This book reports on cutting-edge research within the new field of active rheology control of cementitious materials, presenting new ideas developed within the ERC Advanced Grant Project, SmartCast (hosted at Ghent University), which extend the possibilities of admixtures and additions beyond current options.
The research presented here develops a new method of actively controlling the rheology of fresh concrete during casting operations by incorporating specially designed responsive components. This results in real-time changes to the rheological behaviour of the cementitious material, allowing the user to intervene actively after the cementitious material has left the mixing phase. This newly gained agility contributes to increased processing speed and placement reliability in the case of traditional casting methods and can also facilitate advanced 3D concrete printing. The different routes followed to achieve this Active Rheology Control are explained within.
The book suits researchers and innovative practitioners and is the first comprehensive text to present these new findings.
The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.
Author(s): Geert De Schutter, Karel Lesage
Series: Modern Concrete Technology
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 298
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Series Information
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author and contributor biographies
Funding Information
Chapter 1 Introduction to Active Rheology Control of Cementitious Materials
1.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
1.1.1 Context
1.1.2 State of the Art and Step Beyond
1.1.3 Ground-Breaking Objectives
1.1.4 Impact
1.2 Active Rheology Control and Active Stiffening Control
1.3 Active Control Already Available for Cementitious Materials
1.3.1 Mechanical Intervention
1.3.2 Chemical Intervention
1.3.3 Thermal Intervention
1.3.4 Hygral Intervention
1.3.5 Intervention By Pressure
1.3.6 Magnetic Intervention
1.3.7 Electric Intervention
1.3.8 Intervention With Microwaves
1.4 Active Control in Other Fields
1.4.1 Examples of Applications
1.4.2 Type of Polymers
1.4.3 Type of Signals
1.4.4 Type of Responses
1.5 Active Rheology Control in Other Fields
1.6 Challenges for Active Control in Concrete
1.6.1 High PH
1.6.2 Low Signal Conductivity
1.6.3 Low Signal Transmission
1.7 Summary
References
Chapter 2 Rheology and Processing of Cementitious Materials
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Rheology
2.2.1 Shear Stress
2.2.2 Shear Rate
2.2.3 Flow Curve
2.2.4 Viscosity
2.2.5 Yield Stress
2.2.6 Structural Build-Up and Thixotropy
2.2.7 Visco-Elasticity
2.3 Rheometry
2.3.1 Parallel Plate Geometry
2.3.2 Protocols
2.3.3 Steady Flow Properties
2.3.4 Yield Descriptors
2.3.5 Thixotropy Descriptors
2.4 Superplasticizers
2.5 Rheology of Self-Compacting Concrete
2.5.1 Mix Design in Relation to the Key Requirements of SCC
2.5.2 SCC Placing Challenges
2.6 Processing Techniques
2.6.1 Pumping
2.6.2 Formwork Casting (top-Down and Bottom-Up)
2.6.3 Extrusion of Cement-Based Materials
2.6.4 3D Printing
2.7 Benefits of Active Rheology Control
2.8 Summary
References
Chapter 3 Active Rheology Control of Cementitious Materials With Responsive Mineral Particles
3.1 General Introduction
3.2 Theoretical Background and Rheology Control Mechanism
3.2.1 Clustering
3.2.2 Micro-Vibration and Particle Translation
3.3 Magneto-Rheological Behaviour of Cement Paste With Nano-Fe3O4 Particles
3.3.1 Physical Properties of Nano-Fe3O4 Particles
3.3.2 Typical Magneto-Responsive Structural Build-Up
3.3.3 Influence of Cement Paste Medium
3.3.4 Influence of Nano-Fe3O4 Concentration
3.3.5 Influence of Particle Size of Nano-Fe3O4
3.3.6 Influence of Magnetic Field Types
3.3.7 Magneto-Responsive Flowing Behaviour
3.4 Magneto-Rheological Behaviour of Fly Ash-Cement Paste
3.4.1 Magnetic Properties of Fly Ash
3.4.2 Influence of Fly Ash Volume Fraction
3.4.3 Influence of Fly Ash Type
3.4.4 Relationship Between Magneto-Rheological Effect and Magnetic Properties of FA
