperometric sensors
4.3.2 Nonenzymatic disposable amperometric sensors
4.3.3 Aptamer-based electrochemical immunosensors
4.4 Ink-jet printed disposable sensors
4.5 Laser-scribed graphene based disposable sensors
4.6 Recent advances and future perspectives
4.6.1 Flexible and stretchable sensors for wearable applications
4.6.2 Wearable devices for diagnosis and therapy
4.7 Summary
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 5 - Fabrication of nanomaterials for biomedical imaging
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bioimaging modalities
5.3 Fabrication of nanomaterials for bioimaging
5.3.1 Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs)
5.3.2 Gold nanoparticles (GNPs)
5.3.3 Silica nanoparticles (SNPs)
5.3.4 Carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
5.3.5 Graphene
5.3.6 Fullerenes
5.3.7 Quantum dots (QDs)
5.4 Nanoparticle design considerations: Core and surface fabrication
5.4.1 Fabrication of nanoparticles core
5.4.2 Shell structure synthesis
5.4.3 Surface modifications
5.5 Fabrication techniques of nanoparticles
5.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
CHAPTER 6 - Surface modification with nanomaterials for electrochemical biosensing application
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Essential requirement and role of nanomaterials in ideal biosensors development
6.3 Fabrication of electrochemical biosensors using nanomaterials
6.3.1 Nucleic acid biosensors
6.3.2 Environmental sensors
6.3.3 Food adulteration sensors
6.3.4 Small biomolecules sensors
6.4 Conclusions, future prospects, and challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 7 - Nanomaterials for sensors: Synthesis and applications
7.1 Introduction of nanomaterials
7.2 Classification of nanomaterials
7.2.1 Organic small molecule-based nanomaterials
7.2.2 Polymer-based nanomaterials
7.2.3 Quantum dots
7.2.4 Metallic nanomaterials
7.2.5 Silicon-based nanomaterials
7.2.6 Metal-organic framework nanoparticles
7.2.7 Carbon-based nanoparticles
7.3 Synthesis of nanomaterials
7.3.1 Organic small molecule-based nanomaterials
7.3.2 Polymer-based nanomaterials
7.3.3 Quantum dots nanomaterials
7.3.4 Metal nanomaterials
7.3.5 Silicon-based nanomaterials
7.3.6 Metal organic framework nanomaterials
7.3.7 Carbon-based nanomaterials
7.4 Properties of nanomaterials
7.5 Characterization of nanoparticles
7.6 Nanomaterials application in sensing
7.6.1 Chemical sensing
7.6.1.1 Nanomaterials for explosive sensing
7.6.1.2 Nanomaterials for volatile organic compounds sensing
7.6.1.3 Nanomaterials for toxic gases sensing
7.6.1.4 Nanomaterials for metal ions sensing
7.6.1.5 Nanomaterials for pesticides, insecticides, and herbicides sensing
7.6.2 Biological sensing
7.6.2.1 Glutathione, an antioxidant detection
7.6.2.2 Nucleic acid detection
7.6.2.3 Enzyme and protein sensing
7.6.2.4 Detection of different biomarkers
7.6.2.5 Bacteria and virus detection
7.6.2.6 Amino acids, vitamins, and cancer cell detection
7.6.2.7 Adenosine and adenosine triphosphate detections
7.6.2.8 Detection of cholesterols and anticoagulant
7.6.3 Miscellaneous sensing
7.6.3.1 Fingerprint detection
7.7 Conclusion and future aspects
References
Chapter 8 - A comprehensive study toward the treatment of inflammatory diseases through nanoparticles
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Computational details
8.3 Results and discussion
8.3.1 Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties of studied molecules
8.3.2 Molecular docking study
8.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9 - Recent advances of nanomaterial sensor for point-of care diagnostics applications and research
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Working principles of nanomaterial sensors
