Additive Manufacturing with Medical Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction and Need for Additive Manufacturing in the Medical Industry
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Historical Aspects
1.3 Cutting-edge Technology
1.4 The Procedure of 3D Printing
1.5 Need for Additive Manufacturing Printing in the Medical Industry
1.5.1 Tailoring of Dose
1.5.2 Patient Compliance Improved
1.5.3 New Design in Medicine
1.5.4 Integration with Healthcare Network
1.5.5 Complex Drug-release Profiles
1.5.6 Implants and Prostheses
1.5.7 Bioprinting of Tissues and Organs
1.5.8 Microneedles
1.5.9 Improving Medical Education
1.6 Case Study of First USFDA-Approved Tablet
1.7 Regulatory Perspective
1.8 Challenges and Opportunities
1.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: Insights of 3D Printing Technology with Its Types: A Review
2.1 Introduction
2.2 History of 3D Printing
2.3 General Principles
2.3.1 Modelling
2.3.2 Printing
2.3.3 Finishing
2.4 Types of 3D Printing
2.4.1 Digital Light Processing (DLP)
2.4.2 Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
2.4.3 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
2.4.4 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM)
2.4.5 Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
2.4.6 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
2.4.7 Stereolithography (SLA)
2.5 Materials
2.6 Applications in Different Fields
2.6.1 Bioprinting Tissues and Organs
2.6.2 Customised Implants and Prostheses
2.6.3 Anatomical Models for Surgical Preparation
2.6.4 Improving Medical Education
2.6.5 Customised 3D-Printed Dosage
2.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: 3D Printing Technology: An Overview
3.1 Introduction
3.2 3D-Printing Materials
3.2.1 Plastics
3.2.2 Metals
3.2.3 Ceramics
3.2.4 Paper
3.2.5 Biomaterials
3.2.6 Food
3.2.7 Other
3.3 Technology for Plastic or Alumide
3.3.1 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) Technology
3.3.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) Technology
3.4 Technology for Resin or Wax
3.4.1 Stereolithography (SLA)
3.4.2 Digital Light Processing (DLP)
3.4.3 Continuous Liquid Interface Production (CLIP)
3.4.4 MultiJet Printers
3.5 Technology for Metal
3.6 Multicolour
3.7 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 4: Use of Additive Manufacturing in Surgical Tools/Guides for Dental Implants
4.1 Additive Manufacturing (AM)
4.1.1 General Aspects
4.2 Clinical Applications in Oral Healthcare
4.3 Evolution of Guided Dental Implant Surgery
4.4 Classification and Types of Implant Surgical Guides
4.5 Cast-based Implant Surgical Guide
4.6 CAD/CAM-based Implant Surgical Guide
4.7 Design and Development of Contemporary Implant Surgical Guides
4.8 AM in Surgical Tools/Guides for Dental Implants
4.9 Power of Digital Planning, Design and 3D Printing
4.10 Materials Used for Implant Surgical Guides
4.11 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Materials for 3D Printing in Medicine: Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, Hydrogels
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biomaterials
5.3 Metals
5.3.1 Conventional Metals and Their Alloys
5.3.2 Biodegradable Metals (BMs)
5.3.2.1 Mg-based BMs
5.3.2.2 Zn-based BMs
5.3.2.3 Fe-based BMs
5.3.3 Shape-Memory Alloys (SMA)
5.4 Ceramics
5.4.1 Bioceramics
5.4.1.1 Bioinert Ceramics
5.4.1.2 Bioactive Glass or Glass-ceramics
5.5 Polymers
5.5.1 Shape-Memory Polymers (SMPs)
5.6 Hydrogels and Their Type
5.6.1 Bio-inks and Biomaterials Inks
5.6.2 Smart Hydrogels
5.7 Summary
References
Chapter 6: Materials for 3D Printing in Medicine: Metals, Polymers, Ceramics, Hydrogels
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Natural Polymer Materials
6.1.2 Synthetic Polymer Materials
6.1.3 Ceramic Materials
6.1.4 Metals
6.1.5 Composite Materials with Enhanced Performances
6.1.6 Bio-inks
