Advanced Nanomaterials for Inexpensive Gas Microsensors: Synthesis, Integration and Applications presents full coverage in the area of gas sensing nanomaterials, from materials, transducers and applications, to the latest results and future direction. Experts present work on metal oxides, carbon-based and hybrid materials, fabrication and application. The book brings together three major themes, including synthesis, functionalization and the characterization of advanced nanomaterials, all emphasizing synthesis techniques that ease the integration of nanomaterials in transducers. Chapters encompass a wide spectrum of sensing technologies, including advanced nanomaterials (metal oxides, carbon materials and graphene) and organic molecular materials and atomic layers (MoS2).
The book's authors examine the coupling of sensitive nanomaterials to different types of transducer elements and their applications, including direct growth and additive fabrication techniques as a way to obtain inexpensive gas microsensors, principal transduction schemes, and advanced operating methods.
Author(s): Eduard Llobet Valero
Series: Micro and Nano Technologies
Publisher: Elsevier
Year: 2019
Language: English
Pages: 359
City: Amsterdam
Front Matter
Copyright
Contributors
Introduction
Introduction
Gas-sensitive nanomaterials
Synthesis and integration of gas-sensitive nanomaterials
Organization of the book
Acknowledgment
References
Inorganic nanomaterials
Introduction
Operating sensing principles
General overview of gas sensors based on inorganic nanomaterials
Toward cost-effective gas sensors based on inorganic materials
Automated fabrication routes
Simplified operation methods: Self-heated nanosensors
Conclusions
References
Molecular materials for gas sensors and sensor arrays*
Introduction
Resistive sensors
Polymers
Phthalocyanines and porphyrins
CNT and graphene resistive sensors
Combinations of materials in the same layer
Field effect transistors (FET)
Mass sensors
Polymeric absorbing materials
Molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs)
Mass sensors based on porphyrins and phthalocyanines
Alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers
Host-guest materials
Optical sensors
Porphyrins and phthalocyanines
Conclusions
References
Carbon nanomaterials
Introduction
Carbon black
Synthesis of carbon black
Gas sensing mechanism in carbon black gas sensors
Carbon nanofibers
Synthesis of carbon nanofibers
Gas sensing mechanisms in carbon nanofibers
Carbon nanotubes
Synthesis of carbon nanotubes
Purification and processability of carbon nanotubes
Gas sensing mechanisms in carbon nanotubes
Selectivity enhancement in carbon nanotube gas sensors
Toward more reproducible CNT devices
Graphene
Synthesis of graphene
Gas sensing with graphene
Functionalization of graphene for increased sensitivity and selectivity
Conclusions and outlook
References
Hybrid and 2D nanomaterials
Macrocycle-polymer hybrid materials
Macrocycle-carbonaceous compound hybrid materials
Polymer-carbonaceous compound hybrid materials
Hybrid materials including inorganic materials
2D component-containing hybrid materials
Challenges in hybrid material-based gas sensing
References
Fabrication techniques for coupling advanced nanomaterials to transducers
Introduction
Clean room processing of nanomaterial for gas sensors
Additive manufacturing
Additive manufacturing of gas sensors on foils
Screen printing
Inkjet printing
Spray coating/printing
Aerosol jet printing (AJP)
Sol-gel and drop casting
Roll-to-roll printing techniques
Conclusion and perspective
References
CMOS-based resistive and FET devices for smart gas sensors
Introduction to CMOS gas sensors
Fabrication of microheaters
Fabrication of resistive and FET sensing elements
Interface circuitry for resistive gas sensors
Integration of temperature and humidity sensors
Temperature sensor
Humidity sensor
Packaging of CMOS gas sensors
Commercial CMOS gas sensors
References
Optical devices
Introduction
Sensing mechanisms
Oxygen sensors
Hydrogen sensors
NH3 gas sensors
Volatile organic compounds
Some other gases
Concluding remarks
Acknowledgements
References
Resonant microcantilever devices for gas sensing
