Advanced Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Renewable Energy

Advanced Nanomaterials and Their Applications in Renewable Energy
Copyright
Contributors
Preface: Opportunities and challenges for a sustainable energy future
1. Wind energy
2. Solar energy
3. Nuclear energy for hydrogen production
Author contributions and acknowledgments
References
Biography of the editors
Special Review and Subject Matter Expert Team
Biography of the Authors
1. Energy-efficient building technologies
1. Introduction
2. Building technologies
2.1 Building envelope
2.1.1 Vacuum insulation panels
2.1.2 Aerogels
2.1.3 Active insulation materials and systems
2.1.4 Thermally anisotropic building envelope
2.1.5 Phase change materials
2.2 Building equipment
2.2.1 Heat pumps
2.2.2 Combined heat and power/cogeneration
2.2.3 Hybrid PV systems
2.2.4 Systems comparison
2.2.5 Energy storage
2.2.6 Dehumidification
2.2.7 Cooking
2.2.8 Drying
2.2.9 Refrigeration
2.2.9.1 Commercial refrigeration
2.2.9.2 Direct expansion systems
2.2.9.2.1 Secondary loop systems
2.2.9.2.2 Distributed refrigeration systems
2.2.9.3 Domestic refrigeration
2.2.10 Air-conditioning
2.2.11 Refrigerants
2.2.12 Hydrogen based building technologies
3. Summary
Acknowledgments
References
2. Synthesis of nanomaterials using top-down methods
1. Introduction
2. Ball milling
3. Etching
4. Machining
5. Sputtering
6. Arc discharge method
7. Electro-spinning
Acknowledgments
References
3. Synthesis of nanomaterials using bottom-up methods
1. Introduction
2. Colloidal methods
2.1 Coprecipitation
2.2 Sol–gel method
2.2.1 Hydrolysis
2.2.2 Condensation
2.2.3 Gelation
2.2.3.1 Nanoporous oxide gels
2.2.3.2 Nano-organic-inorganic hybrids (dyes, proteins, polymers) in gels
2.2.3.3 Nano-crystallites obtained via controlled crystallization of gels
2.2.3.4 Semiconducting nanoparticles
2.2.3.5 Metallic nanoparticles
2.2.3.6 Colloidal oxide particles
3. Emulsion synthesis
3.1 Superparamagnetic colloids
3.2 Nanocontainers
3.3 Cancer theragnostic materials
3.4 Nanomagnets
3.5 Solvothermal and hydrothermal methods
4. Vapor phase deposition
5. Molecular beam epitaxy
5.1 Metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
6. Self-assembly techniques
7. Template-based synthesis
8. Conclusions
Author contributions and acknowledgments
References
4. Physics-based impedance spectroscopy characterization of operating PEM fuel cells
1. Introduction
2. Experimental
3. Model for high-Pt cell impedance
3.1 High stoichiometry of the air flow
3.2 Impedance
3.3 Static shapes
3.4 Fitting spectra
3.5 High-frequency part of the spectra
3.6 What is the origin of a high-frequency slope?
3.7 Low air flow stoichiometry
3.7.1 Oxygen transport in the channel
3.7.2 Static local current density and oxygen concentration along the channel
3.7.3 Cell segmentation, solution strategy, and results
3.8 Fitting high-Pt spectra using low-Pt model
4. Impedance model for low-Pt cells
4.1 Model
4.2 Static equations
4.3 Equations for perturbation amplitudes
4.4 Fitting low-Pt cell spectra
5. Distribution of relaxation times
5.1 The idea of DRT
5.2 Impedance and DRT of high- and low-Pt cell
5.3 Parameters of a low- and high-Pt MEAs
6. Conclusion
Nomenclature
Acknowledgments
References
5. Structural engineering of metal-organic frameworks
1. Introduction
2. Engineering porosity of MOFs
2.1 Modulated synthesis
2.2 Templated synthesis
2.3 Template-free synthesis
3. Engineering chemical compositions of MOFs
3.1 Covalent postsynthetic modification
3.2 Postsynthetic metalation modification
3.3 Postsynthetic deprotection
3.4 Postsynthetic linker exchange
3.5 Postsynthetic cation exchange
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6. Oxidative stress–mediated nanotoxicity: mechanisms, adverse effects, and oxidative potential of engineered nanomaterials
1. Introduction
2. The paradox of aerobic life and the “dark side” of oxygen
3. A preface to ROS generation and oxidative stress emergence
4. Specific physicochemical characteristics of engineered nanomaterials are responsible for ROS generation
5. Engineered nanomaterials stimulate ROS formation via direct and indirect mechanisms
6. Diverse engineered nanomaterials dictate to perturbations of redox homeostasis
6.1 Carbon-based nanomaterials
6.1.1 Fullerenes and fullerene derivatives
6.1.2 Carbon nanotubes
6.2 Metal-based nanoparticles
6.2.1 Iron-based nanoparticles
6.2.2 Gold nanoparticles
6.2.3 Silicon-based nanoparticles
6.2.4 Titanium-based nanoparticles
6.2.5 Zinc-based nanoparticles
7. The significance of evaluating the redox-related properties of engineered nanomaterials
Author contribution
References
7. Particulate photocatalysts for overall water splitting and implications regarding panel reactors for large-scale applications
1. Introduction
2. Basic principles of photocatalytic water splitting
3. Metal oxide and nonoxide photocatalysts in one-step OWS using powder suspensions
3.1 SrTiO3
3.2 (Oxy)nitrides
3.3 Oxysulfides
3.4 Conjugated polymers
4. Photocatalyst sheets for Z-scheme overall water splitting
4.1 Structure and general properties of photocatalyst sheets composed of SrTiO3:Rh, La, and BiVO4:Mo
4.2 Influence of reaction conditions on OWS activity
4.3 Application of nonoxide photocatalysts to photocatalyst sheet systems
4.3.1 LaMg2/3Ta1/3O2N
4.3.2 La5Ti2Cu0.9Ag0.1S5O7
4.3.3 (ZnSe)0.5(CuGa2.5Se4.25)0.5
5. Development of solar panel reactors for practical implementation
6. Summary and prospects
Acknowledgments
References
8. Advanced carbon nanomaterial–based anodes for sodium-ion batteries
1. Introduction
2. Carbon nanomaterials for high-performance SIBs
2.1 Carbon quantum dots
2.2 Carbon nanotubes
2.3 Carbon nanofibers
2.4 Graphene
2.5 Disordered carbon materials
2.6 Na-ion storage mechanism in hard carbons
2.7 Heteroatom-doped carbon nanomaterials
2.8 Porous carbon
3. Conclusions and perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
9. Recent advances in catalytic hydrogen generation from formic acid using carbon-based catalysts
1. Introduction
2. Formic acid
3. Dehydrogenation of formic acid attained by carbon-based catalysts
3.1 Monometallic Pd-based catalysts
3.2 Bimetallic Pd-based catalysts
4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
10. Postface: a path to sustainable energy by 2030 and beyond. Role of new electrocatalysts in the development of a sustainabil ...
Author contributions and acknowledgments
Index
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