Advanced Applications of Biobased Materials: Food, Biomedical, and Environmental Applications

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Advanced Applications of Biobased Materials
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Contributors
Preface
Biopolymers: An overview
Introduction
Classification of biopolymers and their structures
Polynucleotides
Polypeptides/proteins
Polysaccharides
Synthetic biopolymers (bioplastics)
Biopolymer-based composites and their applications
Conclusions
References
Chemical modification of protein-based biopolymers for application in food packaging
Introduction
Chemical structure, functional groups, and properties of proteins
Plasticization
Cross-linking
Acylation
Succinylation
Acetylation
Grafting polymerization
Compatibilization
Conclusions
References
From waste to resource: Methods for vegetable waste transformation into sustainable plant-based bioplastics
Introduction
Definition and classification of bioplastics
The value hidden in the vegetable waste
Traditional methods for the preparation of bioplastics from plant biomass
Extractive methods for obtaining natural biopolymers and their bioplastics
Extraction of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin biopolymers
Pectin
Starch
Extraction of vegetable proteins
Biotechnological methods for the production of bioplastics
Advanced methods for the preparation of plant-based bioplastics
Dissolution of biomass
Acid hydrolysis of biomass
Extrusion of biomass
Challenges and significance of the conversion of vegetable wastes into bioplastics
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Acknowledgment
References
Characterization of biobased materials
Introduction
Physicochemical analysis
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Size exclusion chromatography/gel permeation chromatography
Scanning electron microscopy
Thermal analysis
Thermogravimetric analysis
Differential scanning calorimetry
Dynamic mechanical analysis
Mechanical analysis
Tensile testing
Tensile testing in biobased polymers
Tensile testing in composites
Flexural tests
Impact tests
Creep
Conclusions
References
Biobased materials in food packaging
Introduction
The general properties of biobased materials
Biobased materials used in food packaging
Materials extracted from natural resources
Polysaccharides
Starch
Cellulose
Chitin
Alginates
Carrageenans
Pectin
Pullalan
Proteins
Animal proteins
Casein
Collagen
Plant proteins
Gluten
Zein
Materials produced by chemical synthesis of renewable bioderived monomers
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Polyethylene furanoate (PEF)
Polybutylene succinate (PBS)
Materials produced by microorganisms or genetically transformed bacteria
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
Exopolysaccharides (EPSs)
Blends of biobased polymers used in food packaging
Polylactic acid and polybutylene succinate blends
Polylactic acid and polycaprolactone blends
Cellulose-based blends
Reinforcement of biobased polymers
Forms of biodegradable packaging
Bags
Films
Containers
Foamed products
Preparation of biobased films
Properties of biobased packages for different food products
Properties of packaging materials for dairy products
Properties of packaging materials for animal-derived products
Egg products
Fresh meat
Sea foods
Properties of packaging materials for fruits and vegetables
Properties of packaging materials for dry products
Properties of packaging materials for bakery products
Properties of packaging materials for frozen foods
Properties of packaging materials for ready-to-eat foods
Advances in food packaging
Antimicrobial food packaging
Increased shelf life and safety of packed foods
Active packaging
Smart packaging
Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP)
Edible food packaging
Waste management
Conclusions
References
Use of biobased materials from agro-industrial residues in food packaging
Introduction
Agro-industrial residues with potential use in film packaging production
Lignocellulosic biomass
Fruit and vegetable residues
Animal origin residues
Biopackaging from renewable sources
Biodegradable film preparation methods
Solvent casting/wet method
Thermoforming and extrusion method
Properties of biodegradable films
Active biodegradable films
Smart packaging
Biodegradable films containing agro-industrial residues
Nanocomposite biodegradable films
Nanocomposites obtained using nanocellulose extracted from agro-industrial residues
Nanocomposites obtained using other nanoparticles extracted from agro-industrial residues
