Advanced Applications of Ionic Liquids

Advanced Applications of Ionic Liquids
Copyright
List of contributors
Preface
Dedication
Contents
About the editors
1 Progressions in ionic liquid-based electrochemical research
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Physical properties of ionic liquids
1.2.1 Conductivity
1.2.2 Viscosity
1.2.3 Electrochemical potential window
1.3 Electrochemical properties
1.4 Applications of ionic liquids in electrochemistry
1.4.1 Electrochemical sensors
1.4.2 Electrodeposition
1.4.3 Electroredox
1.4.4 Electrochemical biosensors
1.4.5 Applications of ionic liquids in Li-ion batteries
1.4.6 Applications of ionic liquids for supercapacitors
1.4.7 Applications of ionic liquids in electropolymerization
1.5 Conclusion
References
2 Recapitulation on the separation and purification of biomolecules using ionic liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Applications of ionic liquids-based aqueous biphasic system in separation and purification of biomolecules
2.2.1 Amino acids
2.2.2 Proteins
2.2.3 Enzymes
2.2.4 Nucleic acids
2.3 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Nomenclature
Abbreviations
Ionic Liquids and Good Buffers
Proteins
Enzymes
Salts
Acid
References
3 Current trends and applications of ionic liquids in electrochemical devices
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 History of ionic liquids in electrochemical devices
3.2 Ionic liquids in energy storage devices and conversion materials
3.3 Ionic liquid in energy sustainability and CO2 sequestration
3.4 Ionic liquids as a novel electrolyte medium for advanced electrochemical devices
3.5 Ionic liquids’ electrochemical sensing properties
3.6 Applications of room-temperature ionic liquids
3.6.1 Electrochemical applications of room-temperature ionic liquids
3.6.2 Room-temperature ionic liquid as a nonfaradaic biosensing component
3.6.3 Room-temperature ionic liquids in electrochemical gas sensoring
3.7 Ammonium, pyrrolidinium, phosphonium, and sulfonium-based ionic liquids and electrochemical properties
3.8 Current and future prospects
3.8.1 Ionic liquids as electrolytes
3.8.2 Ionic liquids as lubricants and hydraulic fluids
3.8.3 Ionic liquids as chemical production processes
3.8.4 Ionic liquids as hydrogen storage
3.9 Conclusions
References
4 Green chemistry of ionic liquids in surface electrochemistry
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Important characteristics of electrochemical reactions
4.1.1.1 Electrochemical current and potential
4.1.1.2 Electrochemical interfaces
4.1.1.3 Models of electrochemical electron transfer
4.1.2 Electrochemistry at the molecular scale
4.1.2.1 Surface structure
4.1.2.2 Bonding of ions
4.1.2.3 Bonding of water
4.1.2.4 Experimental aspects of current/voltage properties
4.1.3 Ionic liquids properties pertinent to surface electrochemistry
4.2 Role of ionic liquids in surface electrochemistry
4.2.1 Carbon ionic liquid electrode
4.2.1.1 Direct electrochemistry of hemoglobin
4.2.1.2 Determination of various substances
4.2.2 Quartz crystal microbalance
4.2.3 Chemical warfare agent
4.2.4 Electrochemical oxidation
4.3 Conclusions
References
5 An evolution in electrochemical and chemical synthesis applications in prospects of ionic liquids
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Electrochemical oxidation reactions using room-temperature ionic liquids
5.2.1 Oxidative self-coupling reaction
5.2.2 Shono oxidation of carbamates
5.2.3 Oxidation of alcohols
5.2.4 Bromination reaction
5.3 Electrochemical reduction reactions using room-temperature ionic liquid
5.3.1 Electroreductive coupling of organic halides
5.3.2 Pinacol coupling reaction
5.3.3 Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide gas
5.3.4 Electrocarboxylation reaction
5.3.5 Synthesis of aryl zinc compounds
5.3.6 Electrochemical reductive coupling to form 1,6-diketone
5.3.7 Electrochemical reduction of benzoyl chloride
5.3.8 Organocatalysis using electrogenerated bases
5.4 Electrochemical polymerization reactions using room-temperature ionic liquids
5.5 Electrochemical partial fluorination using room-temperature ionic liquids
5.5.1 Anodic fluorination of dithioacetals
5.5.2 Electrochemical fluorination utilizing mediators
5.5.3 Fluorination of methyl adamantane-1-carboxylate electrochemically
5.6 Other electrochemical reactions using room-temperature ionic liquids
5.6.1 Electrogenerated N-heterocyclic carbenes
5.6.1.1 Synthesis of β-lactams
5.6.1.2 Henry reaction
5.6.1.3 Benzoin condensation
5.6.1.4 Stetter reaction
5.6.1.5 Staudinger reaction
5.6.1.6 Preparation of γ-butyrolactones
5.6.1.7 Esterification reaction
5.6.1.8 Transesterification
5.6.1.9 Oxidative esterification of aromatic aldehydes
5.6.1.10 Preparation of N-acyloxazolidin-2-ones
5.6.1.11 N-Functionalisation of benzoxazolones
5.6.2 Functionalisation of nitroaromatic compounds
5.6.3 Epoxidation reaction using room-temperature ionic liquids
5.7 Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
6 Recent changes in the synthesis of ionic liquids based on inorganic nanocomposites and their applications
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Inorganic nanocomposite materials—an overview
