Accelerated Plant Breeding, Volume 2: Vegetable Crops

Foreword
Preface
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: Major Paradigm Shifts in Potato Breeding
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Early Efforts in Potato Breeding
1.3 Constraints in Potato Breeding
1.4 Potato Breeding Programme
1.5 Methods to Accelerate Potato Breeding
1.5.1 Marker-Assisted Breeding
1.5.2 Diploid Hybrid Breeding
1.5.3 Speed Breeding
1.5.4 Genomic Selection
1.5.5 Genome Editing
References
Chapter 2: A Rapid Disease Resistance Breeding in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Breeding for Resistance to Fungal Pathogens
2.2.1 Late Blight (LB)
2.2.2 Early Blight
2.2.3 Leaf Mold
2.2.4 Anthracnose
2.2.5 Powdery Mildew
2.2.6 Fusarium Wilt
2.2.7 Verticillium Wilt
2.2.8 Septoria Leaf Spot
2.2.9 Grey Leaf Spot
2.3 Breeding for Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes
2.4 Breeding for Resistance to Bacterial Diseases
2.4.1 Bacterial Wilt
2.4.2 Bacterial Speck
2.4.3 Bacterial Canker
2.4.4 Bacterial Spot
2.5 Breeding for Resistance to Viral Diseases
2.5.1 Tomato Leaf Curl Disease/Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Disease
2.5.1.1 Breeding for Resistance to Tomato Leaf Curl Disease
2.5.2 Bud Necrosis Disease of Tomato
2.5.2.1 Resistance Breeding to Bud Necrosis Disease
2.5.3 Tomato Mosaic Virus (Tomv) Resistance
2.6 Development of Multiple Disease-Resistant Advanced Breeding Lines
2.7 Development of Tomato F1 Hybrids with Multiple Disease Resistance
2.8 Breeding Tomatoes for Processing Quality with Resistance to Diseases
References
Chapter 3: Improvement of Onion Through Accelerated Approaches
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Shortening of Biennial Life Cycle
3.3 Production of Doubled Haploids
3.3.1 Methods of DH Induction
3.3.1.1 Androgenesis
3.3.1.2 Gynogenesis
3.3.1.2.1 Genotype
3.3.1.2.2 Geographic Background of Genotype
3.3.1.2.3 Pretreatment
3.3.1.2.4 Nature of Explant
3.3.1.2.5 Media Composition
3.3.1.3 Chromosome Doubling
3.4 Marker-Assisted Selection
3.4.1 Development of Male Sterile Lines
3.4.2 Quality Traits
3.5 Genomic Resources for Marker Development and Gene Discovery
3.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 4: Rapid Methods for Onion Breeding
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Haploid Induction
4.2.1 Chromosome Doubling, Recovery, and Determination of Haploidy
4.2.2 Genetics and Evaluation of DH Lines
4.2.3 Application of DH Lines in Onion Genomic Research
4.3 Genetic Diversity
4.4 Linkage Maps
4.5 Marker-Assisted Selection: Male Sterility
4.6 Genetic Transformation
4.7 Biotic Stress
4.8 Shuttle Breeding
References
Chapter 5: Accelerated Improvement of Cole Vegetable Crops
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Breeding Objectives in Cole Vegetables
5.3 Understanding Evolutionary Process of Cole Vegetables
5.4 Genetic Diversity and Exploring Wild Relatives
5.5 Genetic Mechanisms for Hybrid Breeding
5.5.1 Self-Incompatibility
5.5.2 Male Sterility
5.5.3 Combining Ability Studies
5.5.4 Heterosis Breeding
5.5.4.1 Hybrids/Varieties Developed in Cole Vegetables in India
5.6 Resistance Breeding
5.7 Breeding for Heat Tolerance
5.8 Breeding for Quality Traits
5.8.1 Breeding for Selective Increase of Glucosinolates
5.8.2 Beta-carotene Biofortification
5.8.3 Anthocyanin Biofortification
5.9 Innovative Techniques in Cole Vegetables
5.9.1 Marker-Assisted Breeding
5.9.2 Transgenics in Cole Crops
5.9.3 Genome and Transcriptome Sequencing
5.9.4 TILLING and EcoTILLING
5.9.5 SNPs Discovery and Use in Genotyping Platforms
5.9.6 CRISPR/Cas9 in Cole Crops
References
Chapter 6: Marker-Assisted Selection in Pea Breeding
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Molecular Markers
6.2.1 Ideal Molecular Marker
6.3 Molecular Mapping in Pea
6.4 New Molecular Breeding Strategies
6.4.1 Marker-Assisted Backcrossing (MAB)
6.4.2 Marker-Assisted Gene Pyramiding (MAGP)
6.4.3 Marker-Assisted Recurrent Selection (MARS)
6.4.4 Genome Selection
6.5 Examples of MAS in Pea Breeding
6.6 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 7: Efficient Methods for the Improvement of Temperate Root Vegetables