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Biobased materials for increasing the shelf life of food products
Introduction
Use of biobased and biodegradable materials for increasing the shelf life of food
Synthetic polymers for food packaging
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
Polybutylene succinate and polybutylene succinate adipate
Natural biobased, biodegradable polymers for food packaging
Cellulose-based polymers
Pure cellulosic polymers
Cellulose acetate
Cellophane
Starch-based polymers
Biobased primitive plastics
Bio-PET polymers
Bio-PE polymers
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Biobased materials in nutraceuticals
Introduction
Classification of nutraceuticals
Protein- and peptide-based nutraceuticals
Lipid-based nutraceuticals
Carbohydrate-based nutraceuticals
Other nutraceuticals
Vitamins
Herbal nutraceuticals
Anthraquinones
Flavonoids
Formulation and design of delivery systems for nutraceuticals
Desirable characteristics of delivery systems
Food grade status
Protection of the encapsulated matrix
Compatibility with the food matrix
Controlled release capacity
High loading capacity
Bioavailability
Encapsulation materials
Delivery system design
Emulsions
Liposomes
Solid lipid particles (SLPs)
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs)
Self-dispersing lipid formulations (SDLFs)
Biopolymer-based delivery systems
Nanolaminated systems
Evaluation of the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of nutraceuticals
A glimpse of the recent patents granted on nutraceuticals
Conclusions
References
Biobased edible food coatings for food applications
Introduction
The functional composition of biobased edible coatings
Proteins
Polysaccharides
Lipids
Additives
Methods of edible coating formation
Dipping
Spraying method
Fluidized bed processing
Panning
Functions of edible film coating
Physical and mechanical functions
Barrier functions
Quality preservation
Shelf life enhancer
Active carriers
Applications of edible coatings
Fruits and vegetables
Meat and seafood
Eggs and dairy products
Roasted products and pastries
Probiotic coatings
Nanostructured edible coatings
Need for validation of edible coatings
Conclusions
References
Biobased nanomaterials as functional food ingredients
Introduction
Nanotechnology in food industry applications
The concept of nutraceuticals and nanofoods
Types of nanomaterials and nanostructures
Biobased materials as functional food ingredients
Nanoemulsions
Nanosized self-assembled structures
Nanoencapsulation
Bioactive polymeric nanoparticles
Edible nanocoatings
Some important functional food derivatives
Vitamins
Minerals
Essential oils
Polyphenols
Flavor and aroma additives
Carotenoids
Essential fatty acids
Probiotics
Nanotechnology versus other food innovations
Regulatory considerations
Conclusions and the way forward
References
Biobased materials in dentistry
Introduction
Biobased materials
Chitosan and chitin
Properties and applications of chitosan in dentistry
Preventive dentistry
Restorative and prosthodontic dentistry
Periodontal treatment
Oral surgery
Implant dentistry
Hydroxyapatite
Conservative and preventive dentistry
Implant and restorative dentistry
Periodontology and maxillofacial surgery
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Further reading
Chitin as a biobased material in osteoporosis
The bone
Biology of the bone structure
Chemical composition of bones
Bone histology
Bone remodeling process
The prevalence and pathogenesis of osteoporosis
Common risk factors, types, and drugs
Chitin
Extraction of chitin
Chitin derivatives and bone health
Chitosan and bone health
Chitooligosaccharides and bone health
Chitin nanowhiskers and bone health
Nanofibers of chitin and bone health
Nanoparticles of chitin nanofibril-hyaluronic acid composites
Hydrogels comprising calcium phosphate/chitin nanofibers
Nanofibers of chitin/hydroxyapatite composites
Chitin alkyl
Chitin carboxymethyl
Hydrogels of chitin
Nanochitin composites
Conclusions and future prospective
References
Chitosan-based biomaterials in biomedical applications
Introduction
Properties of chitosan
Physicochemical properties
Antimicrobial properties
Antiinflammatory activities
Mucoadhesivity
Antioxidant activity
Antitumor and hemostatic activities
Chitosan derivatives
Alkylated chitosan
Acylated chitosan
Carboxylated chitosan
Sulfated chitosan
Etherified chitosan
Quaternization
Biomedical applications of chitosan and chitosan-based materials
Tissue engineering
