Advanced Biosensors for Health Care Applications

Front Cover
Advanced Biosensors for Health Care Applications
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Advanced Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors for Diagnosing Foodborne Pathogens
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Typical Foodborne Pathogens
1.1.2 Established and Traditional Diagnostic Tools
1.1.3 Nanoparticles and Biosensors
1.2 Types of Bioreceptors
1.2.1 Antibodies
1.2.2 Enzymes
1.2.3 Nucleic acids
1.2.4 Aptamers
1.2.5 Other Bioreceptors
1.3 Types of Transducers
1.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensors
1.3.1.1 Amperometric
1.3.1.2 Potentiometric
1.3.1.3 Impedimetric
1.3.1.4 Conductometric
1.3.2 Optical Biosensors
1.3.2.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance
1.3.2.2 Optical Fibers
1.3.2.3 Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
1.3.3 Mass-Based Biosensors
1.3.3.1 Piezoelectric
1.3.3.2 Magnetoelastic
1.4 Membrane-Based Biosensors
1.4.1 Lateral Flow Immunoassay
1.4.1.1 Visual Detection
1.4.1.2 Reader Device Detection
1.4.2 Other Membrane-Based Biosensors
1.5 Multiplex Biosensors
1.6 Performance of Nanoparticle-Based Biosensors
1.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
2 Aptamer Technology for the Detection of Foodborne Pathogens and Toxins
2.1 Introduction
2.1.1 Common Foodborne Pathogens
2.1.2 Norovirus
2.1.2.1 Salmonella spp.
2.1.2.2 Escherichia coli O157:H7
2.1.2.3 Campylobacter jejuni
2.1.2.4 Staphylococcus aureus
2.1.2.5 Vibrio spp.
2.2 Detection of Foodborne Pathogens
2.2.1 Conventional Methods
2.3 Biosensors
2.3.1 Ideal Features of a Biosensor
2.3.2 Merits of Biosensors Over Conventional Methods
2.3.3 Types of Biosensors
2.3.4 Aptamers: Definition and Features
2.3.5 Selection of Aptamers: Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential Enrichment Method
2.4 Classification of Aptamer-Based Biosensors
2.4.1 Optical Biosensors
2.4.1.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance Aptasensors
2.4.1.2 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Aptasensors
2.4.2 Electrochemical Aptasensors
2.4.2.1 Conductometric Aptasensors
2.4.2.2 Amperometric Method
2.4.2.3 Potentiometric Detection
2.4.2.4 Impedimetric Detection
2.4.3 Mass-Sensitive Biosensors
2.4.3.1 Future Prospects of Biosensors
2.5 Conclusion
Competing Financial Interest
References
3 Biosensors for Rapid Detection of Breast Cancer Biomarkers
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Breast Cancer Epidemiology
3.1.1.1 Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
3.1.2 Breast Cancer Types
3.1.2.1 Noninvasive or In Situ
3.1.2.2 Invasive Breast Cancer
3.1.3 Biomarkers
3.1.4 Conventional Detection Methodology
3.2 Biosensors
3.2.1 Overview
3.2.2 Classification
3.2.2.1 Biorecognition Element
3.2.2.1.1 Antibodies
3.2.2.1.2 Nucleic Acids
3.2.2.1.3 Enzymes and Proteins
3.2.2.1.4 Cells and Tissues
3.2.2.1.5 Molecular Imprints
3.2.2.2 Transducer Technology
3.2.2.2.1 Optical Biosensors
3.2.2.2.2 Electrochemical Biosensors
3.2.2.2.3 Piezoelectric Biosensors
3.2.2.2.4 Thermometric Biosensors
3.2.2.2.5 Magnetic Biosensors
3.2.3 Biosensors versus Conventional Techniques in Health Care
3.3 Biosensors for Rapid Breast Cancer Detection
3.3.1 BRCA1
3.3.2 ERα
3.3.3 PR
3.3.4 CEA
3.3.5 HER2
3.3.6 Mucin 1
3.3.7 CA 15-3
3.3.8 miRNA 21
3.3.9 miRNA 155
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Electrochemical Biosensors for Antioxidants
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biosensors for the Determination of Reactive Oxygen Species
4.2.1 Biosensors for Hydroxyl Radical
4.2.2 Biosensors for Superoxide Anion Radical
4.2.3 Biosensors for H2O2
4.3 Electrochemical Biosensors for the Assessment of Total Antioxidant Capacity of Plants and Foods
4.4 Biosensors for the Analysis of Polyphenols in Beverages
4.4.1 Beverages: Role of Antioxidant Capacity for Healthcare Purposes
4.4.2 Electrochemical Biosensing of Polyphenols in Beverages
4.4.2.1 Enzymatic Biosensors
4.4.2.2 DNA Biosensors
4.5 Conclusion
References