6.2 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Materials for 3D Printing in Medicine: Metals, Polymers, Ceramics and Hydrogels
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Metals Used in 3D Bioprinting
7.2.1 Fe Alloys
7.2.2 Cobalt-chrome Alloys
7.2.3 Nickel
7.2.4 Mg
7.2.5 Titanium Alloys
7.2.6 Stainless Steel
7.3 Polymers Used in 3D Bioprinting
7.3.1 Natural Polymers
7.3.2 Synthetic (artificial) Polymers
7.3.3 Application of 3D Polymer Biomaterials
7.4 Ceramics Used in 3D Bioprinting
7.5 Hydrogels Used in 3D Bioprinting
7.5.1 Natural Hydrogels
7.5.1.1 Alginate Hydrogels
7.5.1.2 Chitosan Hydrogels
7.5.1.3 Fibrin Hydrogels
7.5.2 Synthetic Hydrogels
7.5.2.1 Poly(HEMA) Hydrogels
7.5.2.2 PVA Hydrogels
7.5.3 PEG Hydrogels
7.6 Future Aspects and Studies
References
Chapter 8: Recent Advances and Developments in the Field of Rapid Prototyping for Clinical Applications
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Clinical Complications
8.2.1 Issues During Clinical Training
8.2.2 Designing of Implants
8.2.3 Accuracy and Efficiency of Prosthetics
8.2.4 Cardiovascular Diseases
8.2.5 Complications in Hearing
8.3 Rapid Prototyping for Clinical Applications
8.3.1 Use of 3D Printing in Clinical Training
8.3.2 3D-Printed Implants and Fracture Fixers
8.3.3 3D-Printed Prosthetics
8.3.4 3D Printing in Treatment of Cardiovascular Diseases
8.3.5 3D-Printed Hearing Aids
8.4 Conclusion
Annexure for Abbreviations
References
Chapter 9: Surgery Planning and Tool Selection Using 3D Printing: Application to Neurosurgery
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methodology of Obtaining a 3D Model from CT/MRI Scans
9.2.1 Top-Down Approach
9.2.2 Bottom-up Approach
9.3 Comparison
9.4 Fabrication of Physical Model
9.5 Discussion
9.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Amalgamating Additive Manufacturing and Electrospinning for Fabrication of 3D Scaffolds
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Status of Additive Manufacturing (AM) in Scaffold Fabrication
10.3 Status of Electrospinning in Scaffold Fabrication
10.4 Amalgamation of AM and Electrospinning
10.4.1 Electrospinning Used in Combination with AM Technique
10.4.2 Melt Electrospinning as AM Approach
10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspective
Acknowledgement
Annexure for Abbreviations
References
Chapter 11: Usage of Additive Manufacturing in Customised Bone Tissue-Engineering Scaffold
11.1 Introduction to Bone Biofabrication: History, Role and Challenges
11.2 Bone Structure and Physiology
11.2.1 Bone
11.2.2 Bone Remodelling
11.2.3 Bone Structure
11.2.4 Bone Regeneration and Healing
11.3 Essential Elements of Bone Biofabrication Triad
11.4 Scaffolds
11.4.1 3D-Printed Bone Scaffolds
11.4.2 Mechanical Properties
11.4.3 Bioprinting of Scaffolds
11.4.4 Bio-inks
11.5 Stem Cells
11.5.1 Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs)
11.5.2 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs)
11.5.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)
11.5.4 Applications
11.6 Growth Factors
11.6.1 Biomolecules in Bone Healing
11.6.2 Delivery Systems
11.6.3 Sterilisation
11.7 Applications in Life Sciences
11.7.1 Applications in Medical Sciences
11.7.2 Applications in Dentistry
11.8 Future Directions
Annexure for Abbreviations
References
Chapter 12: Application of Additive Manufacturing (AM) Technology in the Medical Field: A Boon for the 21st Century
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Additive Manufacturing for Medical Applications
12.3 Developments in Medical Additive Manufacturing
12.4 3D Tools for Medical Treatment
12.4.1 3D-Printed Dental Applications (dentistry)
12.4.2 Anatomical Models
12.4.3 General Tools
12.4.4 Prosthetics and Orthotics
12.5 Health Monitoring and Drug Delivery
12.6 Application in Medical Materials
12.6.1 Functional Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
