Advanced Functional Metal-Organic Frameworks: Fundamentals and Applications

Cover
Half Title
Emerging Materials and Technologies Series
Advanced Functional Metal-Organic Frameworks: Fundamentals and Applications
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Editors
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgments
1. Overview: What are Metal-Organic Frameworks?
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Synthesis, Factors, and Properties of MOFs
1.3 Applications of MOFs
1.3.1 Biomedical Applications
1.3.2 Agricultural Applications
1.3.3 Environmental Applications
1.3.4 Miscellaneous Applications
1.4 Conclusion and Prospects
References
2. Methods for the Preparation of Metal-Organic Frameworks
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Conventional Methods
2.2.1 Hydro-or Solvothermal Methods
2.2.2 Ionothermal Method
2.3 Unconventional Methods
2.4 Alternative Methods
2.4.1 Microwave-Assisted Method
2.4.2 Electrochemical Method
2.4.3 Sonochemical Method
2.4.4 Microemulsion Method
2.4.5 Dry-Gel Conversion Method
2.4.6 Microfluidic Method
2.4.7 Slow Evaporation and Diffusion Method
2.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
3. Properties and Factors Affecting the Preparation of Metal-Organic Frameworks
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Assembling Strategies of Organic Ligands
3.2.1 Types of Organic Ligands
3.2.1.1 Carboxylate Ligands
3.2.1.2 Porphyrin-Based Ligands
3.2.1.3 Heterocyclic Ligands
3.2.2 Positional Isomeric Effect
3.2.2.1 Effect of Carboxylate Ligand
3.2.2.2 Effect of Mixed Ligand
3.2.3 Aromatic Substituent Eeffects
3.2.3.1 Effect of Substitution on Carboxylate Ligands
3.2.3.2 Effect of Substitution on Mixed Ligands
3.2.4 Spacer Effect
3.2.4.1 Effect on Dimensionality
3.2.4.2 Effect on Stability
3.2.4.3 Effect on Porosity
3.3 Synthesis of MOF Based on Different SBUs
3.3.1 Metal Oxygen-Based MOF
3.3.2 W-Cu-S Clusters
3.4 Effect of Reaction Variables on MOF Synthesis
3.4.1 Nature of Solvent
3.4.1.1 Effect on MOF Topology
3.4.1.2 Effect on MOF Dimensionality
3.4.1.3 Effect on Porosity
3.4.2 Temperature
3.4.2.1 Effect on Topology
3.4.2.2 Effect on Dimensionality
3.4.2.3 Effect on Porosity
3.4.3 Effect of pH
3.4.3.1 Effect on Topology
3.4.3.2 Effect on Dimensionality
3.4.3.3 Effect on Crystal Color
3.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
4. Promising Functional Metal-Organic Frameworks for Gas Adsorption, Separation and Purification
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Gas Storage
4.2.1 H2 Storage
4.2.2 CH4 Storage
4.2.3 C2H2 Storage
4.3 Separation of Gases by Using MOFs
4.3.1 C2H4/C2H6 Separation
4.3.1.1 C2H4 Selective Separation
4.3.1.2 C2H6 Selective Separation
4.3.2 C2H2/C2H4 Separation
4.3.3 C2H2/CO2 Separation
4.4 MOFs for Harmful Gas Removal
4.4.1 NH3 Removal
4.4.2 NO2 Removal
4.4.3 SO2 Removal
4.4.4 Removal of Other Pollutants
4.5 Conclusion and Outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Appendix
5. Metal-Organic Frameworks in Heterogeneous Catalysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Catalytic Activity of MOFs
5.3 Metal Nanoparticles in MOFs
5.4 Applications of MOFs in Heterogeneous Catalysis
5.4.1 CO Oxidation
5.4.2 Alcohol Oxidation
5.4.3 Styrene Epoxidation
5.4.4 Biodiesel Production
5.4.5 Esterification
5.4.6 NO Reduction
5.4.7 CO2 Methanation
5.4.8 CO2 Fixation
5.5 MOFs as Electrocatalysts
5.6 MOFs as Photocatalyst
5.7 Conclusion and Outlooks
References
6. Metal-Organic Frameworks as Chemical Sensors for Detection of Environmental Pollutants
6.1 Introduction
6.2 MOF-based Sensors for Inorganic Pollutants
6.2.1 Heavy Metal Ions
6.2.1.1 Chromium
6.2.1.2 Copper
6.2.1.3 Cadmium
6.2.1.4 Mercury
6.2.1.5 Lead and Arsenic
6.2.2 Radioactive Ions
6.2.2.1 Iodide
6.2.2.2 Uranium
6.2.2.3 Thorium
6.2.2.4 Others
6.3 MOF-Based Sensors for Organic Pollutants
6.3.1 Antibiotics
6.3.2 Pesticides
6.3.3 Explosives
6.3.3.1 Nitrophenols
6.3.3.2 Nitrobenzenes
6.3.3.3 Methyl Nitrobenzene
6.4 MOF-Based Sensors for Gaseous Pollutants
6.4.1 Volatile Organic Compounds
6.4.1.1 Aliphatic, Aromatic and Halogenated Hydrocarbons
6.4.1.2 Aldehydes and Ketones
6.4.1.3 Alcohols
6.4.2 Toxic Gases
6.4.2.1 Ammonia
6.4.2.2 Hydrogen Sulfide
6.4.2.3 Sulfur Dioxide
6.4.2.4 Others
6.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
7. Recent Advancements in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Drug Delivery
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Surface Design and Modifications of NMOFs
7.3 NMOFs as Smart Nano-Based Drug Carrier Systems