9.3 Types of nanosensors
9.4 Dimension of nanomaterials sensor
9.4.1 0D nanomaterials 
9.4.2 1D nanomaterials sensors
9.4.3 2D nanomaterials sensors
9.4.4 3D nanomaterials sensors
9.5 Point-of-care applications
9.5.1 Diagnosis of cancer
9.5.2 Diagnosis of diabetes
9.5.3 Infectious disease diagnosis
9.5.4 Diagnosis of bilharzia
9.5.5 Diagnosis of malaria
9.5.6 The human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis
9.5.7 Diagnosis of COVID-19
9.5.8 Diagnosis of biomarker detection
9.5.9 DNA and RNA detection diagnosis
9.6 Future perspectives and research
9.7 Conclusion
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 10 - Hybrid organic or inorganic nanomaterials for healthcare diagnostics
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Classification of organic and inorganic materials
10.3 Different types of inorganic and organic nanomaterial in treatment
10.4 Applications in healthcare
10.5 Prevailing scenario of nanomaterials in diagnostics and therapeutics
10.6 Future perspectives and conclusions
References
Chapter 11 - Carbon nanomaterials: Application as sensors for diagnostics
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Carbon-based nanomaterials
11.2.1 Fullerenes
11.2.2 Carbon nanotubes
11.2.3 Graphene
11.2.4 Carbon nanodiamonds
11.2.5 Carbon dots
11.3 Biosensor applications
11.3.1 Carbon nanotubes
11.3.1.1 Carbon nanotubes in diagnosis of cancer
11.3.1.2 Carbon nanotubes in glucose detection
11.3.1.3 Carbon nanotubes in the detection of other diseases
11.3.2 Graphene
11.3.2.1 Cancer biomarker detection
11.3.2.2 Diagnosis of diabetes
11.3.2.3 Detection of genetic complaints
11.3.2.4 Diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus
11.3.2.5 Salivary detection
11.3.4 Carbon dots
11.3.5 Fullerene
11.3.6 Carbon nanohorns
11.3.7 Nanodiamonds
11.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 - Modification of screen printed biosensors using nanomaterials
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Classification of nanomaterials for biosensors
12.3 Modification of screen printed electrodes using nanomaterials
12.4 Advantages of modification
12.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13 - Hybrid organic or inorganic nanomaterials for healthcare diagnostics
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Different classes of nanomaterials and their applications
13.2.1 Shape- and size-based classification
13.2.2 Classification based on chemical composition
13.3 Selection criteria of nanodevices for disease diagnosis
13.3.1 Analytical performances
13.3.2 Sensitivity
13.3.3 Challenges in development and implementation
13.3.4 Other requirements
13.4 Synthesis of smart nanomaterials
13.4.1 Physical methods
13.4.2 Biological methods
13.4.3 Chemical methods
13.4.4 Electrochemical and photochemical methods
13.5 Nanomaterials characterization techniques
13.5.1 Physicochemical methods
13.5.2 Electrochemical methods
13.6 Application of hybrid inorganic and organic nanomaterials in healthcare diagnostics
13.6.1 Application as electrode materials
13.6.1.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials
13.6.1.2 Polymeric films (nanosized and nanostructured) and metal-polymer hybrids
13.6.1.3 Electrochemically synthesized metal- or graphitic carbon-polymer hybrids and electropolymers
13.6.2 Application as substrate for biosensor development
13.6.3 Application as biomarker recognition element
13.6.3.1 Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles as recognition elements
13.6.3.2 Hybrid organic nanomaterials as recognition elements
13.6.3.3 Polymeric and electropolymeric recognition elements
13.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 - Emerging strategies in nanotheranostics: A paradigm shift
