Advanced Microbial Techniques in Agriculture, Environment, and Health Management: Impact and Disposal Strategies

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Advanced Microbial Techniques in Agriculture, Environment, and Health Management
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Contents
List of contributors
1 Beneficial microbes for sustainable agroecosystem
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Beneficial microbes in agriculture
1.3 Beneficial microbes: a key element for sustainable agricultural system
1.4 Rhizosphere: a hot spot of beneficial microbes
1.4.1 Beneficial microbes
1.4.1.1 Plant growth promoting bacteria
1.4.1.2 Mycorrhizal fungi
1.4.1.3 Actinomycetes
1.4.2 Nutrient management by beneficial microbes
1.4.2.1 Role of beneficial microbes in phosphorus solubilization
1.4.2.2 Role of beneficial microbes in potassium solubilization and mobilization
1.4.3 Role of beneficial microbes in production of plant growth regulators
1.4.4 Beneficial microorganisms as biofertilizers and biopesticides
1.4.5 Role of beneficial microbes in abiotic stress
1.4.6 Role of beneficial microbes as a biocontrol agent
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Strategies and implications of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in sustainable agriculture
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and plant interaction
2.3 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: mechanisms of action
2.3.1 Biological nitrogen fixation
2.3.2 Phosphorous solubilization
2.3.3 Zinc solubilizing bacteria
2.3.4 ACC deaminase production
2.3.5 Phytohormone production
2.3.6 Siderophore production for iron acquisition
2.3.7 Antibiotic production
2.3.8 Biosurfactant production
2.4 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in abiotic stress remediation
2.5 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in biotic stress remediation
2.6 Induced systemic resistance
2.7 Commercialization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria-based bioproducts
2.8 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgment
References
3 Role of quorum sensing in plant–microbe interactions
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Quorum sensing in rhizobacterial community colonization
3.3 Quorum sensing and plant disease protection
3.4 Quorum sensing in nitrogen-fixing rhizobia
3.5 Quorum sensing in rhizosphere engineering
3.6 Conclusion
References
4 Microbial services for mitigation of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Different types of stresses
4.2.1 Abiotic stress
4.2.2 Biotic stress
4.3 Microbial resources for alleviation of stress in plant
4.3.1 Bacterial-assisted drought mitigation in plants
4.3.2 Bacterial-assisted salinity mitigation in plant
4.3.3 Bacterial-assisted heavy metal stress mitigation
4.3.4 Bacterial-assisted cold stress mitigation
4.3.5 Bacterial-assisted biotic stress mitigation
4.4 Microbial effects on crop productivity under stress conditions
4.5 Agricultural application of stress-tolerant microorganisms
4.6 Conclusion
References
5 Prospects of biotechnology for productive and sustainable agro-environmental growth
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Genetic engineering and sustainable agriculture
5.3 Role of microorganisms in agriculture
5.3.1 Biofertilizers in agroecosystem
5.3.2 Biopesticides, biofungicides, and bioinsecticides in agroecosystem
5.3.3 Plant–microbial interaction: mycorrhiza and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
5.4 Nanotechnology in agriculture
5.4.1 Nanofertilizers
5.4.2 Nanopesticides
5.4.3 Nanotechnology for improved soil quality
5.4.4 Nanotechnology in food industry
5.5 Conclusion and future prospects
References
6 Biofertilizers: a microbial-assisted strategy to improve plant growth and soil health
6.1 Introduction
6.2 What is a biofertilizer?
6.3 Need for biofertilizers at higher altitudes
6.4 Preparation of biofertilizer: steps and standards
6.5 Types of bioformulations
6.5.1 Solid bioformulation
6.5.1.1 Dried powder (dust)
6.5.1.2 Granules
6.5.1.3 Wettable powders
6.5.1.4 Wettable/water-dispersible granules
6.5.2 Liquid bioformulation
6.5.3 Encapsulated bioformulations
6.6 Types of biofertilizers
6.6.1 Nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers
6.6.1.1 Symbiotic nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers
6.6.1.2 Free-living nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers
6.6.1.3 Associative symbiotic nitrogen-fixing biofertilizers
6.6.2 Phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers
6.6.3 Phosphate-mobilizing biofertilizers
6.6.4 Potassium-solubilizing biofertilizers
6.6.5 Iron-solubilizing biofertilizers
6.6.6 Zinc-solubilizing biofertilizer
6.7 Mode of biofertilizer application
6.7.1 Foliar application
6.7.2 Seed treatment