Cartilage
Bone tissue engineering
Blood vessels
Corneal regeneration
Skin tissues
Cancer therapy
Drug delivery
Nucleic acid delivery
Chitosan as an antimicrobial agent
Antiinflammatory activity and the wound-healing capacity of chitosan
Conclusions
References
Biobased materials in wound dressings
Introduction
Chitin-based systems for wound healing
Alginate-based systems for wound healing
Cellulose for wound healing
Polyhydroxyalkanoates for wound healing
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Biobased materials in tissue engineering
Introduction
Biobased materials in tissue engineering
PHAs
Chitosan
Collagen
Alginate
Elastin
Gelatin
Keratin
Polyurethane
Application of biobased materials in tissue engineering
Conclusions
References
Biobased materials in drug delivery
Introduction
Classification of biobased materials
Polysaccharides
Starch
Cellulose
Chitosan
Hyaluronic acid
Pectins
Proteins
Silk
Collagen
Zein
Lipids
Triglycerides
Waxes
Oils
Polyesters
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Polylactic acid
Polyphenols
Lignins
Tannins
Humic acid
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Biobased materials in nano drug delivery
Introduction
Proteins as biopolymers
Human serum albumin
Gelatin as a biobased material used in nano drug delivery
Polylactic acid
Polysaccharides
Chitosan
Alginate
Pullulan
Heparin
Conclusions
References
Biobased materials in skin rejuvenation
Introduction
Structure of the skin
Skin aging
Intrinsic versus extrinsic aging
Intrinsic aging
Extrinsic aging
Skin rejuvenation products
Biobased materials
Synthetic biobased materials
Natural biobased materials in skincare
Collagen
Physical properties of collagen
Structure of collagen
Occurrence of collagen
Application of collagen in skin rejuvenation
Chitin and chitosan
Physical properties
Structure of chitin and chitosan
Occurrence of chitin and chitosan
Applications of chitin and chitosan
Hyaluronic acid
Properties of hyaluronic acid
Structure of hyaluronic acid
Application of hyaluronic acid in skin rejuvenation
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Impact of biobased materials on drug delivery for improved cancer therapy
Introduction
Polysaccharides
Chitosan
Starch
Cellulose
Protein-based biopolymers
Natural biobased materials
Hyaluronic acid
Glutamic acid
Polycaprolactone
Multifunctional biopolymers
Stimuli-responsive polymers
pH-responsive polymers
Temperature-sensitive polymers
Light-sensitive polymers
Important challenges and future perspectives
Conclusions
References
Biobased materials in nerve regeneration
Introduction
Biobased materials
Biobased materials in nerve regeneration
Cellular effect mechanism of biobased materials in nerve regeneration
Conclusions
References
Impact of biobased materials on human health
Introduction
Biobased polymers
Classification of biobased polymers
Sources and preparation of biobased polymers
Commonly studied biobased polymers
Cellulose
Chitin and chitosan
Alginates
Polylactic acid
Polyhydroxyalkanoates
Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate
Poly-3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate
Effect of biobased polymers on human health
Biobased plastics
Some important biobased plastics
Biobased PE (polyethylene)
Biobased PP (polypropylene)
Biobased PET (polyethylene terephthalate)
Biobased PC (polycarbonates)
Biobased PU (polyurethanes)
Effect of biobased plastics on human health
Biobased nanomaterials
Cellulose nanomaterials or nanoparticles
Effect of biobased nanomaterials on human health
Pros and cons of biobased materials
Future perspective
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of biobased materials
Introduction
Cytotoxicity assays
Biobased materials
Cellulose based materials
Chitosan based materials
Starch based materials
Alginate based materials
Lignin based materials
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Biobased materials in removing heavy metals from water
Introduction
Heavy metals and its toxicity
Heavy metal removal technologies
Types of biobased materials
Naturally derived biomaterials
Industrial by-products as biomaterials
Biological waste and agricultural waste
Modified biopolymers and hydrogels
Economic analysis
Future perspectives
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Biobased materials in removing organic dyes from water
Introduction
Classification of dyes and their toxicity
Dyes removal technologies
Biobased material
Zeolite/clays and their composites
Chitosan and its composites