5 Electrochemical Immunosensors for Rapid Detection of Breast Cancer Biomarkers
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Breast Cancer Biomarkers
5.1.2 Signal Amplification Strategies in Electrochemical Immunosensors
5.2 Electrochemical Immunosensing of Breast Cancer Protein Biomarkers
5.2.1 Cancer Antigen
5.2.2 Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor
5.2.3 Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 and 3
5.2.4 Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor
5.2.5 Carcino Embryonic Antigen
5.2.6 Breast Cancer Type 1 and 2 Susceptibility Proteins
5.2.7 Cluster of Differentiation 146 Antigen and 105 Antigen (CD-146 and CD-105)
5.2.8 Interleukin-6 and -8
5.2.9 Other Important Biomarkers
5.3 Future Prospects and Challenges
5.4 Conclusion
References
6 Functionalized Advanced Hybrid Materials for Biosensing Applications
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Advanced Inorganic Hybrid Materials
6.2.1 Colloidal Clusters
6.2.2 Titanium-Oxo Clusters
6.2.3 Alloy and Metal Oxide Hybrids
6.2.4 Self-Assembled Inorganic Nanorods
6.2.5 Mesoporous-Silica Hybrid Materials
6.3 Advanced Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Materials
6.3.1 Carbon–Organic Hybrid Materials
6.3.2 Metal Nanoparticles: Organic Composites and Metal–Organic Frameworks
6.3.3 Magnetic Materials
6.3.4 Functionalized Clays and Silica
6.3.5 Ionic Liquid Hybrid Materials
6.4 Advanced Organic Hybrid Materials
6.5 Optical Multifunctional Advanced Hybrid Materials
6.5.1 Chemiluminescent and Electrochemiluminescent Materials
6.5.2 Fluorescent Materials
6.5.2.1 Photoelectrochemical Materials
6.5.2.2 Luminescent Optical Labels
6.5.3 Hybrid Materials Used for Surface Plasmon Resonance and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering
6.6 Conclusion
References
7 Smart, Portable, and Noninvasive Diagnostic Biosensors for Healthcare
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Wearable Sweat Sensors
7.2.1 Detection of Saccharides
7.2.1.1 Glucose
7.2.1.2 Lactose
7.2.2 Detection of Organic Compounds
7.2.2.1 Uric Acid
7.2.2.2 Detection of Alcohols
7.2.2.2.1 Ethanol
7.2.3 Detection of Ions
7.2.3.1 Ammonium Ion
7.2.3.2 Sodium Ion
7.2.3.3 Calcium Ion
7.3 Gas Sensors for Healthcare
7.3.1 Breath Water Vapor Sensing for Respiration Monitoring
7.3.2 Exhaled Volatile Organic Compound Monitoring
7.3.2.1 Acetone Sensing for Diabetes Diagnosis
7.3.2.2 Hydrogen Sulfide Detection for Halitosis Diagnosis
7.3.2.3 Nitric Oxide Gas detection for Asthma Diagnosis
7.3.2.4 Artificially Intelligent Nanosensors for Multiple Disease Detection
7.3.3 Ingestible Sensors for Gut-Gas Monitoring
7.4 Future Perspectives
7.5 Conclusion
References
8 Aptamer-Mediated Nanobiosensing for Health Monitoring
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biosensors
8.2.1 Different Parts of Biosensors
8.2.2 Different Types of Biosensors
8.2.3 Different Bioreceptor Elements
8.2.4 Aptamers: The Bioreceptor Element (BREs)
8.2.5 Merits of Aptamers Over Antibodies
8.2.6 Nanobiosensing: Improving Efficacy of Aptasensors in Combination With Nanomaterials
8.3 Types of Nanobiosensors
8.3.1 Label-Free Nanobiosensors
8.3.1.1 Optical Nanobiosensor
8.3.1.2 Electrochemical Nanobiosensors
8.3.1.3 Mechanical Transducer–Based Nanobiosensors
8.3.2 Labeled Nanobiosensors
8.3.2.1 Labeled Optical Nanobiosensors
8.3.2.2 Nanozyme-Based Turn-off/Turn-on Approach for Aptamer Health Monitoring
8.3.2.3 Labeled Electrochemical Nanobiosensors
8.4 Conclusion
Competing financial interest
References
9 Biosensing–Drug Delivery Systems for In Vivo Applications
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Adaptation of Biosensing–Drug Delivery Systems to In Vivo Applications
9.2.1 Biocompatibility
9.2.2 Sensitivity
9.2.3 Selectivity
9.3 Materials and Devices Used as Biosensing–Drug Delivery Systems
9.3.1 Responsive Hydrogels
9.3.2 Biomedical or Biological Microelectromechanical Systems
9.3.3 Microdevices
9.3.4 Electrochemical Biosensors
9.4 Case Studies
