Criminalisation is a key component of all international anti-corruption instruments. For example, the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions (Anti-Bribery Convention) and the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) both require States Parties to enact specific criminal offences on bribery. The Asian Development Bank (ADB)/Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Anti-Corruption Initiative's Action Plan commits countries to ensure the existence of legislation with dissuasive sanctions which effectively and actively combat the offence of bribery of public officials. However, criminalisation can be a challenging task, as experienced by many countries Party to the Anti-Bribery Convention. This report reviews the criminalisation of bribery offences in Asian countries under the UNCAC. Drawing on the experience of the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention's monitoring mechanism, the review focuses on each member's implementation of UNCAC Articles 15, 16 and 26 (domestic and foreign bribery by natural and legal persons). The review also identifies trends and challenges across the Asia-Pacific region.Table of Content : Main Abbreviations and AcronymsExecutive SummaryIntroduction, Scope and MethodologyPart I Overview of the Criminalisation of Bribery in Asia-Pacific-1. Elements of the Active and Passive Domestic Bribery Offences-2. Bribery of foreign public officials -3. Defences-4. Liability of legal persons for bribery-5. Jurisdiction to prosecute bribery -6. Sanctions for bribery -7. Tools for investigating bribery -8. Enforcement of bribery offences -9. Conclusion and recommendations-Annex 1 Excerpts from UNCAC (Articles 15 and 16); OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Articles 1-3 Annex 2 Summary of Maximum Sanctions for Domestic Bribery in the Initiatives MembersPart II Criminalisation of Bribery in the Initiatives 28 Member Jurisdictions-Australia -Bangladesh-Bhutan-Cambodia -P.R. China -Cook Islands-Fiji Islands -Hong Kong, China-India -Indonesia-Japan-Kazakhstan-Korea -Kyrgyzstan -Macao, China -Malaysia -Mongolia-Nepal-Pakistan -Palau -Papua New Guinea -Philippines -Samoa -Singapore -Sri Lanka-Thailand -Vanuatu -Viet Nam
Author(s): OECD, ADB
Series: Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Pacific
Publisher: ADB\/OECD
Year: 2011
Language: English
Pages: 526
Foreword......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
List of Tables......Page 9
Main abbreviations and acronyms......Page 11
Executive Summary......Page 13
Introduction, Scope and Methodology......Page 17
Elements of the Active and Passive Domestic Bribery Offences......Page 21
Bribery of foreign public officials......Page 33
Defences......Page 34
Liability of legal persons for bribery......Page 39
Jurisdiction to prosecute bribery......Page 42
Sanctions for bribery......Page 45
Tools for investigating bribery......Page 51
Enforcement of bribery offences......Page 60
Conclusion and recommendations......Page 61
Annex 1 Excerpts from UNCAC (Articles 15 and 16); OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Articles 1-3......Page 67
Annex 2 Summary of Maximum Sanctions for Domestic Bribery in the Initiative’s Members......Page 69
Criminalisation of Bribery in the Initiative’s 28 Member Jurisdictions......Page 79
Australia......Page 81
Bangladesh......Page 101
Bhutan......Page 119
Cambodia......Page 133
P.R. China......Page 145
Cook Islands......Page 163
Fiji Islands......Page 177
Hong Kong, China......Page 195
India......Page 217
Indonesia......Page 233
Japan......Page 249
Kazakhstan......Page 265
Korea......Page 283
Kyrgyzstan......Page 299
Macao, China......Page 313
Malaysia......Page 327
Mongolia......Page 349
Nepal......Page 361
Pakistan......Page 371
Palau......Page 391
Papua New Guinea......Page 401
Philippines......Page 419
Samoa......Page 435
Singapore......Page 453
Sri Lanka......Page 471
Thailand......Page 487
Vanuatu......Page 499
Viet Nam......Page 511