12.6.2 Anatomical and Pharmacological Models
12.6.3 Medical Apparatus and Instruments
12.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Additive Manufacturing Market Prognosis of Medical Devices in the International Arena
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Future Market for Additive Manufacturing (AM)
13.3 Global Healthcare Trends and Opportunities of 3D-Printing Market
13.4 Global Healthcare Market Potential of 3D-Printing Market
13.5 Global Healthcare 3D-Market: Competitive Landscape
13.5.1 Technology-Based Insights
13.5.2 Product-Based Insights
13.5.3 Application-Based Insights
13.5.4 Strategic Insights
13.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Overview of 3D-printing Technology: History, Types, Applications and Materials
14.1 Introduction
14.2 History
14.3 Techniques
14.3.1 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM)
14.3.2 Direct Ink Writing (DIW)
14.3.3 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
14.3.4 Vat Polymerisation
14.3.5 Sheet Lamination
14.4 Materials
14.4.1 Polymers
14.4.2 Metals and Alloys
14.4.3 Ceramics
14.4.4 Concrete
14.5 Applications
14.5.1 Pharmaceutical Industry
14.5.2 Aerospace Industry
14.5.3 Construction Industry
14.5.4 Biomedical Industry
14.5.4.1 Market Demand for Additive Manufactured Biomedical Products
14.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects
Annexure for Abbreviations
Note
References
Chapter 15: Overview of 3D-printing Technology: Types, Applications, Materials and Post Processing Techniques
15.1 Introduction
15.2 What is 3D Printing?
15.2.1 Generic Process of 3D Printing
15.2.2 Comparison of 3D Printing Over Conventional or Subtractive Manufacturing Techniques
15.3 Current Companies and Their Parameters
15.4 Decision Parameters for Selecting 3D-Printing Technology
15.4.1 Selection of AM Process Parameters
15.5 Fabrication using 3D Printing
15.5.1 Fusion Filament Fabrication (FFF)
15.5.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
15.5.3 Electron Beam Melting (EBM)
15.5.4 Selective Laser Melting (SLM)
15.5.5 Inkjet Printing (IJP)
15.5.6 Stereolithography (SLA)
15.6 Applications of 3D Printing
15.6.1 Medical
15.6.2 Aerospace
15.6.3 Construction/Building
15.6.4 Automotive
15.6.5 Food
15.7 Materials for 3D Printing
15.7.1 Composites
15.7.2 Concrete
15.7.3 Metals
15.7.4 Polymer
15.7.5 Ceramics
15.7.6 Special Materials
15.8 Post-processing Techniques
15.8.1 Application of Post-processing
15.9 Challenges of 3D Printing
15.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 16: Using Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Product Design and Development: Case Study on Biomaterials
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Biomaterial Science and Biofabrication Concepts
16.3 Application of 3D Printing for Tissue Engineering
16.3.1 Rapid Prototyping (RP)
16.3.2 Stereolithography (SLA)
16.3.3 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
16.3.4 Extrusion Printing
16.3.5 Engineering Applications of Electrospinning
16.3.6 Bioprinting and Organ Printing
16.3.7 Inkjet Printing and Collagen Bio-Ink
16.3.8 Laser-Assisted Bioprinting (LAB)
16.4 Cell Printing for Medical Application
16.5 Application of Microreactor Array (μRA) and Bioprinting of Cancer Cells
16.5.1 Microreactor Array (μRA)
16.5.2 3D-Bioprinting Applications for Cancer Cells
16.6 Application of Printing for Drug Manufacturing
16.7 Conclusion
Conflicts of Interest
Annexure for Abbreviations
References
Chapter 17: Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Using Additive Manufacturing Techniques
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Artificial Intelligence Applications in AM
17.2.1 Printability Checker
17.2.2 Prefabrication
17.2.2.1 Slicing Acceleration
17.2.2.2 Path Optimisation
17.2.3 Service Platform and Evaluation
17.2.4 Security
17.3 Conclusion
References
Index