Cyclodextrin and its composites
Biomass
Agricultural waste
Industrial by-products and their composites
Influencing factors in dye removal
Suitability of biomaterials
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Biobased materials for wastewater treatment
Introduction
Fundamentals of biosorption
Biobased materials as biosorbents for wastewater treatment
Biofibers as biosorbents for wastewater treatment
Biopolymers as biosorbents for wastewater treatment
Biocomposites as biosorbents for wastewater treatment
Biofilms as biosorbents for wastewater treatment
Summary and future perspectives
References
Functionalized electrospun biobased polymeric materials in filtration
Introduction
Mechanism of electrospinning process
Coaxial electrospinning
Tri-axial electroplating
Electrospinning combined with electro-spraying
Melt phase separation
Functionalization/modification of electrospun nanofiber and its composite
Calcination
Calcination associated with rapid heat treatment
Coating associated with heating treatment
Carbonization and blended electrospinning
Application of electrospun nanofiber and its composites for filtration of water
Removal of inorganic pollutant from water
Removal of organic pollutant from water
Removal of oil from water
Removal of microbial contaminants from water
Application of silver nanoparticles
Application of hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanoparticles
Application of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
Application of metal oxide (MO) nanoparticles
Application of electrospun nanofiber and its composites for fabrication of pressure driven membrane system
Microfiltration (MF)
Ultrafiltration (UF)
Nanofiltration (NF)
Reverse osmosis (RO)
Disadvantages of electrospun nanofiber and its composites in filtration of water
Recent roadmap, challenges and future perspective
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Biomaterials toward flexible nanogenerators
Introduction
Different biomaterials used for flexible nanogenerator
Cellulose
Chitosan
Collagen
Silk proteins
Hair or keratin
Biomaterials-based flexible nanogenerator
Biomaterials for piezoelectric nanogenerator
Biomaterials for triboelectric nanogenerator
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Biobased advanced coating materials
Introduction
Cashew nut shell liquid
Coatings based on CNSL
CNSL based polymeric composite and nanocomposite coatings
Seed oils
Seed oils based polymer coatings
Seed oils based composite and nanocomposite coatings
Lignin
Lignin-based coatings
Lignin-based composite and nanocomposite coatings
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Biobased materials in sustainable development of catalysis
Introduction
Synthesis of biobased materials in sustainable catalysis
Applications of biobased materials in catalysis
Biopolymer-based materials
Biochar-based materials
Conclusions
References
Chitosan biobased materials in textile industry
Introduction
History of chitosan
Production and extraction of chitosan
Chemical extraction
Biological method of chitosan extraction
Chemical structure and composition of chitosan
Physicochemical properties of chitosan
Molecular weight
Degree of acetylation
Viscosity
Solubility
Applications of chitin and chitosan
Waste water purification
Removal of phenols, herbicides and pesticides from contaminated water
Removal of dye molecules from contaminated water
Removal of inorganic substances and heavy metals from contaminated water
Enhanced ultra-filtration of water
Biomedical applications
Drug delivery applications
Food packaging and preservation
Antibacterial finishing of textiles
Applications in agriculture
Conclusions and future outlook
References
Life cycle assessment of biobased materials
Introduction
What is life cycle assessment?
Cradle to grave
Cradle to gate
Cradle to cradle
Structure of LCA
Goal and scope definition
Inventory analysis
Impact assessment
Interpretation
Life cycle stages
Raw material extraction and production
Material and product manufacturing
Transport and distribution
Use phase
End of life
Conclusions
References
Future prospects of biobased materials
Introduction
Biofibers
Recent advances in biofibers
Applications and future scope of biofibers
Biopolymers
Applications and future scope of biopolymers
Biofilms
Recent advancements and application of biofilms
Future scope of biofilms
Biocomposites
Recent advances and applications of biocomposites
Future applications of biocomposite materials
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References