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nanotheranostics
14.3 Metal-based nanomaterials
14.3.1 Gold-based nanomaterials
14.3.2 Magnetic nanomaterials
14.4 Polymeric nanomaterials
14.5 Silica-based nonmaterial
14.6 Carbon nanomaterials
14.7 Composite nonmaterial
14.8 Other nanomaterials
14.9 Conclusion and future scope
References
Chapter 15 - Nanoparticles in dentistry
15.1 Introduction
15.1.1 What is nanoscale?
15.1.2 Nanotechnology
15.1.3 What are nanomaterials and their classification?
15.1.4 What are nanoparticles and classification of nanoparticles?
15.1.5 Basic proerties of nanomaterials
15.1.6 Synthetic and natural nanomaterials
15.1.7 Sources of nanomaterials
15.2 Nanoparticles in dental materials
15.3 Nanoparticles in diagnostic dentistry
15.4 Nanotechnology in preventive dentistry
15.4.1 In periodontal problems or gum related problems
15.4.2 In carious lesions and demineralized tooth defects
15.4.3 In remineralization of small demineralized defects
15.4.4 In caries vaccine
15.5 Nanoparticles in therapeutic dentistry
15.5.1 Cancer therapy
15.5.2 Gold particles in cancer therapeutics
15.5.3 Nanocapsule drug delivery
15.5.4 Carbon nanotubes
15.5.5 Liposomes
15.5.6 Oncolysis through silver nanoparticles
15.5.7 Nanoshells and nanovectors
15.5.8 Treatment for dentinal hypersensitivity
15.5.9 Disinfecting the root canal
15.5.10 Tissue engineering
15.5.11 Drug delivery
15.6 Nanoparticles in implant dentistry
15.6.1 Nanoscale topography modifications
15.6.2 Surface functionalization
15.6.3 Surface topography
15.7 Nanoparticles in sterilization and disinfection
15.7.1 Disinfection using nanotechnology
15.7.2 Antimicrobial spray nanocoating
15.8 Nanotechnology in different branches in dentistry
15.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16 - Advanced nanomaterial for point-of-care chemotherapy
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Challenges with conventional chemotherapy agents
16.3 Nanotherapeutics to overcome conventional chemotherapy limitations
16.3.1 Ideal drug delivery
16.4 Nanocarriers in drug delivery systems
16.4.1 Key properties of nanomaterials
16.4.1.1 Shape and size
16.4.1.2 Surface properties
16.4.1.3 Active and passive targeting
16.4.1.3.1 Passive targeting of nanoparticles
16.4.1.3.2 Active targeting
16.4.1.4 Minimizing reticuloendothelial system uptake
16.4.1.5 Overcome multi-drug resistance
16.4.2 Tumor uptake of nanoparticles
16.4.3 Typical nanocarrier systems
16.4.4 Organic nanoparticles
16.4.4.1 Polymeric micelles
16.4.4.2 Polymer nanoparticles
16.4.4.3 Dendrimers
16.4.4.4 Liposomes
16.4.4.5 Polymer-drug conjugates
16.4.4.6 Inorganic nanoparticles [31,47]
16.4.4.7 Silica nanoparticles
16.4.4.8 Gold nanoparticles
16.4.4.9 Carbon nanotubes
16.4.4.10 Quantum dots
16.4.4.11 Magnetic nanoparticles
16.4.5 Nanomedicine drug release strategies
16.4.6 Nanoparticles and anticancer response modalities
16.4.6.1 Nanoparticle-mediated drug release
16.4.6.2 Hyperthermia or thermal ablation
16.4.6.3 Challenges in nanoparticle drug delivery
16.4.7 Common chemotherapeutic agents as nanotherapeutics
16.4.7.1 Doxorubicin
16.4.7.2 Docetaxel
16.4.7.3 Paclitaxel
16.4.7.4 Irinotecan
16.4.8 Nanomaterials as drug carriers: Advantages and disadvantages
16.5 Summary
References
Chapter 17 - Drug loaded nanomaterials for hematological malignancies diagnosis and enhanced targeted therapy
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Different nanomaterials and their fabrication for targeted drug therapy
17.3 Cancer diagnosis
17.4 Some investigated nanomaterials based imaging techniques
17.5 Clearance and toxicological investigation of nanomaterials
17.6 Challenges to cancer nanotechnology
17.7 Conclusion and future perspective
References
Chapter 18 - DNA nanotechnology based point-of-care theranostics devices
