This book highlights some aspects of processing, microstructure, and properties of materials in fibrous form, or from fibers, with wide applications for textile-oriented and technically oriented advanced products. Emphasis is placed on the physical and chemical nature of the processes, describing the behavior and properties of the investigated materials. The chapters describing the state and expected trends in selected areas summarize not only the published works but also the original results and the critical evaluation and generalization of basic knowledge. In addition to the preparation of materials with new effects, attention is focused on the development of new testing principles, the construction of special devices, and metrological aspects. Research activities cover all types of fibers with a clear shift toward synthetic and specialty fibers for non-clothing applications. This is in line with the current development trend in the field of high-performance fibers, mainly for use as reinforcement in various composite materials and functional fibers for smart textiles. The area of fibrous materials covered in this book is indeed very large. Compressing the basic available information in a reasonable space was therefore a difficult task. The goal in writing this book was to provide a broad area of different results so that the book is suitable for anyone who is generally interested in fibrous materials and their applications for various purposes.
Author(s): Jiří Militký; Mohanapriya Venkataraman
Series: Advanced Structured Materials
Edition: 1
Publisher: Springer Nature Singapore
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: x; 317
City: Singapore
Tags: Condensed Matter Physics; Structural Materials; Chemistry/Food Science, general; Biomaterials; Materials Science, general; Nanoscale Science and Technology
Preface
Outline
Contents
1 Flexible Electrically Conductive Elastomers
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 History
1.2 Fundamental Properties of Elastomers
1.3 Types of Synthetic Rubber/Elastomers
1.3.1 Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR)
1.3.2 Polysulfide Rubber
1.3.3 Silicon Rubber (SIR)
1.4 Synthetic Conductive Elastomers
1.4.1 Preparation of Synthetic Conductive Based Elastomers
1.4.2 Adding Conductive Fillers into the Synthetic Elastomer
1.4.3 Adding Conductive Material for Blending to Reduce Filler Content
1.4.4 Coating of Conductive Material
1.4.5 Vulcanization by Conductive Fillers
1.5 Fillers to Impart the Electrical Conductivity in Elastomers
1.5.1 Carbon Black
1.5.2 Graphene
1.5.3 Particulate Solids
1.5.4 Metallic Particle Ink
1.6 Conducting Nanoparticles
1.7 Applications
1.8 Stretchable Temperature Sensors
1.8.1 Other Stretchable Energy Harvesters
1.9 Conductive Elastomers for EMI Shielding
1.10 Conclusion
References
2 Phase Change Materials in Textiles for Thermal Regulation
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Introduction of MPCMs
2.2.1 Methods for MPCMs
2.2.2 Classification of MPCMs
2.3 Introduction of FSPCMs
2.4 Introduction of SSPCMs
2.5 PCM-Incorporated Textiles for Thermal Regulation
2.5.1 PCM Fibers
2.5.2 PCM Fabric
2.5.3 Sandwich Fibrous PCM Encapsulations
2.6 Conclusion
References
3 Application of Graphene in Supercapacitor and Wearable Sensor
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Fabrication of Graphene
3.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation Approach
3.2.2 Liquid Phase Stripping Approach
3.2.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition
3.2.4 Oxidation Reduction Technology
3.2.5 Other Means for Fabrication of Graphene
3.3 Graphene for Supercapacitor Applications
3.3.1 Graphene–Nanoporous Carbon Supercapacitors
3.3.2 Graphene–Polymer Hybrids
3.3.3 Graphene–Metal Oxide Supercapacitors
3.3.4 Asymmetric Supercapacitors
3.4 Graphene for Supercapacitor Applications
3.4.1 Graphene Mechanical Sensor (Breath, Pulse, and Motion)
3.4.2 Graphene Acoustic Sensor
3.4.3 Graphene-Enabled Thermal Sensors
3.4.4 Graphene-Enabled Electrophysiological Sensors
3.4.5 Graphene-Enabled Biochemical Sensors
3.5 Conclusion
References
4 Comparison of the Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Graphite, Graphene, and Expanded Graphite
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Graphite
4.2.1 Properties and Morphology
4.2.2 Synthesis
4.2.3 Applications
4.3 Graphene
4.3.1 Properties and Morphology
4.3.2 Synthesis
4.3.3 Applications
4.4 Expanded Graphite
4.4.1 Properties and Morphology
4.4.2 Synthesis
4.4.3 Applications
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Functionalization of Cellulose-Based Materials
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Hybrid Manufacturing Technology
5.2.1 Solution Casting
5.2.2 Filtering Process
5.2.3 Layer by Layer Deposition
5.2.4 Soft and Hard Templating
5.2.5 Nanoparticle Growth onto CNC
5.2.6 Sol–Gel Process
5.2.7 Oven-Drying, Freeze-Drying, and Supercritical-Drying
