Advanced Materials for Wastewater Treatment and Desalination: Fundamentals to Applications

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
List of Contributors
SECTION 1 Fundamentals
Chapter 1 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C[sub(3)]N[sub(4)])-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Road Map of g-C[sub(3)]N[sub(4)] Photocatalysts for Photocatalytic Degradation
1.3 Unique Properties of g-C[sub(3)]N[sub(4)] Photocatalysts
1.4 Synthesis Method of g-C[sub(3)]N[sub(4)] Photocatalyst
1.5 Photocatalytic Principles and Mechanisms Over g-C[sub(3)]N[sub(4)] Photocatalysts
1.5.1 Z-Scheme Mechanism
1.5.2 Heterojunction Mechanism
1.6 Recent Progress in the Application of g-C[sub(3)]N[sub(4)] toward Various Pollutants
1.7 Conclusion and Challenges
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 2 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Wastewater Treatment
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History and Synthesis of MOFs
2.3 Recent Modification of MOFs
2.3.1 Surface Functionalization
2.3.1.1 NH[sub(2)]-Functionalized
2.3.1.2 OH-Functionalized
2.3.2 Hollow-structure MOFs
2.3.2.1 Sacrificial Template
2.3.2.2 Ostwald Ripening
2.3.2.3 Etching
2.3.3 Composite
2.3.3.1 LDH
2.3.3.2 Magnetite
2.4 Removal Mechanisms by MOFs
2.5 Adsorption of Pollutants from Wastewater by MOFs
2.5.1 Removal of Dye
2.5.2 Removal of Heavy Metal
2.5.3 Removal of PPCPs
2.6 Recyclability and Stability of MOFs
2.7 SWOT Analysis of MOFs’ Practicality in Wastewater Treatment
2.7.1 Strength
2.7.2 Weakness
2.7.3 Opportunities
2.7.4 Threats
2.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Impact of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles on Adsorptive and Photocatalytic Schemes
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Advances in Water Remediation Approaches
3.3 Metal Oxide-Nanostructured Photocatalysts
3.4 Metal–Metal Oxide Heterostructure Photocatalysts
3.5 Metal Oxide Core–Shell Nanostructured Photocatalysts
3.6 Photocatalytic Potential of Various Metal Oxides
3.6.1 TiO[sub(2)]
3.7 ZnO
3.8 CuO
3.9 Metal Oxides as Adsorbates
3.9.1 Removal of Heavy Metallic Ions from Water
3.10 Adsorptive Removal by Various Metal Oxides
3.10.1 Iron Oxides
3.10.2 Titanium Oxides
3.10.3 Zinc Oxides
3.11 Summary and Outlook
References
Chapter 4 2D Nanostructures for Membrane-Enabled Water Desalination: Graphene and Beyond
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Graphene-Based Nanoporous Membranes
4.2.1 Nanopore Generation
4.2.2 Flexibility of Nanoporous Graphene Membranes
4.3 GO Membranes
4.4 Graphene Analogs for Membrane Technology
4.4.1 TMDCs
4.4.2 MXenes
4.5 Challenges Related to 2D Water Purification Membranes
4.6 Conclusions and Summary
References
Chapter 5 Investigating Thin-Film Composite Membranes Prepared by Interaction between Trimesoyl Chloride with M-Phenylenediamine and Piperazine on Nylon 66 and Performance in Isopropanol Dehydration
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Experimental
5.2.1 Materials
5.2.2 Interfacial Polymerization Reaction on Nylon 66 Substrates
5.2.3 Characterizations
5.2.4 Pervaporation Separation Tests
5.3 Result and Discussion
5.3.1 Characterization Results of the Nylon 66 and Fabricated TFC Membranes
5.3.1.1 Morphology Structure
5.3.1.2 Chemical Composition Analysis
5.3.1.3 Surfaces Roughness
5.3.1.4 Mechanical Strength Test
5.3.2 Effect of Immersion Time in MPD Solution on the TFC Membrane
5.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6 Sustainable Carbonaceous Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment: State-of-the- Art and Future Insights
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials
6.2.1 Applications in Wastewater Treatment
6.2.1.1 Adsorption
6.2.1.2 Removal of Organic Contaminants
