This book explores the physics, technology and applications of particle accelerators. It illustrates the interconnections between applications and basic physical principles, enabling readers to better understand current and upcoming technologies and see beyond the paradigmatic borders of the individual fields. The reader will discover why accelerators are no longer just toys for scientists, but have also become modern and efficient nuclear workhorses. The book starts with an introduction to the relevant technologies and radiation safety aspects of accelerating electrons and ions from several keV to roughly 250 MeV. It subsequently describes the physics behind the interactions of these particle beams with matter. Mathematical descriptions and state-of-the-art computer models of energy-loss and nuclear interactions between the particle beams and targets round out the physics coverage. On this basis, the book then presents the most important accelerator applications in science, medicine, and industry, explaining and comparing more than 20 major application fields, encompassing semiconductors, cancer treatment, and space exploration. Despite the disparate fields involved, this book demonstrates how the same essential technology and physics connects all of these applications.
Author(s): Sören Möller
Series: Particle Acceleration and Detection
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2020
Language: English
Pages: 378
City: Cham
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1 Introduction
2 Technology
2.1 Vacuum
2.1.1 Pumping Technologies for the UHV
2.1.2 Pumping Systems and Vacuum Vessels
2.2 Accelerators
2.2.1 Direct-Current Driven
2.2.2 Alternating-Current Driven
2.2.3 Laser and Plasma
2.2.4 Electric and Spatial Efficiency of Accelerators
2.3 Ion- and Electron Beam Optics
2.3.1 Emittance and Betatron Function
2.3.2 Beam Optical Elements
2.3.3 Diagnostic Elements
2.4 Electron and Ion Sources
2.5 Charged and Neutral Particle Detectors
2.6 Targets
2.7 Radiation Protection
2.7.1 Hazards for Man (and Machine)
2.7.2 Avoidance Strategies in Plant Conception
2.7.3 Shielding
References
3 Interaction of Particle Beams and Matter
3.1 Absorption and Reactions of Photons
3.2 Range and Stopping of Charged Particles
3.3 Nuclear Reactions
3.3.1 Cross-Sections
3.3.2 Kinematics
3.4 Depth- and Stopping Dependent Reactions
3.5 Computer Modelling
References
4 Secondary Particle Generation with Accelerators
4.1 Electrons, Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
4.2 Neutrons
4.2.1 Accelerator Neutron Sources
4.2.2 The Specific Energy Efficiency
4.3 Photons
4.3.1 X-ray and Bound Electron Sources
4.3.2 Synchrotron Sources
4.3.3 Free-Electron Laser
4.4 Particles of the Standard Model and Anti-matter
References
5 Technical Applications
5.1 Generation of α-β-γ-n Sources and Activation
5.1.1 Pathways on the Nuclide Chart
5.1.2 Examples of α, γ, β−, β+,n Sources from Accelerators
5.1.3 Comparison to Production by Neutrons
5.1.4 Optimization of Production and Cost Efficiency
5.2 Rare Isotope and Radioactive Decay Tracers
5.3 Material Modification
5.3.1 Doping by Implantation and Activation
5.3.2 Welding, Cutting, and Additive Manufacturing
5.3.3 Surface Modifications and Nano-Machining
References
6 Nuclear Medicine
6.1 Imaging Diagnostics and Their Information Properties
6.1.1 X-ray Absorption Imaging and Tomography
6.1.2 Emission-Computed-Tomography
6.2 Radiation Therapy
6.2.1 External Beam Therapy
6.2.2 Internal Metabolic Radionuclide Therapy
6.2.3 Selectivity from a Physical Perspective
References
7 Material Analysis and Testing
7.1 Ion-, Electron-, and Photon Beam Analysis
7.1.1 Physical Concepts, Detection Limits, Accuracy and Uncertainties
7.1.2 X-ray Absorption and Scattering Analysis
7.1.3 Electron Beam Microscopy
7.1.4 Secondary Ion Mass-Spectrometry
7.1.5 MeV Ion-Beam Analysis
7.1.6 Accelerator Mass Spectrometry
7.2 Neutron Based Analysis
7.3 Mobile Systems
7.4 Radiation Damage
References
8 Energy Production and Storage
8.1 Spallation Fission Reactors
8.2 Nuclear Batteries
8.3 Accelerator Based Nuclear Fusion
8.3.1 Neutral Target Reactors
8.3.2 Ion-Beam Collider Reactors
References
Index
