This book presents recent developments in advanced biological treatment technologies that are attracting increasing attention or that have a high potential for large-scale application in the near future. It also explores the fundamental principles as well as the applicability of the engineered bioreactors in detail.
It describes two of the emerging technologies: membrane bioreactors (MBR) and moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBR), both of which are finding increasing application worldwide thanks to their compactness and high efficiency. It also includes a chapter dedicated to aerobic granular sludge (AGS) technology, and discusses the main features and applications of this promising process, which can simultaneously remove organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus and is considered a breakthrough in biological wastewater treatment.
Given the importance of removing nitrogen compounds from wastewater, the latest advances in this area, including new processes for nitrogen removal (e.g. Anammox), are also reviewed.
Developments in molecular biology techniques over the last twenty years provide insights into the complex microbial diversity found in biological treatment systems. The final chapter discusses these techniques in detail and presents the state-of-the-art in this field and the opportunities these techniques offer to improve process performance.
Author(s): Márcia Dezotti, Geraldo Lippel, João Paulo Bassin
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2017
Language: English
Pages: 300
City: Cham
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
References
Chapter 2: Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Types of Membrane Bioreactors
2.3 MBR Technology: Current Scenario
2.4 Fouling in MBRs
2.4.1 Operational Factors
2.4.2 Occurrence of Fouling in MBRs
2.4.3 Polymeric Extracellular Substances and Soluble Microbial Products
2.4.4 Operation Modes and Fouling Control
2.5 Use of Activated Carbon in MBRs
2.6 Combined MBBR-MBR
2.7 Future Advances in MBR Technology
References
Chapter 3: Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
3.1 Contextualization of and Introduction to MBBR Process
3.2 Principle of MBBR Operation
3.3 Biofilm Carriers Used in MBBR Systems
3.4 Operational Aspects
3.4.1 Filling Ratio (VS/VR) or Filling Fraction (%)
3.4.2 Hydrodynamics of MBBR
3.4.3 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
3.4.4 Formation of Biofilm on Moving Carriers in MBBR
3.4.5 Extracellular Polymeric Substances (Exopolymers)
3.4.6 Microscopic Observation of the Biofilm
3.5 MBBR Applications
3.5.1 Application of MBBR for Organic Matter Removal
3.5.2 MBBR Application for Nitrogen Removal
3.5.2.1 Nitrification
3.5.2.2 Denitrification
3.5.2.3 Applications
3.6 Final Considerations
References
Chapter 4: Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 General Characterization of Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology
4.3 Formation of Aerobic Granules
4.4 Factors Affecting Aerobic Granulation
4.4.1 Settling Time
4.4.2 Bacterial Growth Rate
4.4.3 Feeding Strategy
4.4.4 Dissolved Oxygen and Aeration Intensity
4.4.5 Reactor Configuration
4.4.6 Substrate Composition and Concentration
4.4.7 Sludge Used as Inoculum
4.4.8 Temperature
4.4.9 pH
4.4.10 Addition of Divalent Cations
4.5 Case Studies Involving the Formation of Aerobic Granules
4.6 Conversion Processes in Aerobic Granules
4.7 Application of Aerobic Granules in Wastewater Treatment: From Laboratory Studies to Full-Scale Experiences
4.8 Final Considerations and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 5: New Processes for Biological Nitrogen Removal
5.1 Introduction
5.2 New Processes for Biological Nitrogen Removal
5.2.1 Introduction and Contextualization
5.2.2 Anammox Process
5.2.2.1 Brief History
5.2.2.2 Conversions Involved in the Anammox Process and Characteristics of the Organisms Responsible for this Process
5.2.2.3 Factors Influencing Anammox Bacteria Activity
Substrates and Products
Oxygen
Organic Carbon
Temperature and pH
Biomass Concentration
Suspended Solids
Light and Reactor Mixing Velocity
5.2.2.4 Application of Anammox Process
Partial Nitritation and Anammox in Two Separate Reactors (Two Stages)
Partial Nitritation
Anammox
Partial Nitritation and Anammox in a Single Reactor (One Stage)
CANON Process
OLAND Process
Aerobic/Anoxic Deammonification or DEMON
5.2.3 Denitrifying Ammonium Oxidation (DEAMOX) Process
5.2.4 NOX Processes
5.3 Final Considerations
References
Chapter 6: Molecular Biology Techniques Applied to the Study of Microbial Diversity of Wastewater Treatment Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Microbial Diversity
6.1.2 Basic Concepts of Genetics
6.2 Principles and Concepts of Molecular Biology Techniques Applied to the Study of Microbial Diversity
6.2.1 Introduction to Molecular Biology Techniques
6.2.2 PCR
6.2.3 DGGE
6.2.4 Cloning and Sequencing
6.2.5 FISH
6.2.6 Alternative Methods Applied to the Study of Microbial Diversity
6.2.6.1 Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP)
6.2.6.2 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP)
6.2.6.3 Single-Stranded Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP)
6.2.6.4 Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA (RAPD)
6.2.6.5 Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis (RISA)
6.2.6.6 Phospholipid Ester-Linked Fatty Acid (PLFA) Analysis
6.2.6.7 DNA Microarray
6.2.7 Next-Generation High-Throughput Sequencing Methods
6.3 Application of Molecular Biology Techniques to Wastewater Treatment
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Application of Molecular Biology Techniques in Studies to Characterize the Microbial Communities of Wastewater Treatment Systems
6.4 Final Considerations
References