5.2.8 Electrospinning
5.3 Nanohybrid Types
5.3.1 CNC Structural, Chemical and Physical Properties
5.3.2 CNC/Metal Oxide Nanohybrids
5.3.3 CNC/Carbonaceous Nanomaterials
5.3.4 CNC/Luminescent Nanoparticles
5.4 Applications of CNC Nanohybrids
5.4.1 Energy Applications: Supercapacitors, Solar Cells, Batteries
5.4.2 Environmental Remediation Application
5.4.3 Catalysis
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Self-Cleaning Textiles and Their Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Self-Cleaning Textiles
6.2.1 Materials for Self-Cleaning Textiles
6.3 Chemical Self-Cleaning
6.3.1 Photocatalysis Process
6.4 Physical Self-Cleaning (Superhydrophobicity)
6.4.1 Theories and Fundamentals
6.5 Approaches to Develop Self-Cleaning Textiles
6.5.1 Top-Down Approach
6.5.2 Bottom-Up Approach
6.6 Functional Applications of Self-Cleaning Textiles
6.6.1 Self-Cleaning
6.6.2 UV-Protection
6.6.3 Anti-microbial
6.6.4 Anti-static
6.6.5 Moisture Management
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Characterization and Multifunction Application of Metalized Textile Materials
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Realization Method of Metallized Textiles
7.3 Characterization Methods and Main Influencing Factors of Metallized Fabrics
7.4 Application of Metalized Textiles
References
8 Effect of Textile Structure on Heat Transfer Performance
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Basic Concept of Heat Transfer
8.2.1 Heat Conduction
8.2.2 Heat Convection
8.2.3 Heat Radiation
8.3 Thermal Conductivity of Textile Structures
8.3.1 Thermal Conductivity of Fibrous Polymers
8.3.2 Thermal Conductivity of Fibres
8.3.3 Thermal Conductivity of Yarns
8.3.4 Thermal Conductivity of Fabrics
8.4 Relationship Between Textile Structure and Heat Transfer
8.4.1 Fiber Fineness
8.4.2 Fiber Cross-Sectional Shape
8.4.3 Yarn Fineness
8.4.4 Loop Length
8.4.5 Yarn Twist
8.4.6 Woven and Knit Fabric
8.4.7 Thickness of Fabric
8.4.8 Density of Fabric
8.4.9 Porosity of Fabric
8.4.10 Evenness of the Fabric Surface
8.5 Conclusion
References
9 Flexible Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Strain Sensing Mechanism
9.2.1 Tunneling Effect
9.2.2 Network Disconnection Mechanism
9.2.3 Network Crack Mechanism
9.3 Carbon-Based Strain Sensors with Special Structure Design
9.3.1 Carbon-Based Film Strain Sensors
9.3.2 Carbon-Base Foam Strain Sensor
9.3.3 Carbon-Base Textile Strain Sensor
9.3.4 Applications of the Carbon-Based Strain Sensors
9.3.5 Human Motion Detection
9.3.6 Detection of the Information on Human Vital Signs
9.3.7 Other Applications
9.3.8 Conclusion and Outlook
References
10 Carbon-Based Functional Materials Derived from Fibrous Wastes
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Carbon-Based Functional Materials
10.3 Activated Carbon Fibers
10.4 Graphene
10.5 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
10.6 Fullerenes
10.7 Carbon Aerogel
10.8 Fibrous Waste Sources as Precursors for Carbon-Based Functional Materials
10.8.1 Natural Fibrous Waste Sources
10.8.2 Synthetic Fibrous Waste Sources
10.9 Applications of Carbon-Based Functional Materials from Waste Sources
10.9.1 Adsorption: Water and Air Purification
10.9.2 Energy Storage Devices
10.9.3 Conclusion and Outlook
References
11 Flexible Textile Structures for Strain Sensing Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Electrical Resistance of Textile Structures
11.1.2 Electromechanical Property of the Conductive Knitted Fabric
11.1.3 Conductive Yarn Extension Mechanism
11.1.4 Extension Mechanism of the Overlapped Yarns
11.1.5 Yarn Resistance Model
11.1.6 Fabric Resistance Model
11.2 Materials and Methods
11.2.1 Electrically Conductive Fabrics
11.2.2 Basic Properties of Fabrics
11.2.3 Electrical Properties of the Fabrics
11.2.4 Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Fabrics
11.2.5 Electromechanical Properties of Fabrics
11.3 Results and Discussions
11.3.1 Mechanical Properties of Knitted Fabrics
11.3.2 Effect of Knitted Fabric Elongation on Its Electrical Resistance
11.3.3 Effect of Knitted Fabric Elongation on Its Porosity
11.3.4 Effect of Knitted Fabric Elongation on Its SE
11.3.5 Effect of Knitted Fabric Elongation on SE Sensitivity
11.4 Conclusions
References
12 Flame Retardancy of Textiles—New Strategies and Mechanisms
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Flammability and Thermal Behavior of Textile Materials
12.3 Combustion or Burning Process of Textile Materials
12.4 Flame Retardants and Flame Retardancy General Aspects and Theory
12.5 Role of Char Formation and Intumescence for Flame, Fire and Heat Protection
12.6 Chemistry of Flame Retardant Additives for Textile Materials
12.7 Flame Retardant Chemicals/Finishes Application to Textile Materials
12.8 Environmental Impact of Flame Retardant Chemicals and Finishes
12.9 Assessment of Flame Retardancy of Textiles
12.9.1 Conclusions and Future Viewpoints
References