7.1 Beetroot (Beta vulgaris L.)
7.1.1 Introduction and Importance
7.1.2 Crop History
7.1.3 Improvement of Beetroot
7.1.4 Genetics of Beetroot
7.1.5 Major Breeding Objectives
7.1.6 Genetic Resources
7.1.7 Strategies Methods of Improvement
7.1.7.1 Mass Selection
7.1.7.2 Heterosis and Male Sterility
7.1.7.3 Mutation Breeding
7.1.7.4 Hybrid Seed Production
7.1.7.5 Polyploidy Breeding
7.1.7.6 Use of Biotechnology in Beetroot
7.1.8 Commercial Seed Production
7.2 Carrot (Daucus carota L.)
7.2.1 Introduction and Importance
7.2.2 Germplasm Resources and Management
7.2.3 Crop Improvement
7.2.4 Major Breeding Objectives
7.2.5 Development of Cultivar
7.2.6 Strategies and Methods of Improvement
7.2.6.1 Mass Selection
7.2.6.2 Hybrid Breeding
7.2.6.2.1 Use of Male Sterility in Hybrid Development and Its Maintenance
7.2.6.3 Synthetics
7.2.6.4 Recurrent Selection
7.2.6.5 Backcross Method
7.2.7 Breeding for Quality Traits
7.2.8 Use of Biotechnology
7.2.9 Commercial Seed Production
7.3 Radish (Raphanus sativus L.)
7.3.1 Crop History and Importance
7.3.2 Major Breeding Objectives
7.3.3 Crop Improvement and Taxonomy
7.3.4 Hybrid Development
7.3.5 Strategies and Methods of Improvement
7.3.5.1 Genes Involved in Bolting and Flowering Network in Radish
7.3.5.2 Male Sterility and Fertility Restorer Genes
7.3.5.3 Hybrid Breeding
7.3.5.4 Hybrid Seed Production
7.3.5.5 Mutation Breeding
7.3.5.6 Use of Biotechnology
7.3.6 Commercial Seed Production
7.4 Turnip (Brassica rapa L.)
7.4.1 Crop History and Importance
7.4.2 Major Breeding Objectives
7.4.3 Strategies and Methods of Crop Improvement
7.4.3.1 Heterosis Breeding
7.4.3.2 Intergeneric Hybridization
7.4.3.3 Synthetic Varieties
7.4.3.4 Composites
7.4.3.5 Use of Biotechnology
References
Chapter 8: Rapid Methods of Improvement in Brinjal
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Germplasm Characterization and Utilization
8.3 Exploitation of Wild Species
8.4 Development of Molecular Markers and Their Use
8.4.1 Use of Molecular Markers
8.5 Development of Haploids
8.6 Development and Use of Male Sterility
8.7 Parthenocarpy
8.8 Genetic Transformation
8.9 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 9: Conventional and Contemporary Approaches to Enhance Efficiency in Breeding Chilli/Hot Pepper
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Botany
9.3 Origin, Evolution and Domestication
9.4 Genetic Resource
9.5 Cytogenetics
9.6 Genetics
9.6.1 Qualitative Traits
9.6.2 Quantitative Traits
9.7 Breeding Objectives
9.8 Breeding Methods
9.8.1 Conventional Methods
9.8.1.1 Mass Selection
9.8.1.2 Pure-Line Selection
9.8.1.3 Pedigree Method
9.8.1.4 Single Seed Descent Method
9.8.1.5 Backcross Breeding
9.8.1.6 Recurrent Selection
9.8.1.7 Heterosis Breeding
9.8.2 Nonconventional Breeding Methods
9.8.2.1 Distant Hybridization
9.8.2.2 Mutation Breeding
9.8.2.3 Biotechnology Tools
9.8.2.3.1 Tissue Culture
9.8.2.3.2 Genetic Transformation
9.8.2.3.3 Doubled Haploids
9.9 Major Cultivar Options in Chilli
9.10 Hybrid Development
9.10.1 Non-CMS-Based Hybrid Development
9.10.2 Male Sterility-Based Hybrid Development
9.10.2.1 Genetic Male Sterility (GMS)
9.10.2.2 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS)
9.11 Stress Resistance Breeding
9.11.1 Biotic Stress Breeding
9.11.2 Abiotic Stress
9.12 Quality Breeding
9.13 Genomics and Molecular Approaches
9.14 Future Prospectus
References
Chapter 10: Accelerated Breeding in Cucumber Using Genomic Approaches
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Taxonomy and Genomic Structure
10.3 Floral Biology and Sex Expression
10.4 Breeding Behaviour of Cucumber
10.5 Genomics-Based Strategies for Accelerated Breeding in Cucumber
10.5.1 Utilization of Wild Species in Broadening the Genetic Base
10.5.1.1 Genetic and Molecular Basis of Bitterness in Cucumber
10.5.2 Rapid Development of Cucumber Genotypes with Resistance to Major Biotic Stresses
10.5.2.1 Downy Mildew
10.5.2.2 Powdery Mildew
10.5.2.2.1 Inheritance