6.1.2 Development of inorganic nanocomposite materials synthesis
6.1.3 Role of ionic liquid in the synthesis of inorganic nanocomposite
6.1.4 Application-based importance of ionic liquids in inorganic nanocomposite
6.2 Synthesis of inorganic nanocomposite materials using ionic liquid
6.2.1 Sol-gel method
6.2.2 Hydrothermal method
6.2.3 Microemulsion method
6.2.4 Precipitation and co-precipitation method
6.2.5 Rays mediated method
6.2.5.1 Photochemical method
6.2.5.2 Photocatalytic deposition
6.2.5.3 Sonochemical method
6.2.6 Electrochemical method
6.3 How organic-inorganic is different from inorganic nanocomposites?
6.4 Recent advancements and advantages of inorganic nanocomposites with ionic liquids
6.4.1 Storage of heat energy
6.4.1.1 Advantages
6.4.2 Electrolytic support
6.4.2.1 Advantages
6.4.3 Solvents improvement
6.4.3.1 Advantages
6.4.4 Analytics and purity
6.4.4.1 Advantages
6.4.5 Additives
6.4.5.1 Advantages
6.5 Current applications and their future perspective
6.5.1 Biomedical
6.5.2 Environmental science
6.5.2.1 Water treatment
6.5.2.2 Soil treatment
6.5.2.3 Air pollution treatment
6.5.3 Nuclear science
6.5.4 Food science
6.5.5 Energy storage and transfer
6.5.6 Catalysis
6.5.7 Lubricants
6.5.8 Sensors
6.5.9 Electrochemistry
6.6 Reaction mechanism of ionic liquids-based synthesized nanocomposite materials
6.7 Conclusions
Abbreviations
Author contributions
Conflicts of interest
References
7 Ionic liquids as green and efficient corrosion-protective materials for metals and alloys
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Effect of corrosion
7.1.2 Causes of corrosion
7.1.3 Techniques of corrosion protection
7.1.4 Ionic liquids as green corrosion protectors
7.1.5 Applications of ionic liquids
7.1.6 Classification of ionic liquids
7.2 Ionic liquids as corrosion protector for metals and alloy
7.2.1 Ionic liquids as corrosion protector for iron and alloy
7.2.2 Ionic liquids as corrosion protector for Al
7.2.3 Ionic liquids as corrosion protector for Cu and Zn
7.3 Corrosion protection mechanism
7.4 Conclusions and future perspectives
References
8 Ionic liquids as valuable assets in extraction techniques
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Ionic liquids
8.3 Ionic liquids for the extraction of natural products from the plants
8.3.1 Ultrasonic-assisted ionic liquid approach for the extraction of natural products
8.3.2 Microwave-assisted ionic liquid approach for the extraction of natural products
8.3.3 Reactive dissolution of biomass in ionic liquids for the extraction of natural products
8.4 Ionic liquids in extraction of pharmaceuticals from biological and environmental samples
8.5 Ionic liquids for the extraction of contaminants from wastewater
8.5.1 Extraction of toxic metal ions
8.5.2 Extraction of organic pollutants
8.6 Ionic liquids for the extraction of soil contaminants and soil organic matter
8.6.1 Extraction of soil contaminants
8.6.1.1 Extraction of soil organic pollutants
8.6.1.2 Extraction of soil heavy metal ions
8.6.2 Extractions of soil organic matter
8.7 Extraction of rare earth metals
8.8 Ionic liquids for the extraction of food contaminants
8.9 Applications of ionic liquids
8.10 Conclusion and future prospective
Acknowledgments
References
9 An involvement of ionic liquids and other small molecules as promising corrosion inhibitors in recent advancement of tech...