6.2.1.3 Remediation of Toxic Metallic Ions
6.2.1.4 Photocatalysis
6.2.1.5 Disinfections
6.2.1.6 Membrane Process
6.2.2 Fullerenes
6.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes
6.2.3.1 Adsorption Mechanism
6.2.3.2 CNTs as Photocatalyst
6.2.4 Graphene
6.2.4.1 Nanoporous Graphene for Water Filtration and Desalination
6.2.4.2 Advanced Oxidation Process
6.3 Challenges and Future Prospects
6.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Magnetic Materials and Their Application in Water Treatment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Magnetism
7.2.1 Basic Concepts and Definition
7.2.2 Types of Magnetism
7.3 Determination of Magnetic Properties
7.3.1 Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM)
7.3.2 Magnetization Hysteresis (M–H or B–H Curves)
7.4 Synthesis Routes
7.4.1 Co-Precipitation
7.4.2 Thermal Decomposition
7.4.3 Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis
7.4.4 Microemulsion
7.4.5 Sol–Gel Synthesis
7.4.6 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
7.5 Magnetic Materials and Wastewater Treatment
7.5.1 Iron-Based Magnetic Materials
7.5.2 TiO[sub(2)]-Based Magnetic Materials
7.5.2.1 Core@TiO[sub(2)] Catalysts
7.5.2.2 Core@Coating@TiO[sub(2)] Catalysts
7.5.2.3 Core@(Coating)@ TiO[sub(2)]-doped Catalysts
7.6 Recovery and Reuse of Magnetic Materials
7.7 Conclusion and Future Trends/Challenges
References
SECTION 2 Applications
Chapter 8 Direct Membrane Filtration for Wastewater Treatment
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Membranes, Types of Membranes, and Membrane Processes
8.2.1 Pressure-Driven Membrane Processes
8.3 Osmotic-
Driven Membrane Processes (ODMPs)
8.3.1 Draw Solutes and Recovery Processes for FO
8.4 Thermally Driven Membrane Processes
– Membrane Distillation
8.5 Electrically Driven Membrane Processes
8.6 Module Types and Configuration
8.6.1 Plate-and-Frame Module
8.6.2 Tubular Membrane Module
8.6.3 Spiral Wound
8.6.4 Hollow Fiber
8.7 Factors Affecting Direct Membrane Filtration
8.7.1 Flow Models in Membranes
8.7.2 Concentration Polarization
8.7.3 Fouling
8.8 Factors of Concern
8.8.1 Membrane Type
8.8.2 Feed Stream Composition
8.8.3 Operating Parameters
8.8.3.1 Cross-Flow Velocity
8.8.3.2 Trans-Membrane Pressure and Permeate Flux
8.8.3.3 Temperature
8.9 Methods of Fouling Control in Membrane Processes
8.9.1 Pre-Treatment
8.9.2 Membrane Cleaning
8.10 Conclusions and Recommendations
References
Chapter 9 3D Printing Technology for the Next Generation of Greener Membranes towards Sustainable Water Treatment
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Membrane Materials/Fabrication for Water and Wastewater Treatment
9.1.2 Driving Forces for Developing Next Generation of Membranes
9.1.3 Outlines of This Work
9.2 Overview of 3D Printing Technology
9.3 3D Printing for Membrane Engineering
9.3.1 Channel Spacers
9.3.2 Membrane Fabrication
9.3.3 Module Fabrication
9.4 Challenges of 3D Printing in Membrane Engineering
9.4.1 Material Limitations
9.4.2 Process Limitations
9.4.3 Environmental Issues
9.4.4 Limitations and Costs of Scaling Up
9.5 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 10 Nanohybrid Membrane for Natural Rubber Wastewater Treatment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Natural Rubber Wastewater Quantity and Characteristics
10.3 Nanohybrid Membranes Development
10.3.1 Nanosilica (SiO[sub(2)])
10.3.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO
NPs)
10.3.3 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO[sub(2)] NPs)
10.3.4 Graphene Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide (GO/rGO)
10.3.5 The Combination of Nanoparticles
10.4 Experimental
10.4.1 Nanohybrid Membrane Fabrication
10.4.2 Nanohybrid Membrane Characterization
10.4.2.1 Spectroscopy Methods for Membrane Characterization