6.7.3 Soil treatment
6.8 Challenges of biofertilizer commercialization
6.8.1 Biological constraints
6.8.2 Technical constraints
6.8.3 Regulatory constraints
6.8.4 Marketing constraints
6.8.5 Field-level constraints
6.8.6 Biofertilizer carrier
6.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
7 Biocontrol: an efficient solution for sustainable agriculture and food production
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Biological control: types
7.2.1 Types of biocontrol strategies
7.2.1.1 Classical biological control
7.2.1.2 Augmentation control
7.2.1.3 Seasonal biological control: type of augmentation
7.2.1.4 Conservative biological control
7.3 Biocontrol and biofertilization with microorganisms for sustainable agriculture
7.3.1 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
7.3.2 Rhizobia
7.3.3 Endophytic fungi
7.3.4 Mycorrhizal fungi
7.3.5 Rhizospheric fungi
7.3.6 Bacterial endosymbionts and endophytes
7.3.7 Microbes of various environments
7.3.8 Viruses: biological control agents
7.4 Examples of biocontrol agents used in agriculture
7.4.1 Biocontrol of sugarcane Pyrilla
7.4.2 Biocontrol of cotton bollworm
7.4.3 Biocontrol of water hyacinth
7.4.4 Biocontrol of woolly apple aphid
7.4.5 Biocontrol of white woolly aphid
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Impact of environmental pollutants on agriculture and food system
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Metals and metalloids
8.1.2 Electronic waste
8.1.3 Plastics
8.1.4 Nanoparticles
8.1.5 Radioactivity/nuclear reactors
8.1.6 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products
8.1.7 Sewage wastewater and sludge
8.1.8 Particulate matter
8.1.9 Dyes from textile industries
8.2 Remediation for removal of chemical contaminants
8.3 Conclusion
References
9 Hazardous waste: impact and disposal strategies
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Classification of hazardous wastes
9.3 Impact of hazardous waste
9.3.1 Environment
9.3.2 Humans
9.3.2.1 Health consequences of exposure to hazardous chemicals
9.4 Methods for identification and monitoring of hazardous waste
9.4.1 Identification of hazardous waste: Indian scenario
9.5 Strategies for hazardous waste management
9.5.1 Physical strategies
9.5.1.1 Incineration
9.5.1.2 Landfilling
9.5.1.3 Solidification/stabilization
9.5.1.4 Deep-well injection
9.5.1.5 Encapsulation
9.5.1.6 Inertization
9.5.1.7 Autoclaving
9.5.1.8 Microwave irradiation
9.5.2 Chemical strategies
9.5.2.1 Chemical disinfection
9.5.2.2 Chemical degradation
9.5.3 Biological strategies
9.5.3.1 Land treatment
9.5.3.2 Enzymatic system
9.5.3.3 Bioremediation
9.5.3.3.1 Aerobic methods
9.5.3.3.2 Anaerobic methods
9.5.4 Modern hybrid technology
9.6 Impact of mismanagement: illegal trafficking and poor transportation facility
9.6.1 Hazardous waste transportation
9.6.2 Illegal trafficking
9.7 Conclusion
References
10 Bioremediation of heavy metals by soil-dwelling microbes: an environment survival approach
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Sources of heavy metals
10.2.1 Industrial source of heavy metals
10.2.2 Natural source of heavy metals
10.2.3 Agricultural source of heavy metal
10.2.4 Domestic sources
10.2.5 Other sources of heavy metal effluence
10.3 Consequences of heavy metal toxicity on human and plant health
10.4 Techniques for heavy metal removal
10.4.1 Physical methods
10.4.2 Chemical remediation
10.4.3 Phytoremediation
10.4.3.1 Phytoextraction
10.4.3.2 Phytovolatilization
10.4.3.3 Phytostabilization
10.4.3.4 Rhizofiltration
10.4.3.5 Rhizodegradation
10.4.4 Microbial remediation of heavy metals
10.4.4.1 Remediation by adsorption
10.4.4.2 Remediation by biosorption
10.4.4.3 Remediation by bioleaching
10.4.4.4 Remediation by redox state change
10.5 Genes involved in determining resistance against different heavy metals in bacteria
10.5.1 Resistance to antimony and arsenic
10.5.2 Resistance to mercury
10.5.3 Resistance to nickel and cobalt
10.5.4 Resistance to copper
10.5.5 Resistance to cadmium
10.5.6 Resistance to zinc
10.6 Factors affecting microbial remediation
10.6.1 pH
10.6.2 Ambient temperature
10.6.3 Substrate species
10.6.4 Substrate concentration
10.6.5 Condition of soil milieu
10.6.6 Bioavailability of pollutants and biosurfactants
10.7 Conclusion and future prospects
References
11 Omics approaches to pesticide biodegradation for sustainable environment
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Biodegradation
11.3 Parameters affecting biodegradation of pesticides
11.3.1 Pesticide structure
11.3.2 Pesticide concentration
11.3.3 Pesticide solubility
11.3.4 Soil types
11.3.5 Soil moisture
11.3.6 Temperature
11.3.7 Soil pH
11.3.8 Soil organic matter
11.3.9 Soil microbial biomass
11.4 Proteomics of pesticide biodegradation
11.5 Molecular basis of pesticide degradation
