From molecular motors to bacteria, from crawling cells to large animals, active entities are found at all scales in the biological world. Active matter encompasses systems whose individual constituents irreversibly dissipate energy to exert self-propelling forces on their environment. Over the past twenty years, scientists have managed to engineer synthetic active particles in the lab, paving the way towards smart active materials. This book gathers a pedagogical set of lecture notes that cover topics in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and active matter. These lecture notes stem from the first summer school on Active Matter delivered at the Les Houches school of Physics. The lectures covered four main research directions: collective behaviours in active-matter systems, passive and active colloidal systems, biophysics and active matter, and nonequilibrium statistical physics--from passive to active.
Author(s): Julien Tailleur; Gerhard Gompper; M. Cristina Marchetti; Julia M. Yeomans; Christophe Salomon
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 671
City: Oxford
Cover
Titlepage
Copyrihgt
Dedication
Previous sessions
Publishers
List of contributors
Contents
Preface
Part 1 Collective Behaviors in Active-matter Systems
1 Dry, Aligning, Dilute, Active Matter: A Synthetic and Self-contained Overview
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Particle-level Phenomenology of the Three Basic DADAM Classes
1.3 Hydrodynamic Theories for the Three Basic DADAM Classes
1.4 Discussion and Perspectives
2 Why Walking Is Easier Than Pointing: Hydrodynamics of Dry Active Matter
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Dynamical ``Derivation'' of the Mermin–Wagner Theorem
2.3 Formulating the Hydrodynamic Model
2.4 Solving the Hydrodynamic Model
2.5 20–20 Hindsight Handwaving Argument
3 Collective Motion in Active Materials: Model Experiments
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Colloidal Rollers
3.3 Granular Walkers
3.4 Perspectives
4 Features of Interfaced and Confined Experimental Active Nematics
4.1 Active Nematic Free and Under Lateral Confinement
4.2 Free and Laterally Confined Active Nenamtics
5 Phases of Planar Active Matter in Two Dimensions
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Models and Observables
5.3 A Reminder on Phase Transitions
5.4 Equilibrium Phases in Two Dimensions
5.5 Active Systems
5.6 Concluding Remarks
6 Active Field Theories
6.1 Field Theories in Soft Matter
6.2 Active Versus Passive Field Theories
6.3 From Scalar Active Particles to Scalar Field Theory
6.4 Entropy Production in Active Field Theories
6.5 Active Model H
6.6 Active Model B+
6.7 Conclusion and Outlook
Part 2 Passive and Active Colloidal Systems
7 Active Brownian Particles with Programmable Interaction Rules
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Self-propulsion of Active Brownian Particles Induced by Light
7.3 Experimental Realization of Quorum Sensing with ABPS
7.4 Experimental Results
7.5 Conclusion and Outlook
8 Phoretic Active Matter
8.1 Introduction
8.2 What Is Diffusiophoresis?
8.3 Microscopic Theory of Diffusiophoresis
8.4 Self–diffusiophoresis
8.5 Stochastic Dynamics of Phoretically Active Particles
8.6 Experiments on Self-phoresis
8.7 Apolar Active Colloids: Swarming Due to External Steering
8.8 Mixtures of Apolar Active Colloids: Active Molecules
8.9 Mixtures of Apolar Active Colloids: Stability of Suspensions
8.10 Polar Active Colloids: Moment Expansion
8.11 Polar Active Colloids: Scattering and Orbiting
8.12 Nonequilibrium Dynamics of Active Enzymes
8.13 Phoresis on the Slow Lane: Trail-following Bacteria
8.14 Chemotaxis and Cell Division
8.15 Concluding Remarks
9 Nanotribology of Commensurate and Incommensurate Colloidal Monolayers on Periodic Surfaces
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Topological Excitations in Commensurate and Incommensurate Monolayer
9.3 Vanishing Static Friction: The Aubry Transition
9.4 Conclusion and Outlook
Part 3 From Biophysics to Active Matter
10 Tissues as Active Materials
10.1 Macroscopic and Hydrodynamic Description of Tissues
10.2 Tissue Fluidization by Cell Division
10.3 Active Matter: Active Gel Theory
10.4 Tissues with Nematic Order
10.5 Multicellular Spheroids
10.6 Concluding Remarks
11 Self-organization of Protein Patterns
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Protein Patterns
11.3 Protein Reaction Kinetics
11.4 Spatially Extended Two-component Systems
11.5 The Role of Bulk–boundary Coupling for Membrane Patterns
11.6 Control Space Dynamics
11.7 Conclusions and Outlook
12 Active Materials: Biological Benchmarks and Transport Limitations
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Metabolism: The Activity of Life
12.3 Transport Limitations
12.4 Conclusions
Part 4 Nonequilibrium Statistical Physics: From Passive to Active
13 Modeling the Microscopic Origins of Active Transport
13.1 Out of Equilibrium
13.2 Entropy Production
13.3 Phoretic Transport
13.4 Linear Response Theory
13.5 Rare Events
13.6 Forward-flux Sampling
Appendices
14 Fluctuation-induced Forces In and Out of Equilibrium
14.1 FIF in Equilibrium
14.2 Shape Dependence of FIF
14.3 Role of Boundary Conditions
14.4 Fluctuation-induced Forces (FIF) Out of Equilibrium
15 Active Systems
15.1 Equilibrium Statistical Mechanics
15.2 Out of Equilibrium and ``Why Not?'' Questions
15.3 ``Why Not?'' Questions
15.4 Glassy Dynamics and Jamming Transition
15.5 Dense Active Matter
15.6 Oscillatory Drive
16 Forces in Dry Active Matter
16.1 Introduction
16.2 A Short Recap of Different Expressions for Pressure
16.3 The Mechanical Pressure of Noninteracting Self-propelled Particles
16.4 Run-and-tumble Particles (RTPs) in 1D: Nonlocal Steady State and Equation of State
16.5 Momentum and Active Impulse
16.6 Objects Immersed in an Active Bath: Currents and Forces
17 Rheology of Complex and Active Fluids
17.1 Introduction to Rheology
17.2 Continuum Rheological Modeling
17.3 Shear Banding of Complex Fluids
17.4 Active Fluids: Spontaneous Shear Banding and Active Turbulence
17.5 Conclusions