9.1 Consequences of corrosion
9.2 Economic effects
9.3 Methods to control corrosion
9.3.1 Material selection
9.3.2 Coating
9.3.2.1 Metallic coating
9.3.2.2 Organic coating
9.3.2.3 Inorganic coatings
9.4 Inhibitors
9.5 Anodization
9.6 Cathodic protection
9.7 Structure of electrical double layer
9.8 Influence of temperature on the action of Inhibitors
9.9 Corrosion inhibition—an inevitable arena of research
9.10 Importance of ionic liquids (ILs)
9.11 Corrosion is a costly problem to the world
9.12 Ionic liquids as promising coating agents and inhibitors
9.13 Other corrosion inhibitors
9.14 Conclusion
References
10 Role of ionic liquids in bioactive compounds extractions and applications
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Bioactive compound extraction from biomass
10.2.1 Ionic liquid-based liquid–liquid extractions
10.2.1.1 Liquid–liquid extraction with hydrophobic ionic liquids
10.2.1.2 Ionic liquid-based aqueous biphasic systems
10.2.2 Ionic liquid-based solid–liquid extractions
10.2.2.1 Simple/basic ionic liquid-based solid–liquid extractions
10.2.2.2 Microwave-assisted extractions
10.2.2.3 Ultrasonic-assisted extractions
10.2.2.4 More complex/rigid solid-liquid extractions
10.2.2.4.1 Ultrasonic/microwave-assisted extractions
10.2.2.4.2 Ultrahigh pressure extraction
10.2.2.4.3 Negative-pressure cavitation extraction
10.2.2.4.4 Microwave homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction
10.2.3 Solid–phase extractions
10.2.4 Backward (or back)-extractions
10.3 Applications of ionic liquids
10.3.1 Green solvents—a gentle suspension of biomass
10.3.2 High-purity, inflammable electrolytes for battery and supercapacitor applications
10.3.3 Antistatic agents
10.3.3.1 Liquid antistatic agents
10.3.4 Intrinsically safe high-temperature cooling
10.3.5 Further more advanced applications
10.3.5.1 Air conditioning
10.3.5.2 Hydrogen storage
10.3.5.3 Chemical production processes
10.4 Conclusions and future prospects
Acknowledgments
References
11 Developments in gas sensing applications before and after ionic liquids
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Layout of the chapter
11.3 Electrochemical gas sensors
11.3.1 Electrochemical oxygen gas sensors
11.3.2 Electrochemical ammonia gas sensors
11.3.3 Electrochemical nitrogen oxide gas sensors
11.3.4 Electrochemical volatile organic compounds gas sensors
11.3.5 Electrochemical carbon dioxide gas sensor
11.3.6 Electrochemical methane and oxygen dual gas sensor
11.3.7 Electrochemical hydrogen sulfide carbon nanotube-modified electrode gas sensor
11.4 Optical gas sensors
11.4.1 Optical oxygen gas sensors
11.4.2 Optical carbon dioxide gas sensors
11.4.3 Optical ammonia gas sensors
11.4.4 Optical volatile organic compound gas sensors
11.5 Piezoelectric gas sensors
11.5.1 Quartz-crystal microbalance gas sensors
11.5.2 Surface acoustic wave–based gas sensors
11.5.3 Piezoresistive-based gas sensors
11.6 Other forms of gas sensors
11.6.1 Semiconductor metal-oxide gas sensors
11.6.2 Carbon ionic liquid composite gas sensors
11.6.3 Gated ionic liquid gas sensors
11.7 Conclusions
References
12 Ionic liquids: a tool for CO2 capture and reduced emission
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Aqueous amines used in postcombustion
12.3 Ionic liquids as solvents for CO2 capture
12.3.1 Ionic liquids in the absorption process for CO2 capture
12.3.1.1 Ionic liquids as physical absorbents
12.3.1.2 Ionic liquids as chemical absorbents
12.3.2 Ionic liquids in the adsorption process for CO2 capture
12.3.3 Ionic liquids in membranes process for CO2 capture
12.3.3.1 Supported ionic liquid membrane for CO2 separation
12.3.3.2 Polyionic liquids membranes for CO2 separation
12.3.3.3 Ionic liquid composite membranes for CO2 separation
12.4 Regeneration of CO2 from ionic liquids
12.5 Designing ionic liquids for CO2 capture
12.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
References
13 Applications of ionic liquids in fuel cells and supercapacitors
13.1 Introduction
13.2 The bonding in ionic liquids
13.3 Ionic liquids: evolution
13.4 Ionic liquids in fuel cells
13.5 Ionic liquids in supercapacitors
13.6 Conclusion
13.7 Future scope
References
14 Role of polymeric ionic liquids in rechargeable batteries
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Classification of ionic liquids based on their chemical structure
14.2.1 Protic ionic liquids as electrolytes for lithium-ion battery
14.2.2 Aprotic ionic liquids as electrolytes for lithium-ion battery
14.3 Introduction to Li batteries
14.4 Basics of ionic liquids
14.5 Organic and inorganic ionic liquids in electrical storage systems
14.6 Ionic liquid-based polymers electrolytes historical background
14.7 Polymeric ionic liquids for rechargeable lithium-ion batteries
14.7.1 Emerging of ionic liquid–based polymer electrolyte