7.4 NMOFs as Molecular Bioimaging Probes
7.5 NMOFs as A Theranostics
7.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of MOFs in Drug Delivery Systems
7.7 Applications of Nano Metal-Organic Frameworks
7.7.1 MOF Vaccine
7.7.2 In-Vitro and In-Vivo Drug Delivery
7.8 Conclusion
References
8. Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Development of Biosensors
8.1 Introduction
8.2 MOFs as Biosensors
8.3 MOF Biosensing of the Biomolecules, Biomarkers, Drugs, and Toxins
8.4 MOF-Biosensing Mechanisms
8.4.1 Photoelectron Transfer (PET)
8.4.2 Resonance Energy Transfer
8.4.3 Competition Absorption
8.4.4 Structural Transformation
8.4.5 Chemical Conversion
8.4.6 Oxidation State Change
8.4.7 Quencher Detachment
8.5 MOFs Used for Optical Biosensors
8.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
9. Potentiality of Magnetic Metal-Organic Frameworks
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Synthesis
9.2.1 Self-Sacrificial Template Method
9.2.2 Emulsion Template Method
9.2.3 Layer by Layer (LBL) Self-Assembly Method
9.2.4 In-Situ Growth of MOFs@MNPs and MNPs@MOFs
9.2.5 Hybrid Preparation Method
9.2.6 Embedding Method
9.2.7 Encapsulation Method
9.2.8 Other Methods
9.3 Applications
9.3.1 Catalysis
9.3.2 Sensing
9.3.3 Nanomedicines
9.3.4 Adsorption
9.3.4.1 Adsorption of Dyes from Wastewater
9.3.4.2 Adsorption of Gases
9.3.4.3 Food Contaminant Extraction
9.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of MFCs
9.5 Conclusions
References
10. Utility of Metal-Organic Frameworks in an Electrochemical Charge Storage
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Electrochemical Charge Storage: Capacitors, Batteries And Fuel Cells
10.2.1 Electrostatic Capacitor
10.2.2 Electrolytic Capacitors
10.2.3 Electrochemical Capacitors
10.2.4 Electric Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
10.2.5 Electrochemical Pseudo-Capacitors (PCs)
10.2.6 Hybrid Capacitors
10.2.7 Batteries
10.2.8 Fuel Cells
10.3 Electrodes for Energy Storage Devices
10.4 Metal-Organic Framework Materials For Electrochemical Charge Storage
10.4.1 Bimetallic Ni/Co-MOF for Energy Storage Applications
10.4.2 Waste to Energy Via Metal-Organic Frameworks
10.4.3 Design Strategies of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Energy Storage Applications
10.4.4 MOFs for Energy Storage in Batteries
10.5 Conclusion
References
11. Potential Redox Functions for Catalytic Hybrid Materials of Dimensional Cyanide-Bridged MOFs and Laccase Protein
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) as Functional Materials
11.1.2 Docking of MOF and Enzyme
11.1.3 Some Examples of Enzyme@MOF
11.2 Dimensional Structures of Cyanide-Bridged Bimetallic Complexes
11.2.1 Prussian Blue Analogs (PBAs) as Cyanide-Bridged Complexes
11.2.2 Dimensional Cyanide-Bridged Bimetallic Complexes
11.2.3 Crystal Structure Database for Redox Cu-Fe MOFs
11.3 Composite Materials of Dimensional Cyanide-Bridged MOF and Laccase
11.3.1 Mononuclear Cyanide Metal Complexes and Laccase
11.3.2 Dimensional Cyanide-Bridged MOFs and Laccase
11.4 Concluding Remarks
References
12. Metal-Organic Framework-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors for Virus Detection
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Viruses
12.3 Electrochemical Immunosensors
12.4 MOFs Utilized in Biocomposites for Sensing Purposes
12.4.1 Structure on a Nanoscale
12.4.2 Stability of Water
12.4.3 Sensing Characteristics
12.4.4 Working Principles of MOFs in Electrochemical Immunosensors
12.5 MOFs-based Immunosensors Virus Disease Detection
12.5.1 COVID-19
12.5.2 Avian Leukosis
12.5.3 Human Deficiency Virus (HIV)
12.5.4 Zika Virus
12.5.5 Hepatitis B Virus
12.5.6 C-reactive Protein (CRP)
12.6 Other Diseases
12.7 Future Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Metal-Organic Frameworks
12.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
13. Future Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Metal-Organic Frameworks
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Challenges in the Synthesis of MOFs
13.2.1 Approaches Towards the Templates/Precursors Synthesis of MOFs
13.2.2 Approaches for MOFs-Derived Porous Materials
13.3 Applications and Challenges in MOFs
13.3.1 Application of MOFs in Electric Conductivity
13.3.2 MOFs for the Remediation of Water Pollutants
13.3.3 Uses of MOFs in Gas Adsorption and Separation
13.3.4 Applications of MOFs in the Food Industry
13.3.5 MOFs and Vaccines
13.3.6 MOF-Based Materials Used in Electrocatalysis and Batteries
13.3.7 MOFs Toxicity
13.4 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Index