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Design and synthesis of DNA-based devices
18.2.1 One pot assembly method
18.2.2 Modular assembly method
18.2.3 DNA origami-based assembly method
18.3 DNA hydrogels
18.3.1 Hydrogels made only from DNA strands
18.3.2 Hybrid DNA hydrogels
18.4 Characterization of DNA nanodevices
18.5 Current applications
18.5.1 DNA nanodevices in therapeutics
18.5.2 DNA nanodevices in biosensing
18.6 Conclusion and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
Chapter 19 - Current trends in theranostic approaches using nanotechnology for oral squamous cell carcinoma
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Early diagnosis of oral cancer using nanotechnology
19.3 Enhanced treatment of oral cancer using nanotechnology
19.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 20 - Advanced nanomaterials for point-of-care diagnosis and therapy
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Point-of-care tests and diagnosis
20.3 Nanomaterial and its classifications
20.4 Applications of nanomaterials in point-of-care diagnosis
20.4.1 Spherical nanomaterials
20.4.1.1 Optical point-of-care devices
20.4.1.2 Electrochemical point-of-care devices
20.4.1.3 Magnetic point-of-care devices
20.4.2 1D nanomaterials
20.4.3 2D nanomaterials (single layer)
20.4.4 3D nanomaterials
20.5 Utilization of nanomaterials for point-of-care tests for infectious diseases
20.5.1 Diagnostic magnetic resonance system
20.5.2 Magnetic barcode assay platform
20.5.3 Mobile phone-based microscopy of polarized light
20.5.4 Mobile phone-based dongle system
20.5.5 Paper-based point-of-care tests system
20.6 Therapeutic applications of nanomaterials
20.6.1 Nanomaterial-based cancer therapy
20.6.2 Nanomaterial-based treatment of brain diseases
20.6.2.1 Chemotherapy based on nanomaterials
20.6.2.2 Gene therapy based on nanomaterials
20.6.2.3 Thermotherapy
20.6.2.4 Photodynamic therapy
20.6.3 Use of nanomaterials for treatment of oral biofilm infections
20.6.3.1 Fullerenes acting as PSs
20.6.3.2 Carbon nanotubes and graphene
20.6.3.3 Metal oxide nanoparticle
20.6.3.4 Use of upconversion nanoparticles
20.6.4 Antiviral activity of nanomaterials
20.6.5 Nanomaterials to treat autoimmune diseases
20.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 21 - Synthesis and applications of carbon nanomaterials-based sensors
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Classification of nanosensors
21.2.1 Based on energy source
21.2.2 Based on structure
21.2.2.1 Optical nanosensors
21.2.2.2 Electromagnetic nanosensors
21.2.2.3 Mechanical and/or vibrational nanosensors
21.2.3 Based on application
21.2.4 Classification of carbon-based nanosensors
21.3 Study of carbon-based sensor
21.4 Synthetic methods of carbon nanomaterials in sensing
21.4.1 Synthesis of graphene
21.4.1.1 Mechanical exfoliation
21.4.1.2 Chemical exfoliation
21.4.1.3 Pyrolysis of graphene
21.4.1.4 Chemical vapor deposition
21.4.1.5 Epitaxial growth of graphene
21.4.1.6 Other methods
21.4.2 Synthesis of carbon nanotubes
21.4.2.1 Chemical vapor deposition
21.4.2.2 Laser-ablation technique
21.4.2.3 Carbon arc-discharge technique
21.4.3 Synthesis of fullerene
21.4.3.1 Laser irradiation of carbon
21.4.3.2 Electrical arc heating of graphite
21.4.3.3 Resistive arc heating of graphite
21.4.3.4 Laser irradiation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
21.5 Current applications
21.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 22 - Nanomaterials for sensors: Synthesis and applications
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Sensors
22.2.1 Sensors and their types
22.2.1.1 Semiconductor-based sensors
22.2.1.2 Metal-based sensors
22.2.1.3 Carbon-based sensors
22.2.1.4 Organic materials-based sensors
