This textbook provides an overview of applications of advanced nanomaterials, basic lab set up and requirements in for their synthesis, techniques and career scope of nanotechnology in industries and research.
Pollution of air, water, soil is an ever increasing environmental problem attributed to increasing population, global industrialization and unplanned urbanization, has acquired alarming dimensions. It is the most dangerous and worst problem that puts the lives of people, animals, and plants on the earth in danger. An effective, efficient and sustainable approach for managing pollution related problems requires the utmost attention of the scientific community to tackle this menace for the society to lead a healthy and quality life. A number of techniques and books, literatures have been developed in recent years to treat environmental contaminants. However, most of these are not economically viable, environmentally benign and suffer due to cumbersome multi-step manipulations. The purpose of this textbook is to inform students about the application of functionalized nanoparticles as a new approach to supplement traditional treatment methods in cost and time effective manner. The simplistic means to assemble nanoparticles to the constituents of next generation technologies in environment cleanup and sensing are the main objectives of the book. The toxicological footprinting of released advanced functional nanomaterials in ecosystem will also be discussed in the book.
Author(s): Raman Kumar, Rajeev Kumar, Savita Chaudhary
Series: Environmental Contamination Remediation and Management
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 371
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Advanced Nanomaterials: From Properties and Perspective Applications to Their Interlinked Confronts
1.1 Introduction to Advanced Nanomaterials
1.2 Properties of Advanced Nanomaterials
1.2.1 Metal Nanoparticles
1.2.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
1.2.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
1.3 Application Areas
1.3.1 Biomedical Areas
1.3.2 Water Purification and Dye Removal
1.3.3 Energy Storage
1.3.4 Pollution Sensing
1.4 Risks and Interlinked Attributes
1.5 Conclusions
Multiple Choice Questions
Answers
Short Questions and Answers
References
Chapter 2: Advanced Nanoparticles: A Boon or a Bane for Environmental Remediation Applications
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Classification and Properties of Advanced Nanoparticles
2.3 Environmental Remediation Applications of Advanced Nanoparticles
2.3.1 Advanced Nanoparticles as an Effective Adsorbent for Toxic Pollutants
2.3.2 Advanced Nanoparticles as Effective Photocatalysts for Degrading Harmful Toxins
2.3.3 Biomedical Applications of Advanced Nanomaterials
2.4 Environmental Impact of Advanced Nanoparticles
2.4.1 Environmental Fate of Advanced Nanomaterials
2.4.2 Related Risk and Toxic Impact
2.4.2.1 Toxic Impact of Nanomaterials on Human Beings
2.4.3 Bioaccumulation of Advanced Nanomaterials
2.5 Conclusion
Multiple-Choice Question (MCQ)
Short Questions
References
Chapter 3: Nanomaterials in Environment: Sources, Risk Assessment, and Safety Aspect
3.1 Introduction
3.2 General Applications of Nanotechnology
3.3 Environmental Applications
3.4 Types of Nanomaterials
3.5 Sources of Nanomaterials
3.6 Natural Nanomaterials
3.7 Incidental Nanomaterials
3.8 Engineered Nanomaterials
3.9 Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials
3.9.1 What Is Risk?
3.9.2 Health Risks
3.9.3 Environmental Risks
3.9.4 Risk Assessment Frameworks
3.10 Safety Aspect of Nanomaterials
3.11 Conclusion
Multiple Choice Questions
Answers
Short Questions and Answers
References
Chapter 4: Environmental Fate Descriptors for Screening Nanotoxicity and Pollutant Sensing
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Toxicological Fate of Semiconducting Nanoparticles
4.2.1 Antimicrobial Activity
4.2.2 Antifungal Activity
4.2.3 Seed Germination Analysis
4.2.4 Antialgal Activity
4.2.5 Allium cepa Chromosomal Aberration Assay
4.2.6 Antioxidant Assay
4.2.7 Aggregation and Dissolution Behaviour
4.2.8 Sorption Behaviour
4.2.9 Photodegradation Activity
4.3 Application of Nanoparticles in Contaminant Sensing
4.3.1 Heavy Metal Ions
4.3.1.1 Sources of Heavy Metals
Arsenic
Mercury
Chromium
Lead