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 Nanobodies and Their In Vivo Applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Heavy-Chain-Only Antibodies Generation
10.3 Drawbacks of Monoclonal Antibodies
10.4 Nanobody Characteristics Making Them Suitable for Therapeutic Application
10.5 Nanobodies Binding to Transmembrane Proteins
10.6 Application of Nanobodies in Medical Imaging
10.7 Inflammatory Diseases
10.8 Chronic Respiratory Diseases
10.9 Application of Nanobodies Against Viruses
10.10 Application of Nanobodies Against Bacteria
10.11 CONCLUSION
References
11 New Micro- and Nanotechnologies for Electrochemical Biosensor Development
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Microfluidics Chips
11.2.1 Microfluidics Chips in Biomarkers Detection
11.2.2 Microfluidics Chips in Nucleic Acid Detection
11.2.3 Microfluidics Chips in Bacteria Detection
11.2.4 Microfluidics Chips for Small Molecule Detection
11.3 Quantum Dots
11.3.1 Electrochemical Enzyme Biosensing Based on Quantum Dots
11.3.2 Electrochemical Gene Biosensing Based on Quantum Dots
11.3.3 Electrochemical Immunosensing Based on Quantum Dots
11.4 Graphene
11.4.1 Syntheses of Graphene
11.4.2 Electrochemical Bioactive Small Molecule Biosensing Based on Graphene
11.4.3 Electrochemical Enzyme Biosensing Based on Graphene
11.4.4 Electrochemical DNA Biosensing Based on Graphene
11.4.5 Electrochemical Immunobiosensing Based on Graphene
11.4.6 Electrochemical Cell Biosensing Based on Graphene
11.5 Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Based Nanomaterials
11.5.1 Amperometric Sensors
11.5.2 Electrochemical Sensors
11.5.3 PEC Sensors
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 Cholesterol-Based Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Sensors
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Cholesterol Absorption
12.2.1 Cholesterol Oxidase
12.2.2 Cholesterol Esterase
12.3 Enzymatic Sensors
12.4 Nonenzymatic Sensors
12.5 Future Prospects
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 Recent Trends in Sensors for Health and Agricultural Applications
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Smart Health Sensors
13.3 Smart Agriculture Sensors
13.4 Global Market for Smart Sensors
13.5 Future Prospects
13.6 Conclusion
References
14 Hybrid Carbon Nanostructures for Chemical and Biological Sensors
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Synthesis of 3D Structured Graphene Nanosheets
14.2.1 Exfoliation Process
14.2.1.1 Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials
14.2.1.2 Graphite Exfoliation via the Surfactant-Assisted Emulsion Process
14.2.1.3 Exfoliated Graphite Oxide via the Deoxygenation Process in an Alkaline Solution
14.2.2 Graphene Synthesis by Microwave Irradiation
14.2.3 Graphene Synthesis via Chemical Vapor Deposition
14.3 Graphene-Based Electrochemical Sensors and Electrodes for Detecting Biomolecules
14.3.1 Field Effect Transistors–Based Biosensors Using Functional Graphene Materials
14.3.2 Saccharides-Based Biosensor
14.3.3 Cytochrome Biosensor
14.3.4 Fluorescent Biosensor
14.3.5 Horseradish Peroxidase Biosensor
14.3.6 Lipoprotein-Based Biosensor
14.3.7 Iron-Based Biosensor
14.3.8 Dihydroxy Aromatic Compound–Based Biosensor
14.3.9 Peroxide-Based Biosensors
14.3.10 Neuron-Based Biosensors
14.3.11 Ribose-Based Biosensor
14.3.12 Detection of Ascorbic Acid
14.3.13 Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Various Chemicals
14.3.14 Surface Classification of Carbon Paste Electrode-Based Sensors
14.4 Conclusion
References
Further Reading
15 Challenges and Future Prospects of Nanoadvanced Sensing Technology
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors and Chemical Sensors
15.3 Nanostructures, Nanoparticles, Nanowires, Nanofibers, and Nanoprobes
15.4 Tubular and Porous Nanostructures
15.5 Metal Nanomaterials
15.6 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
15.7 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
15.8 Polymer Nanomaterials
15.9 Biological Materials
15.10 Conclusion
References
Index
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