22.2.1.5 Biomaterials-based sensors/biosensors
22.2.1.6 Chemical sensors
22.2.1.7 Biosensors/biochemical sensors
22.2.1.8 Physical sensors/parametric sensors
22.2.2 Working mechanism
22.2.2.1 Optical/fluorescence sensors
22.2.2.2 Electrochemical sensors
22.2.2.3 Thermoelectric sensors
22.2.2.4 Electric and magnetic sensors
22.2.2.5 Sensors based on biochemical recognition/biosensors
22.2.2.6 Sensors based on direct physical interactions/change in physical parameters
22.3 Nanomaterials
22.3.1 Nanomaterials and their classifications
22.3.1.1 Zero-dimensional (0D) nanomaterials or nanoparticles
22.3.1.2 One-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials
22.3.1.3 Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials
22.3.1.4 Three dimensional (3D) or bulk nanostructured materials
22.3.1.5 Methods for the synthesis
22.3.1.6 Top-down approaches
22.3.1.7 Bottom-up approaches
22.3.1.8 Chemical synthesis routes
22.3.1.9 Physical synthesis routes
22.3.1.10 Biological synthesis routes
22.4 Modification of nanomaterials as a function of size, shape, composition, doping
22.5 Applications of nanomaterials in sensor field
22.6 Summary and future perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 23 - Nanomedicines as an alternative strategy for Fungal disease treatment
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Fungi as human pathogens
23.2.1 Dissemination of fungal diseases
23.2.2 Host defense mechanisms
23.3 Types of fungal infections
23.3.1 Superficial fungal infections
23.3.2 Dermatophyte infections
23.3.3 Subcutaneous mycoses
23.3.4 Systemic mycoses
23.4 Antifungal drugs and their mode of action
23.4.1 Drug resistance mechanisms in fungi
23.4.2 Multidrug resistance: A pattern of concern
23.5 Nanomedicine/nanotherapy: An answer to antifungal resistance
23.5.1 Metallic nanoparticles as antifungal agents
23.5.2 Mechanism of silver nanoparticles as an antifungal agent
23.5.3 Mechanism of chitosan nanoparticles as an antifungal agent
23.5.4 Mechanism of zinc oxide nanoparticles as an antifungal agent
23.6 Antifungal peptides as antifungal drugs/delivery system
23.6.1 Resistance to antifungal peptides
23.7 Conclusion
References
CHAPTER 24 - Technological advancement in nano diagnostics point of care test development for biomedical application
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Classification of nanosensors
24.2.1 Working principle of biosensor, chemical sensor, and gas sensor
24.3 Synthesis
24.4 Metal and noble metal nanomaterials as nanosensors
24.4.1 Applications
24.5 Metal oxide nanomaterials as nanosensors
24.5.1 Applications
24.6 Carbon-based nanomaterials as nanosensors
24.6.1 Applications
24.7 Polymer nanomaterials as nanosensors
24.7.1 Applications
24.8 Bionanomaterials as nanosensors
24.8.1 Applications
24.9 Electrochemical sensors for biomedical application
24.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 25 - Smart and intelligent vehicles for drug delivery: Theranostic nanorobots
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Magnetic fluid as a smart material
25.3 Physical properties of magnetic fluids
25.4 Engineering of magnetic fluid for biomedicine applications
25.4.1 Synthesis of magnetic fluid/magnetic nanoparticles
25.4.2 Binding drug and coating process of magnetic nanoparticles
25.4.3 Magnetic core-shell designed
25.5 Nanorobots in diagnostics
25.5.1 Molecular diagnostics by magnetic extraction
25.5.2 Contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging
25.6 A drug delivery vehicle
25.6.1 Targeted drug delivery
25.6.1.1 Passive targeting
25.6.1.2 Active drug targeting
25.6.1.3 Magnetic nanoparticles as drug delivery vehicle
25.6.2 Hyperthermia
25.7 Safety measurements and risks
25.8 Conclusion and prospects
References
Index