4.3.1.2 Specialized Techniques to Remove Heavy Metals
4.3.2 Organic Pollutants
4.3.3 Organic Dyes
4.3.4 Gas Sensing
4.3.5 Inorganic Anions
4.4 Summary
Multiple-Choice Questions
Short Questions
Answer Sheet
Answers of MCQ
Short-Question Answers
References
Chapter 5: Nanomaterials in Combating Water Pollution and Related Ecotoxicological Risk
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Types of Water Pollutants
5.2.1 Organic Dyes
5.2.2 Heavy Metals
5.2.3 Pesticides
5.2.4 Phenolic Compounds
5.2.5 Pharmaceutical Waste, Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, and Personal Care Products
5.3 Definition and Significance of Nanomaterials
5.4 Nanomaterials for Combating Water Pollution
5.4.1 Zero-Valent Nanoparticles
5.4.1.1 Nano Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI)
5.4.1.2 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
5.4.1.3 Zinc Nanoparticles (ZnNPs)
5.4.1.4 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
5.4.2 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
5.4.2.1 Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles (TiO2NPs)
5.4.2.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnONPs)
5.4.2.3 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (FeONPs+Fe2O3NPs + Fe3O4NPs)
5.4.2.4 Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles (MgONPs)
5.4.2.5 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuONPs)
5.4.2.6 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles (CeONPs)
5.4.3 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
5.4.3.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
5.4.3.2 Carbon Quantum Dots (CQDs)
5.4.3.3 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials
5.4.3.4 Fullerenes
5.4.4 Nanocomposites
5.4.5 Nanomembranes
5.5 Ecotoxicological Risks Associated with the Nanomaterials
5.5.1 Effects on Aquatic Autotrophs
5.5.1.1 Toxic Impacts on Phytoplankton
5.5.1.2 Toxic Impacts on Cyanobacteria
5.5.1.3 Toxic Impacts on Aquatic Plants
5.5.2 Effects on Aquatic Heterotrophs
5.5.2.1 Toxic Impacts on Zooplanktons
5.5.2.2 Toxic Impacts on Invertebrates
5.5.2.3 Toxic Impacts on Vertebrates
5.6 Conclusion
Multiple-Choice Questions
Answers
Short Questions
References
Chapter 6: Nanotechnology: Emerging Opportunities and Regulatory Aspects in Water Treatment
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Manufacturing Approaches
6.3 Applications of Nanotechnology
6.4 Synoptic Applications of Nanotechnology in Water Treatment
6.4.1 Nanomaterials Used for Environmental Applications
6.4.2 Action Mechanism of Nanomaterials
6.4.3 Conventional and Modern Techniques Used for Water Treatment
6.4.4 Nanotechnology in Water Purification
6.4.5 Nanotechnology in Wastewater Treatment
6.5 Toxicity Facts and Safety Issues Associated with Nanomaterials
6.6 Regulatory Aspects of Nanomaterials
6.7 Commercial Processes of Nano-Based Materials Related to Water Application
6.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook
Questions and Answers: A Solution Manual
Objective Questions
Fill in the Blanks
Short Answer Questions
Long Answer Question
References
Chapter 7: Nanoparticles in Dye Degradation: Achievement and Confronts
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Toxic Effect of Dye
7.3 Mechanism of Dye Removal Using Nanomaterials
7.4 Different Nanomaterials for Dye Removal
7.4.1 Nanoparticles
7.4.2 Carbon Nanotubes
7.4.3 Nanorods
7.4.4 Graphene
7.4.5 Fullerene
7.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
Questions
References
Chapter 8: Safe Appraisal of Carbon Nanoparticles in Pollutant Sensing
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Carbon Dots Structure
8.3 Carbon Dots Synthesis
8.3.1 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis Method
8.3.2 Microwave Irradiation
8.3.3 Carbonization
8.3.4 Chemical Ablation
8.4 Photoluminescence Mechanism in CDs
8.4.1 Quantum Confinement-Derived PL
8.4.2 Surface State-Derived PL
8.5 Biocompatibility and Cytotoxicity
8.6 Bioimaging
8.7 Biosensing
8.8 Drug Delivery
8.9 Quantitative Multiassay Approach
8.9.1 Antibacterial Activity
8.9.2 Antioxidant Activity Analysis
8.9.3 Seed Germination Assay
8.9.4 Allium cepa Chromosome Aberration Assay
8.10 Environment Pollutant Sensing by Carbon Nanoparticles
8.10.1 Lead
8.10.2 Mercury
8.10.3 Chromium
8.10.4 Cadmium
8.10.5 Nickel
8.10.6 Pesticides
8.10.7 Degradation of Organic Dyes by Using CDs