Introduction
Theory: From the vibration modes to the actuation/readout schemes
Vibration modes
Microcantilever model
Resonant frequencies of the different modes
Quality factor and damping
Mass, stiffness, and temperature effects
Mass effect
Stiffness effect
Temperature effect
Figures of merit
Gas sensitivity
Limit of detection and noise
Actuation, readout, and electronics
Actuation
Readout
Electronics
Frequency sweep
Oscillator
Materials and processes
Microcantilever transducer
Silicon-based microcantilevers
Carbon-based microcantilevers
Inorganic-based microcantilevers (other than Si based)
Sensitive coatings
Examples of gas sensing applications
Microcantilever arrays
Other strategies for improving sensor performance
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Advanced operating methods
Fluctuation-enhanced sensing
UV light modulated enhanced sensing
Applications of inexpensive gas microsensors
References
Indoor air quality monitoring
Introduction
Target gases and interferents
CO2 and H2: Indicator gases for human presence
TVOC and specific VOC
Odor monitoring
Background and interferents
Testing of sensors
Reference methods
MOS sensors for IAQ monitoring
Commercial sensors
Novel sensor materials and processes
Multisignal generation and dynamic operation
Integrated sensor system with preconcentration
The SENSIndoor solution
IoT sensor solutions for IAQ
Bosch Sensortec BME680
Sensirion multipixel gas sensor SGP30
AMS CCS811
IDT ZMOD4410
Conclusion and outlook
References
Low-cost sensors for outdoor air quality monitoring
Introduction
Status of the low-cost air sensor technologies
Ambient Air EU Directive
Air pollution limits
Materials for air quality sensors
Metal oxides
Carbon nanomaterials
Conducting polymers
Hybrid materials
Comparison of material gas-sensing properties
Air quality sensor parameters
Sensor parameters for chemical sensing
Key indicators for air sensor performance assessment
Metrics for comparison between air sensors and reference analyzers
Transducers and their principles of operation
Transducers for chemical sensors
Air sensors versus reference analyzers
Air quality stationary sensor networks
Air quality stationary sensor networks in Europe
Air quality stationary sensor networks in United States
Air quality stationary sensor networks in Asia
Mobile sensing for air quality monitoring
Air quality mobile sensing by ground vehicles
Air quality mobile sensing by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV)
Outlook
Conclusions
References
Monitoring perishable food
Perishable food and food chain
Food as a technology testbed
Food decay and telltale substances. Need of on-line control
Perishable food scenarios and associated constraints
Indicators versus sensors
Volatiles and gas sensing in food
Chemical gas sensing based in MOX sensors
Single sensors
Arrays of MOX sensors
E-nose approach
Micro gas chromatography
Optochemical sensors
Single optochemical sensors
Sensors arrays and optoelectronic noses
Infrared approaches
RFID labels
References
Further reading
Point of care breath analysis systems
Introduction
Main sensing mechanisms for VOC detection
Chemically sensitive electrical sensors
Nanomaterial-based cross-reactive chemiresistors
Monolayer-capped nanoparticles (MCNPs)
Carbon nanotube (CNT)-based sensors
Combined array of MCNP and RN-CNT sensors
Nanomaterial-based field effect transistors (FETs)
Colorimetric sensors
Surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors
Piezoelectric sensors
Conclusion and future perspectives
References
Further reading
Concluding remarks and outlook
Advanced nanomaterials for gas microsensors
Inorganic nanomaterials
Organic materials
Carbon nanomaterials
Hybrid and 2D nanomaterials
Transducing platforms for inexpensive gas microsensors
Fabrication techniques for coupling advanced nanomaterials to transducers
CMOS-based resistive and FET devices for smart gas sensors
Optical gas sensors
Resonant microcantilever devices for gas sensing
Applications of inexpensive gas microsensors
Indoor air quality monitoring
Outdoor air quality monitoring
Monitoring perishable food
Point of care breath analysis systems
Index
