Adaptive structures have the ability to adapt, evolve or change their properties or behaviour in response to the environment around them. The analysis and design of adaptive structures requires a highly multi-disciplinary approach which includes elements of structures, materials, dynamics, control, design and inspiration taken from biological systems. Development of adaptive structures has been taking place in a wide range of industrial applications, but is particularly advanced in the aerospace and space technology sector with morphing wings, deployable space structures; piezoelectric devices and vibration control of tall buildings.
Bringing together some of the foremost world experts in adaptive structures, this unique text:
- includes discussions of the application of adaptive structures in the aerospace, military, civil engineering structures, automotive and MEMS.
- presents the impact of biological inspiration in designing adaptive structures, particularly the use of hierarchy in nature, which typically induces multi-functional behavior.
- sets the agenda for future research in adaptive structures in one distinctive single volume.
Adaptive Structures: Engineering Applications is essential reading for engineers and scientists working in the fields of intelligent materials, structural vibration, control and related smart technologies. It will also be of interest to senior undergraduate and postgraduate research students as well as design engineers working in the aerospace, mechanical, electrical and civil engineering sectors.
Author(s): David Wagg, Ian Bond, Paul Weaver, Michael Friswell
Publisher: Wiley
Year: 2007
Language: English
Pages: 314
Adaptive Structures......Page 3
Contents......Page 7
List of Contributors......Page 13
Preface......Page 19
1.1 Introduction......Page 25
1.2 Structural Health Monitoring......Page 28
1.3 Impedance-Based Health Monitoring......Page 30
1.4 Local Computing......Page 32
1.5 Power Analysis......Page 35
1.6 Experimental Validation......Page 37
1.7 Harvesting, Storage and Power Management......Page 42
1.7.1 Thermal Electric Harvesting......Page 43
1.7.2 Vibration Harvesting with Piezoceramics......Page 46
1.8 Autonomous Self-healing......Page 49
1.9 The Way Forward: Autonomic Structural Systems for Threat Mitigation......Page 51
1.10 Summary......Page 53
References......Page 54
2.1 Introduction......Page 57
2.2 Description of Experimental Test Bed......Page 59
2.3.1 Principal Component Analysis......Page 60
2.3.2 Application of PCA: Case Studies......Page 61
2.3.3 Combining Active Control and PCA to Identify Secondary Disturbances......Page 64
2.4 Sensor Selection......Page 67
2.4.2 Optimal Sensor Strategy......Page 69
2.4.3 Experimental Demonstration......Page 72
2.5 Conclusions......Page 79
References......Page 80
3.1 Introduction......Page 83
3.2 Centralised Control of Vibration......Page 85
3.3 Decentralised Control of Vibration......Page 87
3.4 Control of Vibration on Structures with Distributed Excitation......Page 91
3.5 Local Control in the Inner Ear......Page 100
3.6 Conclusions......Page 108
References......Page 109
4.1 Introduction......Page 113
4.2 Otto Lilienthal and the Flying Machine as a Shape-Adaptable Structural System......Page 115
4.3 Sir George Cayley and the Task Separation Principle......Page 117
4.4 Being Lightweight: A Crucial Requirement......Page 119
4.5.1 The Science of Compliant Systems......Page 128
4.5.2 Compliant Systems for Airfoil Shape Adaptation......Page 137
4.5.3 The Belt-Rib Airfoil Structure......Page 139
4.6.1 The Need for a Coupled Approach......Page 142
4.6.2 Solid-State Actuation for Solid-State Deformability......Page 144
4.6.3 Challenges and Trends of Structure–Actuator Integration......Page 147
4.7.2 Balancing Kinematics by Partially Recovering Energy from the Flow......Page 149
4.7.3 Active and Semi-Active Aeroelasticity......Page 150
4.8 The Common Denominator: Mechanical Coupling......Page 151
4.9 Concluding Remarks......Page 152
References......Page 153
5.1 Introduction......Page 161
5.2 Adaptive Internal Structures......Page 166
5.2.1 Moving Spars......Page 167
5.2.2 Rotating Spars......Page 171
5.3 Adaptive Stiffness Attachments......Page 176
5.4 Conclusions......Page 183
5.5 The Way Forward......Page 184
Acknowledgements......Page 185
References......Page 186
6.1 Introduction......Page 187
6.2 The Past Two Decades......Page 189
6.2.1 SHM......Page 191
6.2.2 Shape Control and Active Flow......Page 194
6.2.3 Damping of Vibration and Noise......Page 197
6.2.4 Smart Skins......Page 200
6.2.5 Systems......Page 201
6.3 Added Value to the System......Page 203
6.4 Potential for the Future......Page 209
6.5 A Reflective Summary with Conclusions......Page 210
References......Page 211
7.1 Introduction and Background......Page 215
7.2 Room-Temperature Shapes of Square [02/902]T Cross-Ply Laminates......Page 217
7.3 Room-Temperature Shapes of More General Unsymmetric Laminates......Page 222
7.4 Moments Required to Change Shapes of Unsymmetric Laminates......Page 224
7.5 Use of Shape Memory Alloy for Actuation......Page 230
7.6 Use of Piezoceramic Actuation......Page 234
7.7 Consideration of Small Piezoceramic Actuators......Page 240
References......Page 252
8.1 Introduction......Page 255
8.2.1 Material Preparation......Page 258
8.3.1 Theory......Page 260
8.3.2 Experiment......Page 261
8.4.1 Theory......Page 262
8.4.2 Experimental Results......Page 263
References......Page 268
9.1 Introduction......Page 271
9.1.1 Microcapsule-Based Self-Healing......Page 272
9.1.2 Critical Issues for Microencapsulated Healing......Page 274
9.2 Faster Healing Systems – Fatigue Loading......Page 275
9.3 Smaller Size Scales......Page 277
9.4 Alternative Materials Systems – Elastomers......Page 279
9.5 Microvascular Autonomic Composites......Page 281
References......Page 283
10.1 Introduction......Page 285
10.2 Deployment......Page 286
10.3 Turgor-Driven Mechanisms......Page 288
10.3.1 The Venus Fly Trap......Page 292
10.3.3 Background to an Elastic Model......Page 293
10.3.4 The Trigger......Page 295
10.4 Dead Plant Tissues......Page 296
10.5 Morphing and Adapting in Animals......Page 298
10.6 Sensing in Arthropods – Campaniform and Slit Sensilla......Page 299
10.7.1 A Catalogue of Engineering......Page 301
10.7.2 Challenging Engineering with Biology......Page 302
10.7.3 Adaptive Structures – The TRIZ Route......Page 304
10.7.4 Materials and Information......Page 305
References......Page 307
Index......Page 311