8.11 Summary
Appendix
Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Answers of Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)
Short Questions
Answers of Short Questions
References
Chapter 9: Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedicine: Benefits and Challenges
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Nanomaterials and Their Classification
9.2.1 Metal-Based Nanomaterials
9.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
9.2.3 Organic-Based Nanomaterials
9.3 Benefits of Nanomaterials in Biomedicine
9.3.1 Gold Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery System
9.3.2 Gold Nanoparticles in Gene Delivery
9.4 Challenges for Nanotechnology in Biomedicine
9.5 Conclusion
Appendix
Multiple Choice Questions
Answers
Short Questions and Answers
References
Chapter 10: New Perspective Application and Hazards of Nanomaterial in Aquatic Environment
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nanoparticles
10.3 Sources of NPs
10.4 Classification of NPs
10.4.1 Carbon-Based NPs
10.4.2 Ceramic NPs
10.4.3 Metal NPs
10.4.4 Semiconductor NPs
10.4.5 Polymeric NPs
10.4.6 Lipid-Based NPs
10.5 Properties of NPs
10.5.1 Nanoparticle Size and Surface Area
10.5.2 Nanoparticle Shape
10.5.3 Aggregation
10.5.4 Concentration
10.5.5 Surface Charge
10.5.6 Composition
10.6 Applications of NPs
10.6.1 NPs Act as an Environmental Cleaner
10.6.2 Medical Applications
10.6.3 Application in Energy Generation and Storage
10.6.4 Industrial Applications
10.6.5 Other Applications
10.7 Aquatic System
10.8 Nanoparticles in Aquatic Environment
10.9 Transformation
10.10 Toxicity of Nanomaterial in Aquatic Environment
10.10.1 Effect on Aquatic Plants
10.10.2 Effect on Phytoplankton
10.10.3 Effect on Aquatic Microbes
10.10.4 Effect on Cyanobacteria
10.10.5 Effect on Algae and Microalgae
10.10.6 Effect on Other Marine Organisms
10.11 Future Recommendations
Questions
Answers
References
Chapter 11: Risk Governance Policies for Sustainable Use of Nanomaterials
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Key Requirements for Sustainable Use of Nanomaterials
11.3 Nanotechnology: Policy Implications
11.4 Risk Assessment
11.4.1 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
11.4.2 Future Technology Analyses (FTA)
11.4.3 Nanotechnology Assessment
11.4.3.1 Technology Assessment
11.4.3.2 Technology Assessment for Sustainable Use of Nanotechnology: Task and Challenges
11.4.3.3 Co-Evaluation of Technology, Society, and Their Inseparability Issue
11.4.3.4 Life Cycle Issue and Prediction Changes
11.4.3.5 Integration Issue and Incommensurability Problem
11.4.3.6 Reflexive Sustainability Assessment for Nanotechnology
11.4.4 International and National Scenario
11.5 Risk Treatment
11.5.1 Involvement of Social, Economic, and Biophysical Factors
11.5.2 Guidance on How to Use and Deal
11.5.3 Consider Future Cycle for the Remediation
11.5.4 Participation and Contribution to the Assurance
11.6 Preparation of Nanomaterial Safety Data Sheets
11.6.1 Perilous Evaluation of SDS for Nanomaterials
11.6.2 Guidelines for the Preparation of SDS
11.7 Enhancement of Reusability and Recovery of Nanomaterials After Application
11.8 Future Prospects
Multiple Choice Questions
Short Questions
Multiple Choice Question Answers
Short Question Answers
References
Chapter 12: Misconceptions in Nanotoxicity Measurements: Exploring Facts to Strengthen Eco-Safe Environmental Remediation
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 What Is Nanotoxicity?
12.1.2 Alteration in Properties from Macro to Nano Scale
12.2 Misconceptions About Nanotoxicity
12.3 Nanotoxicity Measurements
12.3.1 In Vitro Studies
12.3.2 In Vivo Studies
12.3.2.1 Whole-Body Exposure
12.3.2.2 Nose/Head-Only Exposure
12.3.2.3 Lung-Only Exposure
12.3.3 In Silico Studies
12.4 Commonly Used Nanomaterials
12.4.1 Carbon Nanotubes
12.4.2 Zinc Oxide
12.4.3 Titanium Dioxide
12.4.4 Copper Oxide
12.4.5 Other Commonly Used Nanomaterials
12.5 Nano-Bio Interface
12.6 Loopholes
12.7 Methods to Control Toxicity
12.7.1 Green Synthesis
12.7.1.1 Green Synthesis Using Plants
12.7.1.2 Green Synthesis Using Microorganisms
12.7.1.3 Green Synthesis Using Enzymes
12.7.2 Magnetic Nanocomposites
12.8 Disposal of Nanowaste
12.8.1 Incineration
12.8.2 Landfill
12.9 Recycle and Reuse
12.10 Future Perspectives
12.11 Conclusions
References