10.4.2.2 Microscopy Methods for Membrane Characterization
10.4.2.3 Physical and Chemical Characterization Methods
10.4.2.4 Mechanical Properties and Characterization of Membrane
10.4.2.5 Pure Water Permeability Characterization
10.4.3 Nanohybrid Membrane Performance Evaluation
10.5 Nanohybrid Membrane Characteristics
10.5.1 Nanohybrid Membranes Morphology
10.5.2 FTIR Analysis of Nanohybrid Membranes
10.5.3 XRD Pattern of Nanohybrid Membranes
10.5.4 Physicochemical Characteristics of Nanohybrid Membranes
10.5.5 Mechanical Properties of Nanohybrid Membranes
10.6 Performance Evaluation of Nanohybrid Membrane for Rubber Wastewater Treatment
10.6.1 Permeate Water Flux and Pollutant Rejection Evaluation
10.6.2 Membrane Stability in Sequential Cleaning
10.6.3 Fouling Evaluation
10.7 Intensification of Membrane Separation
10.7.1 Membrane Integration with Other Processes
10.7.2 Photocatalytic Membrane Filtration
10.8 Future Prospect of the Nanohybrid Application for Natural Rubber Wastewater Treatment
10.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Mixed Matrix Membrane (MMM) in the Agriculture Industry
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Mixed Matrix Membranes
11.2.1 Inorganic Filler-Based MMMs
11.2.1.1 Zeolite Filler-Based MMMs
11.2.1.2 Titanium Dioxide Filler-Based MMMs
11.2.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes Filler-Based MMMs
11.2.2 Organic Filler-Based MMMs
11.2.3 Biomaterials-Based MMMs
11.2.4 Hybrid Filler-Based MMMs
11.3 Application of MMMs
11.3.1 MMMs on Purification of Virgin Coconut Oil
11.3.1.1 Characteristics and Quality of VCO
11.3.1.2 Effect of Surface Morphology on Filtration of PVDF/TiO[sub(2)] MMMs
11.3.2 Application of Optimum Process Condition of PVDF/TiO[sub(2)] MMMs on Filtration of Palm Oil Wastewater
11.3.2.1 Analytical Methods
11.3.2.2 Flux
11.3.2.3 Rejection Rate
11.3.2.4 Total Suspended Solids and Ammonium Nitrogen Removal
11.3.2.5 Morphology and Structural of Membrane
11.3.2.6 Total Suspended Solids Removal
11.3.2.7 Ammonium Nitrogen Removal
11.4 Future Challenges
11.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Water Filtration and Organo-Silica Membrane Application for Peat Water Treatment and Wetland Saline Water Desalination
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Low-Cost Water Filtration Set-Up for Peatland and Wetland Saline Water Treatment
12.3 Organo-Silica Membranes for Wetland Saline Water Desalination
12.3.1 Si-P123 Membranes
12.3.2 Si-P ( Silica-Pectin) Membranes
12.3.3 Si-Glucose Membranes
12.3.4 Single-Catalyst Membranes
12.3.5 Organo-Catalyst Membranes
12.3.6 TEVS-Based Membranes
12.3.7 ES40-Based Membranes
12.4 Fouling Effect on Wetland Water Treatment
12.5 Strategies to Overcome the Membrane Fouling Limitation
12.5.1 Hybrid Adsorption Pre-Treatment Membranes
12.5.2 Hybrid Coagulation Pre-Treatment Membranes
12.5.3 Photocatalytic Integrated Membrane
12.6 Perspective on Future Trend
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13 Eco-Friendly Dye Degradation Approaches for Doped Metal Oxides
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Metal Oxides-Based Nanomaterials
13.2.1 Characteristics and Properties
13.2.2 Synthesis of Doped Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
13.2.2.1 Co-Precipitation Approach
13.2.2.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis
13.2.2.3 Sol–Gel Process
13.2.2.4 Green Synthesis
13.2.2.5 Sonochemical Synthesis
13.3 Metal Oxide as Photocatalyst
13.3.1 Photocatalytic Potential of Zinc Oxide
13.3.2 Photocatalytic Potential of Titanium Dioxide
13.3.2.1 Doping with Metal and Non-Metal Elements
13.3.3 Photocatalytic Potential of Tin (IV)
Oxide
13.3.4 Photocatalytic Potential of CuO
13.4 Conclusions and Summary
References
Index