14.8 Li/Na-ion battery electrolyte
14.9 Polymer-electrolytes classification
14.9.1 Electrolytes based on dry solid polymer
14.9.2 Electrolytes based on plasticized polymer
14.9.3 Electrolytes based on gel polymer
14.9.4 Electrolytes based on composite polymer
14.10 Ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolytes application in lithium batteries
14.11 Low melting point alkaline salts in lithium batteries
14.12 Conclusion
Abbreviations
References
15 Progress in optoelectronic applications of ionic liquids
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Principle and structure of dye-sensitized solar cell
15.3 Role of ionic liquids as an electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells
15.3.1 Role of poly ionic liquids as solid or quasi-solid electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cell
15.3.2 Iodine-free PIL as an electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells
15.4 Challenges and future prospects
References
16 Role of ionic liquids and their future alternative toward protein chemistry
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Antibacterial and antitumor activities of ionic liquids
16.3 Protein instability and its influencing factors as well as analytical monitoring
16.4 Effect of alkyl chain length of cations of ionic liquids on the stability of proteins
16.5 Effect of cations and anion of ionic liquids on the stability of proteins
16.6 Effect of hydrophobicity of ionic liquids on the stability of proteins
16.7 Effect of viscosity of ionic liquids on the stability of proteins
16.8 Protein folding in ionic liquids
16.9 Enzymes with ionic liquids
16.10 Application of ionic liquids as biocatalysis
16.11 Ionic liquids do not inactivate enzymes like polar organic solvents
16.12 Increased stability of enzymes in ionic liquids
16.13 Cytotoxicity of ionic liquids
16.14 What are neoteric solvents?
16.15 Role of deep eutectic solvents on protein chemistry
16.16 Conclusion
References
17 Ionic liquids in metrological analysis and applications
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Wide-ranging ionic liquids
17.3 Protic and aprotic ionic liquids
17.4 Physicochemical properties of ionic liquids defining metrological parameters
17.4.1 Miscibility and solubility
17.4.2 Solvation with repulsion
17.4.3 Vapor pressure
17.4.4 Density and viscosity
17.5 Electrochemical constancy and conductivity
17.6 Ionic liquids-centered devices
17.7 Configuration of ionic liquids in biosensors
17.8 Aspects of ionic liquids as promoters in biodiesel fabrication
17.9 Affinity attributed to ionic liquids in nanomaterials
17.10 The implication of green diluents in space mechanics
17.11 Space energy
17.12 Compost properties
17.13 Life support techniques
17.14 Hypergolic solutions
17.15 Space emollients
17.16 Lunular fluid-glass contract
17.17 Conclusion
References
18 Antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles synthesized in ionic liquids
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Metal nanoparticles and ionic liquids
18.1.2 Silver as antibacterial agent: historical background
18.2 Silver nanoparticles’ antimicrobial properties and activities
18.3 Discussions and final remarks
Declaration of competing interest
Acknowledgment
References
19 Progressive function of ionic liquids in polymer chemistry
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Ionic liquid
19.3 Structure of ionic liquid
19.4 Some important advantages and characteristics of ionic liquid
19.5 Common methods of making ionic liquids
19.5.1 Anion exchange
19.5.2 Alkylation
19.5.3 Preparation of ionic liquid special performance
19.6 The function of ionic liquid in polymer
19.7 Polymer-doped ionic liquid
19.8 Polymerization of vinyl monomer in ionic liquid
19.9 Polymerizable ionic liquid
19.10 Adsorbed and covalently linked ionic liquids
19.11 Microwave absorbing ionic liquid polymer
19.12 Ionic liquid-polymer composite
19.13 Summary
Conflict of interests
References
20 Potential hazards of ionic liquids: a word of caution
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Environmental concerns of ionic liquids
20.2.1 Cytotoxic action of ionic liquids
20.2.2 Enzymatic interaction of ionic liquids
20.2.3 Phytotoxicity of ionic liquids
20.2.4 Toxicity of ionic liquids to microorganisms
20.3 Factors affecting the toxicity of ionic liquids
20.3.1 Effect of the chemical composition of ionic liquids
20.3.1.1 Cations
20.3.1.2 Alkyl chain length
20.3.1.3 Anions
20.3.2 Effect of environmental factors
20.3.2.1 Dissolved organic matter
20.3.2.2 Salinity
20.4 Fate and transfer of ionic liquids to the environment
20.4.1 Adsorption of ionic liquids
20.4.2 Biodegradation of ionic liquids
20.4.3 Chemical degradation of ionic liquids
20.5 Conclusion and future perspectives
Conflict of interest
References
Index