3.5 Other Potential Materials
3.5.1 Steel Fibres, Metal Scraps and Chips
3.5.2 Specific Types of Slags
3.6 Short Summary of State of the Art and Outlook
References
Chapter 4 Active Rheology Control of Cementitious Materials With Responsive Polymers
4.1 General Introduction
4.2 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers
4.2.1 Electro-Responsive Polymers
4.2.2 Magneto-Responsive Polymer Composites
4.3 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers for Active Rheology Control (ARC)
4.3.1 Redox-Responsive Polymers for ARC
4.3.1.1 Synthesis of the Redox-Responsive Superplasticizers
4.3.1.2 Redox Switchability Behaviour
4.3.2 Magneto-Responsive Polymer Composites for ARC
4.3.2.1 Introduction
4.3.2.2 Synthesis of Poly(MAA-co-PEGMA500-co-DopMA) Terpolymers
4.3.2.3 Preparation and Magnetic Properties of Polymer-Coated Fe3O4 NPs
4.3.2.4 Effect of Poly(MAA-co-PEGMA500-co-DopaMA) On Cement Hydration
4.3.2.5 Dispersing Performance of Poly(MAA-co- PEGMA500-co-DopaMA)
4.3.2.6 Evaluation of Magneto-Responsive Rheological Behaviour of Cement Paste
4.3.2.7 Rheological Properties of Reference Cement Paste
4.3.2.8 Magneto-Rheological Properties of Reference Cement Paste
4.3.2.9 Magneto-Rheological Behaviour of Cement Paste With Fe3O4 NPs
4.3.2.10 Rheological Properties of Cement Paste With Poly(MAA-co-PEGMA500-co-DopaMA)
4.3.2.11 Magneto-Rheological Behaviour of Cement Paste Containing PDopaMA Coated Fe3O4 NPs
4.4 Summary
References
Chapter 5 Application of Active Rheology Control to Pumping of Cementitious Materials
5.1 Theoretical Pumping Concepts
5.1.1 Poiseuille Flow
5.1.2 Lubrication Flow
5.1.3 Dry Friction Flow
5.2 Experimental ARC Pumping Setup
5.2.1 Monitoring Equipment
5.2.2 Active Control Unit
5.3 Magneto-Rheological ARC Pumping Experiment
5.4 Summary
References
Chapter 6 Application of Active Rheology Control to Concrete Formwork Leakage
6.1 ARC: A Solution to Formwork Leakage Problems
6.2 Theoretical Concepts
6.2.1 Factors Affecting Formwork Leakage
6.2.2 Principles of ARC for Formwork Leakage Control
6.3 Development of Set-Up for Experimental Study of Formwork Leakage
6.4 Laboratory Study On Active Stiffening Control for Formwork Leakage
6.5 Reduction in Flow Rate Due to Magnetically Induced Blocking
6.6 Significance of Flow Area to Particle Size Ratio (DGAP/DP)
6.7 Correlation Between MR Response in Rheometer and Pressure-Flow Test
6.8 Reduction in Filtration Effects
6.9 Increasing the Efficacy of ARC for Formwork Leakage Control
6.9.1 Optimization of Magnetic Particle Concentration
6.9.2 Adjustment of Rheological Properties of Base Fluid
6.9.3 Maximization of Magnetic Field Strength
6.9.4 Challenging Effects of Formwork Pressure
6.10 Further Research and Outlook
6.11 Summary
References
Chapter 7 Application of Active Rheology Control to 3D Printing of Cementitious Materials
7.1 General Introduction
7.2 Theoretical Foundations
7.3 Experimental Simulation With Rheometer Tests
7.4 Print Head Design and Outlook
7.5 Summary
References
Chapter 8 Numerical Simulation of Active Rheology Control of Cementitious Materials
8.1 Constitutive ARC Behaviour
8.1.1 Constitutive Magneto-Rheological Behaviour
8.1.2 Rheological ARC Quantification
8.1.2.1 Relative Magneto-Rheological Response
8.1.2.2 Magneto-Rheological Structural Build-Up
8.1.2.3 Magneto-Rheological Structural Break-Down
8.1.2.4 Bingham Parameters
8.1.2.5 Application Interpolation
8.2 Numerical Methodology
8.3 Numerical Validation
8.3.1 Numerical Reliability
8.3.2 Experimental ARC Valorization
8.3.2.1 Falsified Alternative Hypotheses
8.3.2.2 Numerical ARC Viability
8.4 Further Research and Outlook
8.4.1 Projections of ARC Modelling
8.4.2 Generality of ARC Model
8.4.3 Future Numerical ARC Studies
8.5 Summary
References
Chapter 9 Overview and Remaining Challenges of Active Rheology Control of Cementitious Materials
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Responsive Mineral Additions
9.3 Switchable Admixtures
9.4 Challenges
9.5 Conclusions
References
Index
