Active Electrical Distribution Network: Issues, Solution Techniques, and Applications

Front matter
Copyright
Contributors
Electrical distribution network: An introduction
Contents
Introduction
History
Structure of power distribution network
Distribution system components
Classification of distribution network
Type of nature of current
DC distribution system
AC distribution system
Based on the types of connection
Features of ideal distribution system
Proper voltage
Energy availability on demand
Reliable supply
Design requirements
Feeders
Distributors
Earthing
Conclusion
References
Electrical distribution network: Existing problems
Contents
Introduction
Problems associated with distribution system
Inadequacy of the existing grid
Physical and cyber security issues of the conventional grid
Traditional vs future grid
Integration of distributed generation, energy storage with management systems
Incorporation of novel disruptive enabling techniques
Enhance complexities
Revamping of generation cost and revenue computation
Digital reevaluation
Information and communication technologies
Requirement and development of trained manpower
Impact on electrical power utilities
Conclusion
References
Active electric distribution network: Smart and active
Contents
Introduction
Various components of ADN
Components with existing system
Added components with ADN
Distributed generation
Microgrid
DSM techniques
Electricity markets
Smart metering
Variable electricity pricing
Heat pumps
Electric vehicles
ICT for ADN
Active distribution network operation and control
Problems associated with ADN
Conclusion
References
Smart distribution system state estimation
Contents
Introduction
Distribution system state estimation
Techniques and application of DSSE
Conventional DSSE
Challenges associated with distribution system state estimation
Measurement model
Weighted least square (WLS)
DSSE problem formulation
Voltage-based DSSE
Branch current-based SE (BCSE)
Types of state estimation
Dynamic
Static
Tracking
DSSE algorithm
Error classification
Extreme error
Gross error (bad data)
Normal error
Detection and identification of bad data
Observability of network
Conclusion
References
Microphasor measurement unit placement
Contents
Introduction
Integration of micro-PMU (μPMU) into the grid
Literature review
Microphasor measurement units
Phasor diagram of a power system
Phasor and its representation
Schematic diagram of μPMU
Advantages of phasor measurement units
Optimal placement methods of μPMU
Methods for observability
State estimation methods
Programming based methods
Applications of genetic algorithms for PMU placement
Simulated annealing method
Minimum spanning tree method
Particle swarm optimization method
Methods for voltage stability
Application of μPMU
State estimation
Fault recognition and site identification
Voltage stability monitoring
Reverse power flow
Monitoring of renewable generation in the distribution system
Microgrid coordination
FACTS controllers
Conclusion
References
Impact of battery energy storage system integration on microgrid reliability improvement
Contents
Introduction
Problem formulation
Proposed methodology
Result and discussion
Conclusion
References
Electric vehicle technology
Contents
Introduction
Hybrid electric vehicles
Electric vehicles
Energy storage devices used in EVs and HEVs
Motor drives used in EVs
DC motors
Induction motors
Permanent magnet brushless DC motors (PMBLDC)
Switched reluctance motor drives (SRM)
Synchronous reluctance motor drives (SynRM)
Electronic architecture of EVs
Challenges for the adoption of EV technology
Internal challenges
External challenges
Future of EV technology
Conclusion
References
Modeling of permanent magnet synchronous motor for zero-emission vehicles
Contents
Introduction
The current state of PEVs
PEVs with a single source
PEVs with two sources
PEVs with many sources
Impacts of PEVs on the environment
Model description
Driver and environment model
High-voltage battery model
PMSM motor model
Results and discussions
Conclusion
Appendix
Set up
Run simulations
Define torque and speed conditions
Visually inspect motor speed behavior
Obtain electrical losses
Visualize
References
Mitigating the effects of PEV fast charging on grids with renewable and storage systems
Contents
Introduction
Electric vehicles
Battery-based electric vehicle
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)
PHEV
Problem formulation of PEV charging/discharging
Objective function
Constraints
PEV modeling
Effects of PEV on electricity capacity and demand
Effects
Influence on power generation
Impact on transmission
Impact on distribution
Voltage unbalance indication
Integration of EVs with renewable energy sources
PV solar energy with EV
Wind energy with EVs
Cost analysis on interacting EVs and RESs
Minimizing operational cost
Conclusion
References
State of charge prediction of battery management system for electric vehicles
Contents
Introduction
Materials and method
Dataset description
Results and discussion
Conclusions
References
Modified SVPWM technique for speed control of PMSM in electric vehicles
Contents
Introduction
Hybrid electric vehicle
Series hybrid vehicles
Parallel hybrid vehicles
Space vector pulse width modulation
Voltage vectors of a voltage source inverter
Permanent magnet synchronous motor
Determination of switching time for each switch (S1 to S6) and switching pattern of each sector
Connection of ports
Simulation and result
Conclusion
References
Power management in electric vehicles using a hybrid energy storage system
Contents
Introduction
Hybrid energy storage system
Proposed HESS system
Simulation and result
Conclusion
References
Outage management in a smart distribution grid integrated with PEV and its V2B applications
Contents
Introduction
Framework of demand aggregator
PEV for demand-side management
Blackouts and outages
PEV for V2B
PEV penetration scenarios
Types of PEVs and charging points
Battery technology
Enhancing outage management system (OMS) with PEV