11.6 Metagenomic analysis
11.6.1 Cultivation-independent methods
11.7 Conclusion
References
12 Microbial consortia and their application for environmental sustainability
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Microbial bioremediation of pollutants
12.2.1 Potential microbial candidates
12.2.1.1 Bacteria
12.2.1.1.1 Aerobic
12.2.1.1.2 Anaerobic
12.2.1.1.3 Methanotrophs
12.2.1.2 Ligninolytic fungi
12.2.1.3 Algae
12.2.1.4 Animals
12.2.1.5 Plants
12.2.2 Bioremediation: potential and sustainable process for environmental cleanup
12.2.2.1 Immobilization
12.2.2.2 Mobilization
12.2.3 Mechanisms involved in bioremediation
12.2.3.1 Adsorption
12.2.3.2 Biosorption
12.2.3.3 Molecular approach: genetically engineered microorganisms
12.2.4 Enzymes for bioremediation
12.2.4.1 Microbial oxidoreductases
12.2.4.1.1 Microbial oxygenases
12.2.4.1.2 Microbial laccases
12.2.4.1.3 Microbial peroxidases
12.2.4.2 Microbial hydrolytic enzymes
12.2.4.2.1 Microbial lipases
12.2.4.2.2 Microbial cellulases
12.2.4.2.3 Microbial proteases
12.2.5 Major bioremediation strategies/techniques and their types
12.2.5.1 Bioremediation
12.2.5.1.1 In situ
12.2.5.1.2 Ex situ
12.3 Rhizospheric soil-plant-microbe interactions
12.3.1 Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria
12.3.1.1 Direct mechanisms
12.3.1.2 Indirect mechanisms-
12.3.2 Nitrogen-fixing microbes
12.3.3 Nutrient-solubilizing microbes
12.3.4 Nutrient-mobilizing microbes
12.3.4.1 Role of mycorrhizal association
12.3.5 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
12.4 Conclusion
References
13 Recent advances in in silico approaches for removal of environmental pollutants
13.1 Introduction
13.2 In silico approaches
13.3 In silico approach for toxicity analysis of pollutants
13.4 Molecular docking approach for bioremediation
13.5 Molecular dynamics simulation approach for bioremediation
13.6 Biodegradation pathway prediction
13.7 Metabolic pathway simulation of biodegradation
13.8 Bioremediation using proteomics
13.9 Bioremediation using genomics
13.10 Systems biology methods
13.11 Removal of environmental pollutants through artificial intelligence
13.12 Conclusion
References
14 Significance of nanoscale in macro-scale in various sectors such as agriculture, environment, and human health
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nanomaterials in agriculture sector
14.2.1 Crop enhancement: use of nanofertilizers
14.2.2 Crop protection
14.2.3 Crop improvement
14.2.4 Fate of nanomaterial in soil
14.3 Nanomaterial in environmental sector
14.3.1 Wastewater and water remediation
14.3.1.1 Nanoadsorbents
14.3.1.2 Nanomembranes
14.3.1.3 Nanocatalysts
14.3.2 Remediation
14.3.2.1 Metallic nanoparticles
14.3.2.2 Semiconducting nanoparticles and dendrimers
14.3.2.3 Carbon capture
14.3.3 Sources of energy
14.3.3.1 Solar cells
14.3.3.2 Fuel cells
14.3.4 Environmental sensing
14.3.4.1 Gas sensors
14.3.4.2 Heavy metal ion sensors
14.3.4.3 Optical sensing
14.3.4.4 Electrochemical sensing
14.4 Negative aspects of nanotechnology
14.5 Conclusion
References
15 Recent advances in biofilm formation and their role in environmental protection
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Biofilm formation
15.2.1 Events of signaling in biofilm formation
15.3 Role of biofilms in environmental protection
15.3.1 Bioremediation
15.3.2 Heavy metal remediation
15.3.3 Remediation of hydrocarbons
15.3.4 Wastewater treatment
15.3.5 Biofilms in agriculture
15.3.6 Polyethylene degradation
15.3.7 Biofilm formation for health
15.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
16 Antibiotics: action mechanism and modern challenges
16.1 Introduction
16.2 History, classification, and mechanism of action of different antibiotics
16.2.1 History of antibiotics
16.2.2 Classification of antibiotics
16.2.2.1 Natural and synthetic antibiotics
16.2.2.1.1 Natural antibiotics
16.2.2.1.2 Synthetic antibiotics
16.2.2.2 Bactericidal and bacteriostatic antibiotics
16.2.2.2.1 Bactericidal antibiotics
16.2.2.2.2 Bacteriostatic antibiotics
16.2.2.3 Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines, β-lactams, sulfa drugs, and quinolones
16.2.2.3.1 Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines
16.2.2.3.2 β-Lactams
16.2.2.3.3 Sulfa drugs
16.2.2.3.4 Quinolones
16.2.3 Antibiotics in the environment: modern challenges and future perspectives
16.2.4 Discussion
References
17 Drug resistance in pathogenic species of Candida
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Epidemiology
17.3 Overview of molecular mechanisms of drug resistance
17.3.1 ERG genes
17.3.2 ATP-binding cassette
17.3.3 FKS genes
17.4 Factors facilitating antifungal drug resistance
17.5 Conclusion and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
Index
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