10.5.2.2.2 Genetic Resources and Molecular Characterization of Resistant Genotypes
10.5.2.3 Anthracnose
10.6 Rapid Development of Inbreds and Creation of Genetic Diversity
10.7 Rapid Development of Genotypes with Desirable Agronomic Traits Through Marker-Assisted Back-Crossing
10.8 Rapid Generation Cycling Using Greenhouse and Protected Structures and In Vitro Culture
10.9 Future Strategies
References
Chapter 11: Advances in Improvement of Pumpkin and Squashes
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Germplasm Characterization
11.3 Utilization of Cucurbita Species in Hybridization
11.4 Breeding Objectives
11.4.1 Yield
11.4.2 Quality
11.4.3 Shelf Life
11.4.4 Hull-Less Seed
11.4.5 Abiotic Stress Resistance
11.4.6 Virus Resistance
11.4.7 Disease Resistance
11.4.8 Insect Resistance
11.5 Molecular Markers Development and Their Utilization
11.6 Development of Doubled Haploids
11.7 Transcriptome Sequencing for Better Understanding of Genetics and Biology
11.8 Genetic Modification and Transformation
11.9 Future Breeding Tools to Accelerate Improvement Programmes
11.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 12: Accelerated Breeding in Okra
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Speeding Up of Selection Generations in Conventional Breeding
12.2.1 Flowering Manipulation
12.2.2 Doubled Haploids
12.2.3 Early Multilocation Trials
12.2.4 Marker-Assisted Selection
12.2.5 Heterosis Breeding
12.3 Nonconventional Breeding Methods
12.3.1 Mutation Breeding
12.3.2 Tissue Culture and Genetic Transformation
12.4 Conclusion
12.5 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 13: New Initiatives in Quick Bitter Gourd Breeding
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Morphology of Momordica charantia L.
13.3 Reproductive Biology
13.4 Floral Biology
13.5 Flowering and Pollination
13.6 Sex Expression and Modification
13.7 Molecular Marker Studies in Bitter Gourd
13.8 Genomic Studies in Bitter Gourd
13.9 Transcriptomic Studies in Bitter Gourd
13.10 Future Strategies
References
Chapter 14: Principles and Techniques for Rapid Improvement of Muskmelon for Yield, Fruit Quality and Resistance to Biotic Stresses
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Origin and Evolution
14.3 Horticultural Groupings of Melon
14.4 Genetic Diversity for Fruit Traits
14.5 Breeding Objectives and Commercial Varieties
14.6 Molecular Mapping of Important Horticultural Traits
14.7 Molecular Breeding for Fruit Quality Improvement
14.8 Molecular Breeding for High β-Carotene Content
14.9 Gene Expression and Molecular Changes During Ripening
14.10 In Vitro Culture
14.11 Genetic Engineering for Fruit Quality Improvements
14.12 Biotic Stress Resistance in Muskmelon
14.12.1 Powdery Mildew
14.12.2 Downy Mildew
14.12.3 Fusarium Wilt
14.12.3.1 Marker-Assisted Breeding for Resistance Against Fusarium Wilt
14.12.4 Gummy Stem Blight
14.12.5 Viruses
14.12.6 Insect-Pests
14.13 Genetic Engineering for Disease Resistance
References
Chapter 15: Accelerated Breeding of Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] for Improved Yield and Pest Resistance
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Genetic Diversity and Taxonomy
15.3 Genetics
15.4 Improved Varieties of Cowpea
15.5 Breeding Cowpea for Pest Resistance
15.5.1 Cowpea Golden Mosaic Disease Resistance
15.5.2 Cercospora Resistance
15.5.3 Anthracnose Resistance
15.5.4 Bruchid Resistance
15.5.5 Pod Borer Resistance
15.6 Tissue Culture Plant Regeneration Protocols for Cowpea
15.7 Embryo Rescue
15.8 Genomics-Assisted Breeding
15.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Recent Trends in Sweet Pepper Breeding
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Crop Biology
16.3 Breeding Objectives
16.4 Heterosis Breeding
16.5 Disease Resistance Breeding
16.5.1 Phytophthora Rot
16.5.2 Powdery Mildew
16.5.3 Anthracnose in Sweet Pepper
16.6 Rootstock Breeding in Capsicum
16.7 Marker-Assisted Breeding
16.8 Haploid Production
16.9 Transgenics
References
Index