Vehicle to building
Approaches of delivering energy from PEV battery
Conclusion
References
Mitigation of nonlinear load influence on the power quality of the low-voltage distribution network using DSTATCOM
Contents
Introduction
System under consideration
Distribution static compensator and its control technique
Simulation results and discussion
Conclusions
Appendix
References
Power quality state estimation of power distribution systems: opportunities and challenges in observability enhancement
Contents
Introduction
Harmonic state estimation
Modeling HSE problem
HSE solution methods
Weighted least square
Singular value decomposition
An illustrative example of the harmonic state estimation problem
Voltage sag state estimation
VsSE modeling methods
The principle of measurement-based VsSE models
Modeling based on monitor reach area
Meter placement based on MRA
Modeling of VsSE based on MRA and measurements
Line segment calculations
Measurement binary matrix calculation
Constraints and formulation of VsSE problem
Estimation of the number of voltage sags
An illustrative example of the voltage sag state estimation problem
Transient state estimation
TSE based on numerical integral substitution
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Reactive power management in active distribution network
Contents
Introduction
Related work
Reactive power management techniques
Decentralized method (DM)
Centralized method (CM)
Reactive power compensation methods in the grid-connected system
Series compensation
Shunt compensation
Dynamic compensation
Requirement of reactive power management
Basic principle of reactive power compensation
Need of reactive power compensation
Reactive power compensation techniques
Regulation of reactive power of synchronous generator
Compensation of reactive power by capacitors
Static VAR compensators (SVCs)
Component of SVC
Operation of SVC
Artificial intelligence techniques for reactive power/voltage control
Expert system
The fuzzy theory
Artificial neural network
Conclusion
References
Reliability improvement of distribution using distributed generation in smart grid: A case study
Contents
Introduction
Traditional grid power distribution networks
Smart grid power distribution networks
Comparisons of traditional and smart grid power distribution networks
Reliability indices in distribution system
Customer-oriented reliability indices
Analytical reliability assessment of distribution network
Existing Injibara distribution system reliability indices evaluation
Distribution network reliability improvement methods
Optimal placement of sectional switches in the distribution network
Optimal sizing and siting of distributed generation on existing distribution network
Weighted sum harmony search algorithm
Conclusions
References
Optimal network reconfiguration of active distribution network
Contents
Introduction
Related work in network reconfiguration
Classical optimization methods
Heuristic algorithms
Network reconfiguration problem development
Power loss of distribution system
Power flow analysis
Problem formulation
Objective function
Constraints
Different techniques utilized for distribution network reconfiguration
Improved genetic algorithm [32]
Multiobjective shark's smell (MSSO) [3]
Improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) [33]
Conclusion
References
Demand response aggregation
Contents
Introduction
Type of DR
Incentive-based or explicit DR techniques
Price-based or implicit demand response
Advantages of aggregation
DR schemes
Energy storage and electric vehicle technology
Smart meters
Demand response aggregator
Virtual power plant (VPP)
Communication modules
Different considerations regarding implementation of DR schemes
Technical considerations
Economic considerations
Social and political considerations
Strengths and weaknesses of DR schemes
Strengths
Weaknesses
Conclusions
References
Further reading
Hybrid signal processing technique to design smart meter for detection of voltage amplitude disturbances
Contents
Introduction
Generation of PQ disturbances
Hybrid signal processing technique to design smart PQ monitoring meter
Detection of voltage magnitude-related PQ disturbances
Categorization of voltage magnitude-related PQ disturbances
Simulation results and discussion
Sinusoidal waveform
Voltage sag
Voltage swell
Momentary interruption
Classification of voltage disturbances
Performance comparative study
Conclusion
References
Optimal expansion planning of distribution system in smart grid environment
Contents
Introduction
Smart grid technology
Methodology
Overview of study area
Existing Debre Markos distribution network
Demand forecasting
Result and discussion
Divide present feeders and add new feeder
Upgrade and installed new lines and distribution transformers
Integration of DGs and sectional switches in upgraded separated feeder
Conclusion
References
Parameter optimization of PV modules: An overview
Contents
Introduction
Types of optimization algorithms
Optimization definition
Optimization process
Design variables
Constraints
Objective function
Variable bounds
Optimization algorithm selection
Discrete optimization versus continuous optimization
Unconstrained optimization versus constrained optimization
None, one, or many objectives
Deterministic versus stochastic optimization
Solar cell models
Overview of the optimization parameters used in PV parameter extraction
Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
Parametric optimization of a segmented thermoelectric generator in a concentrated photovoltaic system under fluctuating weather conditions
Contents
Introduction
System description and materials
Numerical model
Concentrated photovoltaic system
Segmented thermoelectric generator
Hybrid system
Results and discussion
Effect of thermoelement leg geometry
Effect of fin length
Effect of concentration ratio
Effect of STEG geometry optimization
Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
Index